Introduction to Control Statements

Increment & Decrement (section 2.5)

 j=i++;
 First current value of i is assigned to j
 Then i is incremented
 If the current value of i is 5
 After the execution of the statement the value of
 i: 6
 j: 5
if statement

true
num>=0 num is positive

false
if statement
 Selection statement/conditional statement
 Operation governed by outcome of a conditional test
 if(expression) statement;
 expression:
 any valid C expression
 If expression is true statement will be executed
 If expression is false statement will be bypassed
 true: any nonzero value
 false: zero
 if(num+1) printf(“nonzero");//num!=-1 statement will execute
 Normally expression consists of relational & logical operator
 if statement
#include<stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int num;
scanf("%d", &num);
if(num>=0) printf("num is positive");//if(num>-1)
if(num<0) printf("num is negative");
return 0;
}
if statement
 Common programming error:
 Placing ; (semicolon) immediately after condition in if
 if(expression); statement;
 Confusing equality operator (==) with assignment operator (=)
 if(a=b)
 if(a=5)
 if(9=5)
 left operand must be l-value
 if(9+5)
if-else statement
 if(expression) statement1;
else statement2;
 If expression is true statement1 will be evaluated and statement1 2
will be skipped
 If expression is false statement1 will be bypassed and statement2
will be executed
 Under no circumstances both the statements will execute
 Two-way decision path
 if-else statement
#include<stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
int num;
scanf("%d", &num);
if(num>=0) printf("num is positive");//if(num>-1)
else printf("num is negative");
return 0;
}
if-else statement
 else part is optional
 The else is associated with closest else-less if
 if(n>0)
if(a>b) z=a;
else z=b;
 Where else will be associated is shown by indentation
 Braces must be used to force association with the first
 if(n>0)
{
if(a>b) z=a;
}
else z=b;
 Nested if (section 3.4)
#include<stdio.h> else
int main(void) {
{ if(id<61)
int id; printf("B1\n");
printf("Please enter last else
3 digits of your id:\n"); printf("B2\n");
scanf("%d", &id); }
printf("You are in "); return 0;
if(id%2) }
{
if(id<60)
printf("A1\n");
else
printf("A2\n");
}
blocks of code
 Surround the statements in a block with opening and
ending curly braces.
 One indivisible logical unit
 Can be used anywhere a single statement may
 Multiple statements
 Common programming error:
 Forgetting braces of compound statements/blocks
blocks of code
 if(expression) {
statement1;
statement2;
…
statementN;
}
else {
statement1;
statement2;
…
statementN;
}
 If expression is true all the statements with if will be executed
 If expression is false all the statements with else will be executed
 Example
#include<stdio.h> else
int main( ) {
{ int a, b, c;
int numOfArg, sum; scanf("%d %d %d", &a,
&b, &c);
scanf("%d", &numOfArg);
sum=a+b+c;
if(numOfArg==2)
}
{
printf("The sum is %d\n",
int a, b;
sum);
scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);
return 0;
sum=a+b;
}
}
if-else if statement
 if(expression)
statement;
else if (expression)
statement;
else if (expression)
statement;
else
statement;
if-else if statement
 Multi-way decision
 expressions are evaluated in order
 If any expression is true
 the statement associated with it is executed
 Multiple statements can be associated using curly braces
 the whole chain is terminated
 If none of the expressions are true
 else part is executed
 Handles none of the above/ default case
 Optional
 if-else if statement
#include<stdio.h> …
int main( ) …
{ …
int num; else
scanf("%d", &num); printf("Fail");
if(num>=80) return 0;
printf("A+\n"); }
else if(num>=75)
printf("A\n");
else if(num>=70)
printf("A-\n");
 if-else if statement
#include<stdio.h> else if(numOfArg==3)
int main( ) {
{ int a, b, c;
int numOfArg, sum; scanf("%d %d %d", &a, &b,
scanf("%d", &numOfArg); &c);
if(numOfArg==2) sum=a+b+c;
{ }
int a, b; printf("The sum is %d\n",
sum);
scanf("%d %d", &a,
&b); return 0;
sum=a+b; }
}
Short Circuit Evaluation
if(a!=0 && num/a)
{
}
Conditional Expressions
 Uses ternary operator “?:”
 expression1?expression2:expression3;
 z= (a>b)? a: b; /* z=max(a,b);*/
 Can be used anywhere an expression can be
Example
 Find maximum of three numbers
 Find second maximum of three numbers
 Find minimum of four numbers
switch case
switch (expression) {
case constant: statements
case constant: statements
default: statements
}
 Use of break
switch case
switch (month) {
case 1: printf("January\n");
case 2: printf("February\n");
…
…
default: printf("Invalid\n");
}
 switch case
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
char i=getche();//getch();
switch (i) {
case '0': case '1': case '2': case ‘3': case ‘4':
case ‘5': case ‘6': case ‘7': case ‘8': case '9':
printf(" : digit\n");
break;
default: printf(" : non digit\n");}
return 0;
}
 Use of break
switch case
//int x=a/b;
int x, a, b;
scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);
switch (b) {
case 0:
printf("divide by zero error\n");
break;
default: x=a/b;
}
for loop
 Allows one or more statements to be repeated
 for(initialization; conditional-test; increment) statement;
 Most flexible loop
for loop
 for(initialization; conditional-test; increment) statement;
 initialization:
 Give an initial value to the variable that controls the loop
 loop-control variable
 Executed only once
 Before the loop begins
for loop
 for(initialization; conditional-test; increment) statement;
 conditional-test:
 Tests the loop-control variable against a target value
 If true the loop repeats
 statement is executed
 If false the loop stops
 Next line of code following the loop will be executed
for loop
 for(initialization; conditional-test; increment) statement;
 increment:
 Executed at the bottom of the loop
 for loop
Single Statement Block of Statements
for(i=1; i<100; i++) sum=0;
printf("%d\n", i); prod=1;
for(i=1; i<5; i++)
 Prints 1 to 99
{
for(i=100; i<100; i++) sum+=i;
printf("%d\n", i); prod*=i;
 This loop will not execute }
printf("sum, prod is
%d, %d\n", sum, prod);
for loop
for(i=1; i<3; i++) Initialization part is executed
printf("%d\n", i); only once

1. i is initialized to 1
for loop
for(i=1; i<3; i++)
printf("%d\n", i);
2. Conditional test i<3 is true as i is 1, so the loop executes
for loop
for(i=1; i<3; i++)
printf("%d\n", i);
3. The value of i will be printed, which is 1
for loop
for(i=1; i<3; i++)
printf("%d\n", i);
3. The value of i will be incremented, so now i is 2.
for loop
for(i=1; i<3; i++)
printf("%d\n", i);
4. Conditional test i<3 is true as i is 2, so the loop executes
for loop
for(i=1; i<3; i++)
printf("%d\n", i);
5. The value of i will be printed, which is 2
for loop
for(i=1; i<3; i++)
printf("%d\n", i);
6. The value of i will be incremented, so now i is 3.
for loop
for(i=1; i<3; i++)
printf("%d\n", i);
7. Conditional test i<3 is false as i is 3, so the loop stops
for loop
 for loop can run negatively
 decrement can be used instead of increment
 for(i=20; i>0; i--) ...
 Can be incremented or decremented by more than one
 for(i=1; i<100; i+=5)
for loop
 All of the following loops will print 1 to 99
 for(i=1; i<100; i++)
printf("%d\n", i);
 for(i=1; i<=99; i++)
printf("%d\n", i);
 for(i=0; i<99; i++)
printf("%d\n", i+1);
 for(i=0; i<=98; i++)
printf("%d\n", i+1);
 So selection of initial value and loop control condition is important
for loop
GCD of two numbers:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void) {
int a, b, min, i, gcd;
scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);
min=(a<b)?a:b;
for(i=1; i<=min; i++)
if(a%i==0 && b%i==0)
gcd=i;
printf("gcd of %d & %d is %d\n", a, b, gcd);
return 0;
}
for loop
Nth Fibonacci number:
#include <stdio.h> else
int main(void) { {
int n, i, fibn=0, fibn=fibn_1+fibn_2;
fibn_1=1, fibn_2=0; fibn_2=fibn_1;
scanf("%d", &n); fibn_1=fibn;
for(i=0; i<n; i++) }
{
if(n==1) }
fibn=i; printf("%d\n", fibn);
return 0;
}
 Nested for loop
#include<stdio.h> Output:

int main()
{ 1, 1
for(int i=1; i<=3; i++) 2, 1
{ 2, 2
for(int j=1; j<=i; j++)
3, 1
{
3, 2
printf("%d, %d\n", i, j);
}
3, 3
}
What if the condition is
return 0; j<=3?
}
 Nested for loop
#include<stdio.h> for(int j=0; j<i; j++)//if
j=1?
int main() {
{ prod=prod*i;
}
int n, sum, prod;
sum=sum+prod;
prod=1;
}
sum=0; printf("sum is %d\n", sum);
scanf("%d", &n); return 0;
for(int i=1; i<=n; i++)//if i<n? }
{
prod=1;
 Nested for loop
#include<stdio.h> for( ;j<=n; j++)
{
int main() printf("1 ");
{ }
int n, i, j; printf("\n");
scanf("%d", &n); }
for(i=1; i<=n; i++)//row
by row return 0;
{ }
for(j=1; j<=i; j++)
{
printf("0 ");
}
Loop variation
 for( ; ; ){}
 for(ch=getche(); ch!=‘q’; ch=getche()) {}
 for(i=0; i<n; )
{
i++;
}
Homework on loop
 Given a number as input write to program to calculate the number
of digits.
 Given a number as input write to program to calculate the sum of
it’s digits.
 Write a program to find gcd of two given numbers
 Write a program to find xm where x and m are inputs
 Write a program to convert a decimal number to a binary number
 Write a program to expand shorthand notation like a-z

 CT
while loop
 while(expression) statement;
 for(initialization; conditional-test; increment) statement;
 initialization;
while(conditional-test)
{
statement;
increment;
}
 while loop
while for
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
int main()
{ int main()
int i=0; {
while(i<=9) int i;
{
printf("%d\n", i); for(i=0; i<=9; i++)
i++; printf("%d\n", i);
}
return 0;
return 0;
} }
while loop
 Common error
 Forgetting to increment
 Normally used when increment is not needed
 while(ch!=‘q’)
{
…
ch=getche();
}
do while loop
 do
statement
while(expression);
 for(initialization; conditional-test; increment) statement;
 initialization;
do
{
statement;
increment;
} while(conditional-test);
do while loop
 Test is at the bottom
 Will execute at least once
 do
{
…
ch=getche();
} while(ch!=‘q’);
 Common error
 Forgetting the semicolon (;) after while
 while loop
do while for
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
int main()
{ int main()
int i=0; {
do int i=0;
{
printf("%d\n", i); for(i=1; i<=9; i++)
i++; printf("%d\n", i);
}while(i<=9);
return 0;
return 0;
} }
 for loop
/*prime number tester*/ /*test for factors*/
#include<stdio.h> for(i=2; i<=num/2; i++)
int main() if((num%i)==0) is_prime=0;
{ if(is_prime==1)
int i, num, printf("%d is prime\n",
is_prime=1; num);
printf("Enter the else
number to test: "); printf("%d is not
scanf("%d", &num); prime\n", num);
return 0;
}
 for loop
/*prime number tester*/ /*test for factors*/
#include<stdio.h> for(i=2; i<=num/2; i++)
int main() if(!(num%i)) is_prime=0;
{ if(is_prime)
int i, num, printf("%d is prime\n",
is_prime=1; num);
printf("Enter the else
number to test: "); printf("%d is not
scanf("%d", &num); prime\n", num);
return 0;
}
 while loop
/*prime number tester*/ while(i<=num/2)
#include<stdio.h> {
if(!(num%i)) is_prime=0;
int main()
i++;
{ }
int i, num, if(is_prime)
is_prime=1; printf("%d is prime\n",
printf("Enter the num);
number to test: "); else
scanf("%d", &num); printf("%d is not
prime\n", num);
/*test for factors*/ return 0;
i=2; }
 do while loop
/*prime number tester*/ i++;
#include<stdio.h> }while(i<=num/2);
int main() if(is_prime)
{ printf("%d is prime\n",
int i, num, is_prime=1; num);
printf("Enter the number to else
test: "); printf("%d is not
scanf("%d", &num); prime\n", num);
/*test for factors*/ return 0;
i=2; }
do It will show that 2 is not
prime
{
if(!(num%i)) is_prime=0;
 Use of break
/*prime number tester*/ /*test for factors*/
#include<stdio.h> for(i=2; i<=num/2; i++)
if(!(num%i))
int main() {
{ is_prime=0;
int i, num, is_prime=1; break;
printf("Enter the number }
to test: "); if(is_prime)
scanf("%d", &num); printf("%d is prime\n",
num);
else
printf("%d is not
prime\n", num);
return 0;
}
 Use of continue
#include<stdio.h> Output:

int main() 2, 1
{ 3, 1
for(int i=1; i<=3; i++)
3, 2
{
for(int j=1; j<=i; j++)
{
if(i==j) continue;
printf("%d, %d\n", i, j);
}
}

return 0;
}
Input characters
 getche()/getch()/getchar can be used
 getchar()
 Compiler dependent
 waits for carriage return
 Read only one char
 Other input and carriage return will be in buffer
 Subsequent input (e.g, scanf) will consume them.
 Defined in stdio.h
 getche()/getch()
 Return immediately after a key is pressed
 Defined in conio.h