K.S.

JHA CI/ELECTRICAL
ELECTRICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
 Power System

Measurement &
Protection System
Monitoring System

Generation Transmission Distribution Load

 POWER SYSTEM

 It should be
1. Reliable

2. Strong

3. Flexible
 SUB-STATION
 A substation is a part of an electrical generation,
transmission and distribution system. The assembly of
apparatus used to change some characteristics (e.g. voltage,
frequency, p.f., A.C. to D.C. etc.) of an electrical supply is
called a substation.
Some of the main operations of substations are:

To receive energy transmitted at high voltage from the

generating stations.
To decrease the voltage to a value appropriate for local
distribution.
To provide switching facilities.
Electric power may flow through several substations between
generating plant and consumer, and its voltage may change
in several steps.
 Generation, Transmission & Distribution
 Switchgears

 Safety

 Metering & Monitoring

ELEMENTS OF SUBSTATION
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ELECT. POWER

 By transmission and distribution of electrical power is meant its conveyance

from the central station where it is generated to the places where it is
demanded by the consumers (like pumping stations, residential and commercial
buildings, mills, factories etc.)

The maximum generated voltage in India is 11kV.

The amount of power that has to be transmitted through transmission lines is
very large and of this power is transmitted at 11kV (or 33kV) the line current
and power loss would be very large. Therefore this voltage is stepped up to a
higher value by using step up transformers located in sub-stations.
The transmission voltages in India are 400 kV, 220 kV and 132 kV.
The transmission lines and feeders are 3-phase 3-wire circuits.
The distributors are 3-phase 4-wire circuits because a neutral wire is necessary
to supply the single-phase loads of domestic and commercial consumers.
The transmission network is commonly known as Grid.
LOW VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION

Feeders: These are line conductors which connect the

stations to the areas, to be fed by those stations.
Normally no tapping are taken from feeders. They are
designed mainly from point of their current carrying
capacities.
Distributors: These are conductors from which several
tappings for the supply to the consumers are taken.
They are designed from the point of view of the voltage
drop in them.
Service mains: These are the terminals which connect
the consumer’s terminals to the distributors.
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSMISSION LINES
 Short transmission lines
Length less than 50km
Operating voltage less than 20kV.

 Medium transmission lines

Length between 50km and 160km.
Operating voltage is between 21kV and 100kV.

 Long transmission lines

Length more than 160km.
Operating voltage is above 100kV.
BUS BAR
 In electrical power distribution, a bus bar is a strip of
copper or aluminium that conducts electricity within a
switchboard, distribution board, substation or other
electrical apparatus.
 The size of the bus bar determines the maximum
amount of current that can be safely carried. Bus bars
can have a cross-sectional area of as little as 10 mm2
but electrical substations may use metal tubes of 50
mm in diameter (1,963 mm2) or more as bus bars.
 Bus bars are typically either flat strips or hollow tubes
as these shapes allow heat to dissipate more
efficiently due to their high surface area to cross-
sectional area ratio.
BUSBAR
BUS-BAR ARRANGEMENTS:

Single bus-bar system.

Double bus-bar system.
SINGLE BUS-BAR SYSTEM:
 A power plant which has number of generators and single bus-
bar arrangement, the bus-bar is sectionalised by circuit
breakers. The advantage of this type of system is that fault on
one part of the bus-bar or system does not completely shut
down the whole station.
DOUBLE BUS-BAR SYSTEM WITH SECTIONALISATION
 In this system both low voltage and voltage bus-bars are
duplicated, any of the bus-bar sections can be used as desired.
There is a provision of a bus-bar coupling switch for
transferring operation from one bus-bar to another.
BUS COUPLER

 Bus coupler is a device which is used switch

from one bus to the other without any
interruption in power supply and without
creating hazardous arcs. It is achieved with the
help of circuit breaker and isolators.
LIGHTNING ARRESTER
 Lightning arresters are protective devices for limiting surge
voltages due to lightning strikes or equipment faults or other
events, to prevent damage to equipment and disruption of
service. Also called surge arresters.
ISOLATOR SWITCH (GROUP/GANG OPERATED SWITCHES)

 Isolators are known as disconnector or isolator switch.

Isolator is used to make sure that an electrical circuit can
be completely de-energized for service or maintenance.
 In some designs the isolator switch has the additional
ability to earth the isolated circuit thereby providing
additional safety. Such an arrangement would apply to
circuits which inter-connect power distribution systems
where both end of the circuit need to be isolated.
 When the isolator is opened, it can be visually seen and
hence service men are assured that is safe to work on the
isolated equipment.
GROUP/GANG OPERATED SWITCHES
CIRCUIT BREAKERS
 A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed for
to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short
circuit.
 the function of a circuit breaker is to isolate the faulty part of the power
system in case of abnormal conditions.
 A protective relay detects abnormal conditions and sends a tripping signal to
the circuit breaker. After receiving the trip command signal from the relay
the circuit breaker isolates the faulty part of the power system.
 A circuit breaker has two contacts- a fixed contact and a moving contact.
Under normal conditions these two contacts remain in closed position.
When the circuit breaker is required to isolate the faulty part, the moving
contact moves to interrupt the circuit.
TRANSFORMERS
 The transformer is a static piece of apparatus by means of which an
electrical power is transferred from one alternating current circuit to another
with the desired change in voltage and current without any change in
frequency.
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
 Potential transformers(P.T.): is a step down transformer used along with a
low range voltmeter for measuring a high voltage. The primary is connected
across the high voltage supply and the secondary to the voltmeter or
potential coil of the wattmeter.
 Current transformers: The range of the D.C. ammeter is
extended using a shunt, similarly a current transformer
performs the same function in A.C. circuits. Thus a high
magnitude A.C. can be measured by a combination of current
transformer and a low range ammeter.
DISTRIBUTION SUB-STATION

 Distribution Substations (33kV, 11kV)

 Indoorsubstation
 Outdoor substation

 Pole mounted substation

 Compact substation

 Underground substation

 Transformer capacity
 100kVA, 300kVA, 500kVA, 750kVA and 1000kVA
LOCAL DISTRIBUTION
 Could be 3-phase and 1-phase:
3-phase for industrial;
1-phase for domestic & small sector
LOAD DURATION CURVE

3 types of load
 Base load -- has to be fed 100% of the time.
 Intermediate loads - have to be fed <100% of the time.
 Peak load - May occur 0.1% of the time.
JAMALPUR WORKSHOP
POWER SUPPLY ARRANGEMENT
 The contract demand from BSEB is 6MVA at 33KV.
 The receiving point located inside JMP workshop is
also known as ―Power House‖
 33KV supply is stepped down to 11KV by 3MVA
transformer. 04 such transformer are employed for
this purpose.
 This Power House is having 3 DG Sets having
2MVA capacity each.
 2 DG Set generates 11 KV and 1 DG Set generates
415V.
 415 V is then stepped up to 11 KV by Transformer.
 The 11 KV supply from DG sets & 415V/11KV
transformer are connected to 11 KV Bus bars
STD. METERING AT SUBSTATION

 Ammeter & Voltmeter with selector switch for

transformer.
 MW, MVA & MVAR meters on HV side of
transformer
 KV meter on HV & LV panels.

 KWH meter on control panel

 Ammeter & Voltmeter on feeder panel

 KWH meter on feeder panel

SWITCHGEARS
Basic Function:
 Electrical Protection –
1. Against Overload currents
2. Against Short Circuit currents
3. Against Insulation failures
4. Against Under – Voltage (Specific devices)
 Safe Isolation from live parts
 Locally/Manually or Remote switching
ELECTRICAL PROTECTION

 Protection of circuit elements against the

thermal and mechanical stresses of short –
circuit currents
 Protection of appliances and apparatus being
supplied (motor etc.)
 Protection of operating personnel & person and
animals in the event of insulation failure.
ISOLATION
 A state of isolation clearly indicated by an approved ―fail
proof‖ indicator, or the visible separation of contacts.
 An isolating devices must fulfill the following
requirements:
1. All poles of a circuit including neutral must be open
2. It must be provided with a means of locking open with
key
3. I must confirm IEC 947-3 concerning clearance between
contacts, over voltage withstand capability etc.
A PROTECTIVE DEVICE MUST POSSES THE FOLLOWING
CHARACTERISTICS:

 1.Reliability – must operate under abnormal

conditions.
 2.Discrimination – should not have any
adverse effect on the other devices
protecting healthy circuits.
 3.Non – destructive – must retain its
original characteristics throughout its life.
 4.Adequate breaking/rupturing capacity –
able to clear the fault without any damage
to itself.
FUSE
• It is over current protection device.
• It has critical component a metal wire or strip
that will melt when heated by a prescribed
electric current.
• Properly-selected fuses are part of a power
distribution system to prevent fire or damage due
to overload or short-circuits.
• It has a Inverse time-current characteristic which
shows the time required to melt the fuse and the
time required to clear the circuit for any given
level of overload current
FUSE CHARACTERISTICS
 It has the “Inverse Current-Time Characteristics:

 Current

 Time
 Fusing Factor =Minimum fusing current/Rated current
 It will always greater than 1 (1.9 to 2);For 5 Amp.fuse
 Re wirewable fuse operates at 5x1.9 =9.5 Amp.
CIRCUIT BREAKER
• It is an automatically-operated electrical switch
which is designed to protect an electrical circuit
from damage caused by overload or short
circuit, Over & Under voltage, Unbalanced load,
Earth faults, reverse current or any other
abnormal operating conditions.
• It can be reset (either manually or
automatically) to resume normal operation.
METHODS OF OPERATION
• Dependent Manual Operation – Using manual energy
directly.
• Dependent Power Operation – Energy of a solenoid,
electric motor or compressed air.
• Stored Energy Operation – mechanical energy stored
in the mechanism prior to the completion of the
operation.
• Independent Manual Operation – A stored energy
operation where the energy originates from manual
power stored and released in one continuous
operation.
AUTO – RECLOSURE CIRCUIT BREAKER

 The arrangement to open the circuit instantaneously

when a fault occurs and reclose it automatically after
about a second and repeat the operation once more if
the fault persists.
 It is designed to clear non – persistent faults:
1.Lighting flashovers of line insulators.
2.Momentary contact of two conductors due to high
wind.
3.Stray piece of wire dropped by a bird.
4.Momentarily contact with tree branches.
5.Other transient nature conditions.
ELECTRICAL RELAY
• A solenoid is a device that produces mechanical
motion from the energization of an electromagnet
coil. The movable portion of a solenoid is called an
armature.
• A relay is a solenoid set up to actuate switch contacts
when its coil is energized.
HAZARDS OF ELECTRICITY

SHOCK

ARC
BLAST
DANGERS OF ELECTRICAL SHOCK

 Currents above 10 mA can paralyze or “freeze”

muscles.
 Currents more than 75 mA can cause a rapid,
ineffective heartbeat -- death will occur in a few
minutes unless a defibrillator is used
ELECTRICAL BURNS
• Most common shock-related, nonfatal injury
• Occurs when you touch electrical wiring or
equipment that is improperly used or
maintained
• Typically occurs on the hands
• Very serious injury that needs immediate
attention
ELECTRICAL BLAST

 Fire/Blast where electricity could be the source

of ignition in a potentially flammable or
explosive atmosphere. The temperature can
reach 35,000°F - this is four times hotter than
the surface of the sun.
 Fatal burns can occur at distances over 10 ft .
CONTROLLING ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
• Most electrical mishaps are caused by a
combination of three factors:
• Unsafe work practices
• Unsafe equipment and/or installation,
• Workplaces made unsafe by the environment
UNSAFE WORK PRACTICES
UNSAFE EQUIPMENT
UNSAFE ENVIRONMENTS
Hazards Protective Measures
• Inadequate wiring • Proper grounding
• Exposed electrical parts • Use fuses and
• Wires with bad insulation circuit breakers
• Ungrounded electrical systems and
tools • Guard live parts
• Overloaded circuits • Lockout/Tagout
• Damaged power tools and
equipment
• Proper use of
• Using the wrong PPE and tools flexible cords
• Overhead power lines • Close electric
• All hazards are made worse in wet panels
conditions
• Training
ATTENTION
• Electrical equipment must be:
– Listed and labeled
– Free from hazards
– Used in the proper manner
• If you use electrical tools you must be:
– Protected from electrical shock
– Provided necessary safety equipment
SIX WAYS OF PREVENTING ELECTRICAL
SHOCK
 Be Safety Conscious

 Shut the Power Off

 Test the Circuit

 Use Insulated Ladders

 Wet Locations Precaution

 Observe Warning Labels

REMEMBER!
 The results of a mistake with electrical energy
occur at the speed of light. There is not time
to react after the error is made. You must
think ahead.
 Pre-job briefs, planned work instructions, and
facility requirements are not optional.
 Pay attention and obey all the rules, not just
the ones that are convenient. They provide
the edge you need to be safe with electrical
energy.
 Post-job reviews help keep us from repeating
errors – participate in them.
 You are responsible for your safety.
 Final Advice

Treat electricity with the

respect it demands, and it
will serve you efficiently
and effectively
WHY INSTALL A POWER MONITORING
SYSTEM?
 There are many benefits to installing a power
monitoring system — some of which strongly
interrelate with each other. A properly designed
and installed monitoring system offers a
deeper understanding of the operational
parameters of the facility's electrical system.
 Environmental — A better knowledge of how energy is used within a facility
allows you to identify an array of prospects to improve efficiency, minimize
waste, and reduce energy consumption, thereby allowing the facility to be a
better steward of its allotted natural resources.
 Reliability — Assessment of data from the monitoring system can reveal existing
or imminent issues that can adversely affect the operation and product within a
facility. Historical data from power monitoring systems can help locate and
correct both acute and chronic problems, resulting in increased productivity.
 Maintenance — Data trends can forecast and notify the appropriate people
when discrete equipment parameters may be exceeded, allowing you to plan
ahead instead of facing an unscheduled shutdown.
 Safety — Monitoring systems can limit the exposure of personnel to potentially
hazardous electrical environments by providing remote status and operational
parameters of equipment within hazardous areas. Some monitoring devices
also offer a variety of additional parameters (temperature, pressure, flow rate,
vibration, status indicators, etc.) through the use of transducers.
 Financial — Each benefit discussed above either directly or indirectly influences
a business's bottom line. In most cases, the monetary impact from even one or
two benefits can quickly justify the purchase and installation of a power
monitoring system.
WHAT EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE INSTALLED?

 The three primary components of a power monitoring system

include:
 1) discrete metering devices to record data,
 2) software to accumulate, manage, and display the data,
 3) a communications interface between the software and
metering devices.
 The monitoring system components should be compatible to
ensure that the greatest benefits are realized from the system.
POWER SYSTEM AUTOMATION
 Data acquisition refers to acquiring, or collecting, data. This data is
collected in the form of measured analog current or voltage values or the
open or closed status of contact points. Acquired data can be used locally
within the device collecting it, sent to another device in a substation, or sent
from the substation to one or several databases for use by operators,
engineers, planners, and administration.
 Supervision Computer processes and personnel supervise, or monitor, the
conditions and status of the power system using this acquired data.
Operators and engineers monitor the information remotely on computer
displays and graphical wall displays or locally, at the device, on front-panel
displays and laptop computers.
 Control refers to sending command messages to a device to operate the I&C
and power system devices. Traditional supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA - Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems rely
on operators to supervise the system and initiate commands from an
operator console on the master computer. Field personnel can also control
devices using front-panel push buttons or a laptop computer.
DATA ACQUISITION
 The instrument transformers with protective relays are used to sense
the power system voltage and current. They are physically connected
to power system apparatus and convert the actual power system
signals. The transducers convert the analog output of an instrument
transformer from one magnitude to another or from one value type to
another, such as from an ac current to dc voltage. Also the input data
is taken from the auxiliary contacts of switch gears and power system
control equipment.
 Main processing instrumentation and control (I&C) device The I&C
devices built using microprocessors are commonly referred to as
intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). Microprocessors are single chip
computers that allow the devices into which they are built to process
data, accept commands, and communicate information like a
computer. Automatic processes can be run in the IEDs. Some IEDs
used in power system automation are:
 Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)A remote terminal unit is an IED that can be installed in a remote location,
and acts as a termination point for field contacts. A dedicated pair of copper conductors is used to
sense every contact and transducer value. These conductors originate at the power system device,
are installed in trenches or overhead cable trays, and are then terminated on panels within the RTU.
The RTU can transfer collected data to other devices and receive data and control commands from
other devices. User programmable RTUs are referred to as ―smart RTUs.‖
MeterA meter is an IED that is used to create accurate measurements of power system current, voltage,
and power values. Metering values such as demand and peak are saved within the meter to create
historical information about the activity of the power system.Digital fault recorderA digital fault
recorder (DFR) is an IED that records information about power system disturbances. It is capable of
storing data in a digital format when triggered by conditions detected on the power system.
Harmonics, frequency, and voltage are examples of data captured by DFRs.Programmable logic
controller (PLC)A
Programmable Logic Controller can be programmed to perform logical control. As with the RTU, a
dedicated pair of copper conductors for each contact and transducer value is terminated on panels
within the PLC.It is like a work-horse which work upon the command given by their master.
Protective relayA protective relay is an IED designed to sense power system disturbances and
automatically perform control actions on the I&C system and the power system to protect personnel
and equipment. The relay has local termination so that the copper conductors for eac