sfi7d08kM lrgf/L / Oltxf;

–lq/Tg dfgGw/
lj=;+= @)&@ j}zfv dlxgfdf uPsf] dxfe"sDkn] g]kfndf 7"nf]
hgwgsf] Iflt u¥of] . cg]sg\ P]ltxfl;s tyf ;fF:s[lts ;+/rgf Wj:t
eP eg] s}og\ ejg, dlGb/ cflbdf 7"nf] Iflt k'Uof] . o;/L
k"0f{ ¿kdf Wj:t x'g]df sf7df8f}+Fsf] dWosfnLg /fhb/af/
If]qdf /x]sf] sfi7d08k lyof], h;sf] ;of}F jif{sf] Oltxf; / ;+:s[lt
cfh;Dd klg g]kfnLx?sf] hghLjgdf hLljt 5 . o; ;fF:s[lts
w/f]x/sf] k'glg{df{0fsf ;fy} ljb]zL ljz]if1sf] ;+nUgtfdf To;
If]qsf] k'/ftflTjs cGj]if0f klg ePsf] 5 h;af6 s]xL gofF s'/fx?
cufl8 cfPsf 5g\ . ;'?df ljqmdsf] ;qf}F ztfAbLsf sflGtk'/sf /fhf
nIdL g/l;+x dNnsf] kfnfdf ag]sf] sfi7d08k egL j+zfjnLx?df
pNn]v ePsf]df ;f] ;do eGbf ;of}F jif{ cufl8 cyf{t\ ljqmdsf]
t]x|f}F ztfAbL eGbf cufl8 b]lv g} k|df0f k|fKt eO{ ;f]
P]ltxfl;s ejg k"j{ dWosfndf g} alg;s]sf] eGg] tYo k|dfl0ft
eO;s]sf]df ca ePsf] k'/ftflTjs cGj]if0fn] pQm If]qdf dfgj a:tL
O{;f k"j{sf] bf];|f] ztfAbLdf g} ljsl;t eO;s]sf] / sfi7d08ksf] ;
+/rgf rflxF O{;fsf] ;ftf}F ztfAbL cyf{t\ lnR5ljsfndf g}
eO;s]sf] tYo cufl8 cfpgsf ;fy} To;sf] b'O{ ;o jif{ leq cyf{t\
O{;fsf] gjf}F ztfAbL eGbf cufl8 g} pQm ;+/rgfsf] w]/} kN6
hL0ff]{4f/ ePsf] s'/f klg cufl8 cfPsf 5g\ . ! e"sDkaf6 Wj:t
ePsf] pQm ;+/rgf ljZj ;Dkbfn] tf]s]sf] dfkb08 cg'¿k
k'glg{df{0f x'g ;s]sf]df xfdLnfO{ 7"nf] xif{ nfu]sf] 5 /
k'/ftflTjs cGj]if0fn] ;f] sfi7d08ksf] k|frLgtf lnR5ljsfn;Dd
k'u]sf]df klg xfdLnfO{ uj{ nfUg' :jfefljs} 5 . o;} cj;/df
sfi7d08ksf] Oltxf;nfO{ lrgf/Lsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ug'{ o; n]vsf]
p2]Zo /x]]sf] 5 .

1
sfi7d08knfO{ :df/ssf] ¿kdf klg lng] ul/Psf] 5 . t/ o1dfgkltsf]
egfOcg';f/ of] ljz'4 wfld{s efjgf, snf, sf}zn / u"9 /x:o ;fy
agfOPsf] d08k xf] . of] s'g} k'?iffy{ JolQm jf
/fhfsf] ;Demgfdf agfOPsf] ;+/rgf xf]Og g t s'g}
36gfsf] ;Demgf:j¿k lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] .@ d'Vo ¿kdf
d08knfO{ ljlzi6 JolQmx? hDdf eO{ 5nkmn / ;Nnfx ug]
{ :yfgsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . tfklg of] :yfgnfO{ cGo sfo{ h:t} lj>fd
u[x, ;fdflhs ;+:sf/sf] s]Gb| tyf slxn]sfxLF Jofkfl/s If]qsf] nflu
k|of]u ul/GYof] . # nlntk'/sf] dl0fd08k tyf eQmk'/sf] btfq]o
d08ksf] pNn]v t w]/} dNNfsfnLg b:tfj]hx?df cfPs} 5g\ .
o;sf] ;fy;fy} sfi7d08k If]qsf] jl/kl/ afFu]d'9f, c;g, s]n6f]n,
OGb|rf]s, dvg cflbdf klg d08kx? /x]sf] s'/f dx]z/fhn]
cf}FNofPsf 5g\ .$
ls+jbGtLM
w]/}h;f] P]ltxfl;s tyf ;fF:s[lts ;+/rgf lgdf{0fsf] k5fl8
s'g} g s'g} ls+jbGtL, syf hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ . oL
ls+jbGtLdf j}1flgs cfwf/ t s]xL x'Fb}g . tfklg
logn] ;DalGwt ;+/rgfsf] :j¿k, sfnv08 jf pkfb]otf jf/]
bfz{lgs kIfaf6 s]xL s'/f cufl8 NofPsf] x'G5 .
sfi7d08ksf] lgdf{0fsf] ;DaGwsf klg To:t} Pp6f syf
hf]l8Psf] kfOG5 . h;cg';f/ k|frLg sfndf sflGtk'/sf] ;]tf]
dlR5Gb|gfysf] nug6f]ndf ePsf] hfqf x]g{ sNkj[If
dflg;sf] ¿k wf/0f u/L cfPsf lyP . Ps hgf k'hf/Ln]
pgnfO{ lrgL ;dft]kl5 sNkj[If sfon
eO{ cfkm"nfO{ 5f]l8lbg cg'/f]w u/] . k'hf/Ln] 5f]8\g
gdfg]kl5 sNkj[Ifn] Pp6f 7"nf] sf7 lbg] / ToxL sf7af6
Pp6f 7"nf] ejg tof/ x'g] jrg lbP kl5 dfq
pgnfO{ aGwgd'Qm ul/of] . cfkm\gf] jrg cg'¿k
sNkj[Ifn] Pp6f o:tf] 7"nf] sf7 lbP h;af6 sfi7d08k
2
lgdf{0f x'gfsf ;fy} afFsL /x]sf] sf7af6 ;Fu}
blIf0fdf /x]sf] Pp6f ;Qn klg tof/ eof] h;nfO{ kl5;Dd
klg l;FNo+;tM cyf{t\ afFsL /x]sf] sf7af6 lgld{t ;Qn
eGg] ul/G5 .% o1dfgkltsf] egfOcg';f/ sNkj[IfnfO{
tf/0fn] afFwL ;dfTg] k'hf/L nLnfjh| lyP . sNkj[If
ci6dft[sf b]ju0fx?sf] g[To x]g{ cfPsf lyP . sNkj[Ifn]
lbPsf] sf7af6 sfi7d08ksf] lgdf{0f nLnfjh|n] g} u/]sf]
eGg] pgsf] wf/0ff 5 .^ oxfFlg/ sfi7d08k
lgdf{0f;DaGwL Pp6f csf]{ kIf klg pNn]v ug{ cfjZos
b]lvG5 . Tof] s] xf] eg] k'hf/Ln] gjlgld{t
sfi7d08ksf] ;'/Iffsf] lhDdf sNkj[IfnfO{ lbg rfx]sf lyP .
t/ sNkj[Ifn] pQm ;+/rgfsf] ljlwjt\ k|lti7f x'g] lalQs}
cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f eO{ ToxfFaf6 x6\g] s'/f u/]kl5
k'hf/Ln] g'g / t]nsf] efp a/fa/ /x]sf] lbgdf dfq} pQm
sfi7d08ksf] ljlwjt\ ¿kdf k|lti7f ul/g] zt{ /fv]kl5
sNkj[If ToxfFaf6 pDsg kfPg . hg>'ltcg';f/ cfh;Dd klg
sNkj[Ifn] pQm :yfgsf] ;'/Iff ul//x]sf 5g\ . k|To]s
jif{ jflk{s ;Qn k"hf ubf{ cfh klg g'g / t]nsf] efp a/fa/
ePg Û egL lrRofP/ af]Ng] k|rng cfh;Dd sfod 5 .&
sfi7d08ksf lgdf{tf
sfi7d08ksf lgdf{tf sf] x'g\ eGg] af/]df xfn;Dd klg n]vsx?aLr
dtleGgtf /x]sf] kfOG5 . j+zfjnLx?df sfi7d08ksf] lgdf{0f
ljqmdsf] ;qf}F ztfAbLdf nIdLg/l;+xn] u/]sf] egL n]lvPsf] s'/f
t dfly pNn]v eO;s]sf] 5 . ;fy} ljqmdsf] afx|f}F ztfAbLb]lv g}
sfi7d08k zAbsf] pNn]v cfO;s]sf]n] nIdLg/l;+xsf] ;doeGbf rf/
kfFr ;o jif{ cufl8 g} pQm ;+/rgf lgdf{0f eO;s]sf] tYo t
lglj{jfb g} 5, tfklg nIdLg/l;+xn] sfi7d08ksf] lgdf{0f u/]
eGg] s'/f kl5;Dd klg hglha|f]df lsg /Xof] eGg] k|Zg
dxTjk"0f{ 5 . d]/f] ljrf/df sfi7d08ksf] k'glg{df{0fdf nIdLg/l;
3
+xsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /x]sf] b]lvG5 / jt{dfg -
e"sDkcufl8sf]_ :j¿kdf sfi7d08k pgs} kfnfb]lv cfPsf]
x'g'k5{ .*
hubLzrGb| /]UdLn] sfi7d08ksf] lgdf{0f O{;fsf] bzf}F
ztfAbLsf g]kfnsf /fhf u'0fsfdb]jn] u/]]sf] egL n]v]sf 5g\ .
(
j+zfjnLdf sflGtk'/ zx/ u'0fsfdb]jn] a;fn]sf] eGg] pNn]v
ePsf] / sfi7d08k zAb pgsf] zf;gsfnkl5 dfq} x:tlnlvt u|Gyx?df
cfPsf] x'Fbf pgn] To:tf] cg'dfg u/]sf 5g\ . jf:tjdf u'0fsfdb]jn]
sfi7d08k lgdf{0f u/]sf] eGg] s'g} k|df0f k|fKt ePsf] 5}g .
sfi7d08ksf] lgdf{tfsf] ¿kdf rf}/f;L l;4dWo] Ps n'Okfsf] gfd
klg hf]l8Psf] 5 / dx]z/fh kGtn] o;nfO{ tYout x'g;Sg] ;+s]t
u/]sf 5g\ .!) t/ o1dfgkltn] o;nfO{ v08g ub}{ n'Okf pl8;f
lgjf;L ePsf] / pgL g]kfn cfPsf] s'g} k|df0f gePaf6 pgn]
sfi7d08k agfPsf] eGg gldNg] s'/f pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . ;fy}
sfi7d08k jh|ofgL z}nLdf agfPsf] x'Fbf o;sf] lgdf{tf n'Okf x'g
g;Sg] 7f]s'jf u/]sf 5g\ .!! pgn] sfi7d08sf] lgdf{tf cfkm\gf
k"j{h nLnfjh| ePsf] s'/f ljleGg ts{;lxt k'li6 u/]sf 5g\ . t/
o;nfO{ klg dx]z/fhn] v08g ub}{ s]jn cg'>'ltsf] e/df nLnfjh|
nfO{ sfi7d08ksf] lgdf{tf eGg g;lsg] / sfnqmdsf] cfwf/df klg
pgn] sfi7d08k agfPsf] eGg gldNg] /fo JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . !@
cfhsf] l:yltdf sfi7d08ksf lgdf{tf sf] x'g\ eGg] af/]
ts{ ljts{ ug'{ eGbf o; P]ltxfl;s / ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] dxTj af/]
ljj]rgf x'g cfjZos b]lvG5 .
;'?sf s]xL ck'i6 k|df0fM
g]=;+= @^# -lj=;+= !@))_ b]lv :jb]z / ljb]zdf kfOPsf
x:tlnlvt u|Gyx?df sfi7d08k zAb k|rngdf cfPsf] tYo t k|dfl0ft
g} 5 . ;f] eGbf cufl8sf ldltdf cfPsf b'O{ j6f ;|f]tsf] oxfFlg/
pNn]v ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . cfheGbf kfFr bzs cufl8 d]/L :n;/ /
4
uf}tdjh| jh|frfo{n] sf7df8f}+ If]qsf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ qmddf
sfi7d08kdf jflif{s k"hf ub{} cfPsf Pp6f u'7L;Fu /x]sf]
ci6;fxl;|sf k|1fkf/ldtf gfds x:tlnlvt u|Gy b]v]sf lyP, h'g /fhf
xif{b]jsf] ;dodf g]=;+= @!) kmfu'g -lj=;+= !!$^_ df
n]lvPsf] lyof] . u'7Lof/x?sf] egfOcg';f/ pQm u|Gydf d?;Qn
cyf{t\ sfi7d08ksf] Oltxf;sf ;fy} o;sf] lgdf{0f / hL0ff]
{4f/ ;DaGwL s'/fx? k/]sf 5g\ . t/ kl5 ;f] u|Gy n]vsx? -:n;/ / jh|
frfo{_nfO{ pknAw u/fOPg / ;f] k|df0f ck'i6 g} /Xof] .!#
sfi7d08k pNn]v ePsf] ldlt /fhfsf] gfd;lxtsf] csf]{ Pp6f k|df0f
of]u]z/fhn] k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . >Ldt:qf]qtGq gfds x:tlnlvt u|
Gydf plNNflvt pQm k'liksfjfSodf æsfi7d08kfjl:yt]jÆ zAb
pNn]v x'gfsf ;fy} To;df /fhfsf] gfd l;xb]j tyf ldlt !!^$
r}q ;'bL pNn]v ePsf] 5 . of]u]z/fhn] of] ;+ejtM ljqmd ;+jt\
dfgL ;f] cg';f/ o;nfO{ g]kfn ;+jt\ @@& sf] b:tfj]h 7x¥ofPsf
5g\ .!$ t/ sfzLgfy tdf]6n] Tolta]nf g]kfn pkTosfsf] ;|f]tx?df
ljqmd ;+jt\ pNn]v eOg;s]sf] x'Fbf pQm ;+jt\ zfs] ;+jt\
x'g;Sg] wf/0ff /fv]sf 5g\ . ;fy} pgn] pQm ;+jt\ !!^$ geO{ !!
($ ePsf] s'/f klg pNn]v u/]]sf 5g\ .!% o;nfO{ zs ;+jt\ dfGg]
xf] eg] of] g]=;+= #)% sf] b:tfj]h x'g cfpF5 /
o;nfO{ sfi7d08k pNn]v ePsf] klxnf] k|df0fsf ¿kdf
lng ;lsFb}g . sfzLgfysf] egfOsf s]xL cfwf/ ePtf klg pQm
k'liksf jfSodf plNnlvt !!^$ nfO{ ljqmd ;+jt\ g} dfGg ;lsG5
lsgls zs ;+jt\ pNn]v ubf{ æ>L zfs]Æ egL pNn]v ul/G5 . hals
oxfF ;+jt\ !!^$ egL n]lvPsf] 5 .!^ t/ klg o;nfO{ ljqmd ;+jt\
sf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug{ a9L cWoogsf] h?/t 5 / clxn] g}
o;nfO{ g]=;+= @@& sf] ¿kdf lng plrt b]lvFb}g .
sfi7d08k pNn]v ePsf ;|f]tx?

5
sfi7d08ksf] klxnf] k|fdfl0fs pNn]v ef]6sf] zfSod7df /x]]sf]
gfd;+uLlt zLif{ssf] u|Gydf ePsf] 5, h;df >Lsfi7d08k]
s]nf55]F dNngl;+x:oÆ egL pNn]v u/L /fhfsf] gfd dx]Gb|b]j
lbOPsf] 5 / To;df g]=;+= @^# -lj=;+= !@))_ cflZjg z'Sn
k"l0f{df z'qmjf/sf lbg pQm u|Gy n]lvPsf] egL pNn]v ePsf] 5
.!& o;af6 ljqmdsf] t]x|f}F ztfAbLsf] ;'? eGbf cufl8 g}
sfi7d08k alg;s]sf] / o;sf] k|l;l4 ef]6;Dd klg km}ln;s]sf]
b]lvG5 . To; kl5sf] csf]{ kdf|0fsf] ¿kdf g]=;+= @^# efb|
z'Sn k"l0f{df cflbToaf/ n]lvPsf] æk/dfy{gfd;
+uLltÆnfO{ lng ;lsG5, h;df sfi7d08knfO{ :ju{sf]
hf]8fnfUbf] zx/sf] ¿kdf lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .!*
sfi7d08k pNn]v ePsf c? b'O{ j6f u|Gyx? ef]6sf] zfSod7df
kfOPsf x'g\ / b'j} u|Gysf gfd zt;fxl>sf /x]sf 5g\ / b'j} g]=;
+= $)# df n]lvPsf x'g\ . s]jn dlxgf dfq km/s 5g\ . !( b'j}df
/fhfsf] ¿kdf cgGt dNnsf] gfd pNn]v ePsf] 5 . sfi7d08k pNn]v
ePsf] klxnf] clen]v :joDe"df cjl:yt 5 / o;df g]=;+= $(@
pNn]v ePsf] 5 . o;df klg sfi7d08knfO{ /fd|f] ;kmf zx/sf] ¿kdf
j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . o;kl5 g]=;+= %)@ sf] O6'+axfnsf] clen]v,
g]=;+= %)^ sf] sfi7d08kleqs} tfd|kq clen]v, g]=;+= &!@
sf] j6' vF'axfnsf] clen]v / g]=;+= &@% sf] :jeDe"sf]
clen]vdf klg sfi7d08ksf] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm g]=;
+= %)! df n]lvPsf] ljbUw d'vd08g, g]=;+= %@$ sf]
s'lAhsfk"hf, g]=;+= %($ sf] ZjUw/f:qf]q, g]=;+= %(^ sf]
k~r/Iff, g]=;+= %(( sf] k~r/Iff, g]=;+= ^)% sf] k~r/Iff cflb
u|Gyx?df klg sfi7d08ksf] pNn]v ePsf] 5 .@! oLdWo] s]xLdf
sfi7d08knfO{ dxfgu/sf] ¿kdf pNn]v ugf{sf ;fy} ToxfF cjl:yt
sLlt{k'0o dxfljxf/, kf/fjt ljxf/, gfuj0f{ ljxf/ cflbsf] pNn]v ePsf
5g\ . o;af6 dNnsfnLg g]kfndf af}4 wd{sf] /fd|f] k|efj
hghLjgdf k/]sf] :ki6 x'G5 .

6
sfi7d08kleqsf clen]v
d?;Qnsf] ¿kdf lrlgg] sfi7d08kleq s]xL clen]vx? kfOPsf 5g\
h;dWo] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] clen]v g]=;+= $%$ sf] xf] .@@ o;
clen]vdf sfi7d08knfO{ tLg j6f /fhkl/jf/sf] ejg egL pNn]v
ugf{sf ;fy} of] ejg o+ufn -sflGtk'/sf] blIf0fL efu_ df cjl:yt
ePsf] s'/f cf}FNofOPsf] 5 . ;fy} o;df krnLsf] klg pNn]v ePaf6
Tolta]nf krnL e}/j d?;Qnleq g} /x]sf] tYo k|dfl0ft x'G5 .
oxfFlg/ rfvnfUbf] s'/f s] 5 eg] sfi7d08kleqsf s'g} klg
clen]v ;f]em} /fhfn] /fv]sf xf]Ogg\ / tLdWo] w]/} h;f]df
sfi7d08k zAb pNn]v klg ePsf 5}gg\ . t/ ckjfbsf] ¿kdf
ToxfFl:yt g]=;+= ^)% sf] clen]vdf sfi7d08k gu/sf] lj:t[t
kl/ro o;/L lbOPsf] 5M
>L slnh'u] hDa'bLk] . e/tv08] lxdjTkfb] jf;'sL
If]q],
>L g]kfnb]z], kz'klt;lGgwfg], jfUdTofM
klZrDs"n]
lji0f'dTofk"j{s"n], Ox}j:yfg],
>Lsfi7d08kgu/]===============@#
-slno'udf, hDa'åLkdf, e/tv08df, lxdfnosf] km]bLdf,
jf;'sLsf] If]qdf, >L g]kfnb]zdf, kz'kltsf] glhs}
afudtLsf] klZrd lsgf/df, lji0f'dtLsf] k"j{ lsgf/df >L
sfi7d08k zx/df_
sfi7d08kleqsf] clen]vsf] s'/f ubf{, ToxfF l:yt g]=;+=
$(( sf] clen]vsf] ljz]if ¿kdf pNn]v ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To;
clen]vdf Tof] ejg /fhf hol:ylt dNnåf/f gfy ;Dk|bfosf
hf]uLx?sf] jf;:yfgsf] ¿kdf lbOPsf] s'/f k/]sf] 5 . @$ t/
sfzLgfy tdf]6n] To; clen]vdf /x]sf] b]jf] uf]/Iff]
7
zAbnfO{ j}zfv z'Sn egL k9L To; clen]vaf6 ;f] :yfg
gfy ;Dk|bfonfO{ lbPsf] eGg] s'/f c:jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ .
tdf]6sf] of] egfOnfO{ sdnk|sfz dNnn] klg ;dy{g
u/]sf 5g\ .@% t/ o; clen]vdf k/]sf] xl/hg
zAbnfO{ a]jf:tf ug'{ x'Fb}g . ;fy} g]=;+= %*% sf]
csf]{ clen]vdf t pQm :yfg gfy ;Dk|bfosf hf]uLx?nfO{
lbOPsf] s'/fnfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .@^ o;af6
ljqmdsf] kGw|f}F ztfAbLb]lv ;f] :yfg gfy ;Dk|bfosf
hf]uLx?sf] jf;:yfgsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ of] :yfg
g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf] s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf klg /xLcfPsf] 5 / oxfF
cg]sg\ wfld{s tyf ;fF:s[lts sfo{ x'g] u/]sf 5g\ .
wfld{s tyf ;fF:s[lts sfo{
sfi7d08kleq / To; If]qsf] j/k/ ljleGg b]jb]jtfsf
d"lt{x? /x]sf 5g\ . tL ;a}sf] ljj/0f lbg' oxfF ;Dej 5}g .
t/ tL b]jL b]jtfx?sf] pNn]v ug{ eg] oxfF cTofjZos 5 .
sfi7d08kleq dxfFsfn, lzjkfj{tL tyf e}/jsf ljleGg
d"lt{x? /x]sf 5g\ . ;fy} ejgsf] rf/ s'gfdf u0f]zsf
d"lt{x? /flvPsf 5g\ . cfUg]o sf]0fdf sfo{ ljgfos,
g}CTo sf]0fdf /Qm ljgfos, jfoAo sf]0fdf ;"o{ ljgfos,
tyf O{zfg sf]0fdf hn ljgfos /x]sf 5g\ . clg kfFrf}F
u0f]z czf]s ljgfossf] dlGb/ eg] sfi7d08ksf] pQ/lt/
/x]]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ejgleq uf]/vgfysf] k|:t/
d"lt{ klg /x]sf] 5, h;nfO{ n'Okfsf] d"lt{ klg
elgG5 .@& o;sf cltl/Qm lzj, lji0f' / ;/:jtLsf d"lt{sf ;fy}
af}4 wd{;Fu ;DalGwt cdf]3kf; nf]s]Zj/ / cfo{tf/f
nf]s]Zj/sf d"lt{x? klg /x]sf 5g\ . sfi7d08kleq /x]sf]
g]=;+= $%$ sf] clen]vdf krnLsf] pNn]v cfPaf6 klxn]
krnL e}/j sfi7d08k leq} /x]sf] / kl5 dfq} 6]s" nluPsf]
o1dfgkltsf] wf/0ff /x]sf] 5 .@*
8
sfi7d08k;Fu ;DalGwt w]/} u'7Lx? klg /x]sf 5g\ / tL
u'7Lx?n] ljleGg kj{x?df cf–cfˆgf] k/Dk/f cg';f/ wfld{s
k"hf / cGo sfo{x? ug]{ ub{5g\ . To;dWo] ;'bz{g/fh
ltjf/Ln] pNn]v u/]sf] Pp6f u'7Lsf] rrf{ ug{ rfxG5' .
Tof] xf] ;f u'7L . ltjf/Lsf] egfOcg';f/ jif{sf] PskN6
sfi7d08k If]qdf ;f u'7LcGtu{t wfld{s k"hf ul/G5, h;df
g]jf/ ;d'bfosf b'O{ hflt – Hofk' -dxh{g_ / ;fnld -
dfgGw/_ x?sf] ;xeflutf x'G5 . To; k"hfdf dfgGw/x?n]
tn a;L ufO{nfO{ v'jfpg] / dxh{gx?n] ejgsf] 6'Kkfdf
uO{ Wjhf ktfsf kmx/fpg] ub{5g\ .@( t/ d}n] ;'g]cg';f/
dxh{gx?n] tn a;L afhf ahfO{ ufO{nfO{ v'jfpg] tyf
dfgGw/x? 6'Kkfdf uO{ Wjhfktsf kmx/fpg] u5{g\ . tn
a:g]n] d]xtfgf :j¿k wfg kfpg] / 6'Kkfdf hfg]n] k};f
kfpg] ePsf]df sfnfGt/df uO{ k};f kfpg]nfO{ Hofb}
dsf{ kg]{ ePsf]n] dfgGw/x?n] ;f] sfo{ ug{ 5f]8]
eGg] s'/f dfgGw/ kl/jf/af6 w]/} klxn] ;'g]sf] x'F . o;
tYoaf/] vf]hL x'g' /fd|f] x'g]5 .
sfi7d08k;DaGwL sfo{ u'7L ;+:yfgn] x]b}{ cfPsf]df
lj=;+= @)@# df ejgsf] k"0f{ hL0ff]{4f/ eO;s]kl4
k'/ftTj ljefudfkm{t xg'dfg9f]sf sfof{non] /]vb]v dd{t
sfo{ ug{ yfn]sf] xf] . sfi7d08ksf]
dxTjnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL o; If]qleq a]nfotL dxf/fgL tyf
dflNbE;sf /fi6«kltnfO{ gu/sf] ;Ffrf] x:tfGt/0f ug{ eJo
sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf lyP .#)
o:tf] P]ltxfl;s tyf ;fF:s[lts dxTj af]s]sf] sfi7d08k
dxfe"sDkaf6 Wj:t ePsf]df ;a}sf] ;xof]uaf6
k'glg{df{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . k'glg{df{0f
sfo{df ;+nUg ;a} JolQm tyf ;+:yfk|lt xflb{s cfef/
JoQm ub}{ of] n]v oxLF 6'+Uofpg] cg'dlt rfxG5' .
9
l6Kk0fL
!= Robin Conningham and Others, 'Preliminary Results of Post-
Disaster Archaeological Investigations at the
Kasthamandap…’(core.ac.uk)
@= o1dfgklt jh|frfo{, sfi7d08kM To;sf] lgdf{tf / 9fFrf
z}nL, sfi7d08k k'glg{df{0fsf nflu cleofg, @)&@, k[= !
#= Dipesh Risal, ‘Kasthamandap: Microcosm of Kathmandu's Living
Culture and Storied History’ (asian-art.com/articles)
$= dx]z/fh kGt, æsfi7d08kM Ps rrf{ kl9;s]kl5 dgdf
nfu]sf] s'/fÆ k[= &, d08ksf] ¿kdf tof/ ul/Psfn]
sfi7d08kleq ;'?df s'g} b]jLb]jtfsf d"lt{ lyPgg\ .
%= /f0ffsfndf bIf;fnsf xif{gf/fg ;fn\ldn] ;Ttnsf] hL0ff]
{4f/ u/L To;sf] rf/}tkm{ l;+xsf] d"lt{ /fv]kl5 l;
+x;Qn /xg uof] . x]g'{xf];\ ej]Zj/ k+u]gL, /f0ffsfnLg
g]kfnsf] cfly{s Oltxf;, sf7df8f}F, wd{gf/fo0f cWoog k|
lti7fg, @)&! k[= @@
^= o1dfgklt jh|frfo{, nLnfjh|, sf7df8f}+M lj/l~r
df]tL :d[lt u'Xotf/f sf]if, @)^& k[i7 ($–(%, t/ s]xL ;|
f]tn] eg] sNkj[If /ftf] dl5Gb|gfysf] hfqf x]g{ cfPsf]
egL n]v]sf 5g\ eg] sf]xLn] l;sfnL b]jLsf] hfqf tyf
sf]xLn] OGb|hfqf x]g{ cfPsf] egL n]v]sf 5g\ .
&= Risal. f.n.3 Danial Wright, History of Nepal, Kathmandu: Nepal
Antiquated Book Publishers, 1972 Reprint p. 2
*= /f0ffsfndf c+u|]h n]vsx?åf/f lnlvt g]kfnsf]
Oltxf;;DaGwL ;a} h;f] k':tsx?df sfi7d08ksf] lgdf{tfsf] ¿kdf
nIdLg/l;+x dNnsf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

10
(= hubLz rGb| /]UdL, sf7df8f}+ zx/M ;f+:s[lts cWoog,
efu !, sf7df8f}FM lzjk|;fb pkfWofo, @)%! k[= *!
sfi7d08kaf6 g} sflGtk'/sf] gfd sf7df8f}F /xg uPsf] xf], tf klg
o;sf] k|of]u w]/} kl5 ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf] klxnf] k|of]u zfob
8]l;8]/Ln] ;g\ !&#! df k|sflzt cfˆgf] k':tsdf u/]sf lyP eg] ;g\ !
&%& df hok|sfz dNn / k[YjLgf/fo0faLr ePsf] ;lGwdf
sf7df8f}F zAb k|of]u ePsf] 5 .
!)= kGt, l6Kk0fL g+= $ k[= ^, &
!!= jh|frfo{, l6Kk0fL g+= @, k[= ^ott
!@= dx]z/fh kGt, æsfi7d08k;Fu nLnfjh|sf] ;DaGwÆ
/fhwfgL, !% ebf} @)&@
!#= Mary Slusser and Gautam Vajra Vajracharya, "Two Medieval
Nepalese Buildings: An Architectural and Cultural Study"
(asianart.com/articles) f.n. 34
;f] x:tlnlvt u|Gy Ps u'7L;Fu /x]sf]n] @)&@ sf] e"sDkaf6 ;f]
gi6 gePsf] b]lvG5 .
!$= kf;'sf, jif{ $ c+s !), n]vssf] egfOcg';f/ pQm u|Gy
eQmk'/ ;'s'n9f]sf ;'/]zHof]lt zfSo;Fu ;'/lIft 5 .
!%= Kashinath Tamot, "Is the earliest mention of Kasthamandap from
Shreematotteratantra….."(Retrieved by Rajeev, 28 Sep. 2017)
!^= kf;'sf, l6Kk0fL g+= !$
!&= wgjh| jh|frfo{ -;+=_ Oltxf; ;+zf]wgsf] k|df0f k|d]o,
nlntk'/M hubDaf k|sfzg, @)!(, k|sfzg, k[= !!)
!*= P]hg, k[= !!!
!(= P]hg
11
@)= P]hg k[= !!@
@!= P]hg k[= !!@–!%
@@= /d]zh+u yfkf, ,sfi7d08k, k|frLg g]kfn, c+s # k[= #&,
o;df plNnvt ætLg j6f /fhkl/jf/ÆnfO{ dx]z/fhn] tLg yl/ kfq
egL JofVof u/]sf 5g\ .
@#= Risal, f.n.3
@$= Slusser and Vajracharya, f.n. 13
@%= Risal, f.n. 3
@^= Dilli Raman Regmi, Medieval Nepal, vol. 3, Kathmandu: Firma
K.L. Mukhopadhyaya, 1966, p.79.
@&= yfkf, l6Kk0fL g+= @@, k[= #(
@*= o1dfgklt jh|frfo{;Fu s'/fsfgL -@)&& cfiff9 !^_
@(= Sudarshan Raj Tiwari, "History of Kasthamandap," A paper
presented at International Inter-disciplinary Workshop. Kathmandu, 17
Nov. 2018. (kailashkut.com).
#)= ;fkmNo cdfTo, æsfi7d08kM Ps rrf{,Æ k[= $

12