7.1 7.2

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7.

1 ions

Noble gases are nonreactive in chemical reactions since they have full valence shell

In 1916, chemist Gilbert Lewis used this fact to explain why atoms form certain kinds of ions
and molecules.
He called his explanation the octet rule.

The octet rule states that in forming compounds, atoms tend to achieve the electron configuration
of a noble gas.

Atoms of metals tend to lose their valence electrons leaving a complete octet in the next-lowest
energy level.
They tend to form positive (cations)

Atoms of some non-metals tend to gain electrons to achieve a complete octet.


They tend to form a negative (anion)

Atoms gain, lose, and share electrons to fill their valence shell with 8 electrons

Atoms of metals form cations by losing valence electrons to attain the electron configuration of
the previous noble gas.

Atoms of nonmetals and metalloids form anions by gaining enough valence electrons to attain
the electron configuration of the nearest noble gas.

Why do nonmetals tend to form anions when they reach to form compounds?
Since they have more valence electrons its easier to gain rather than loosing (Nonmetal also has
high electronegativity)

Group 1,2,3 of representative elements tends to attain the noble gas configuration as you go up
and across
Group 5,6,7 of representative elements tends to attain the noble gas configuration for the noble
gas right next to it.
7.2 ionic bonds and ionic compounds

Ionic bonds
Definition: The electrostatic force that holds ions together in ionic compound
Ionic bonds occur between a metal and a nonmetal. An ionic bond results from the transfer of
electrons from a metal to a nonmetal to obtain a full valence shell for both atoms. Atoms that
gain electrons make negatively charged ions called anions while atoms that loses electrons
makes positively charged ions called cations.

The electrical charge of an ionic compound is electrically neutral (although they are composed of
ions) the total positive charge of the cations equal to the total negative charge of the anion so
they balance/cancel each other.

The composition of an ionic compound is represented by formula units

The properties of an ionic compound

1- Most ionic compounds are crystalline solids at room temperature


The component ions in such crystals are arranged in repeating three-dimensional patterns.
The large attractive forces between neighboring ions result in a very stable structure.

2- Ionic compounds generally have high melting points.


An ionic compound is a giant structure of ions. Ionic compounds are held together by strong
electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions. These compounds have high
melting points and high boiling points because of the large amounts of energy needed to
break the many strong bonds.

3- Ionic compounds can conduct an electric current when melted or dissolved in water.
When sodium chloride (an ionic compound) is melted the orderly crystal structure breaks
down.
Cations migrate freely to one electrode and anions migrate to the other.
This movement of electrons allows electric current to flow between the electrodes through
an external wire.

When its solid they can’t conduct electric currents since they are close together and cant
freely move.
So, when its molten/solution they freely move thus they conduct electric currents

Note:
Formula unit is the lowest whole-number ratio of ions in an ionic compound.
For example: Al and Br the formula unit will be AlBr 3

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