Section - 1: Meo Class 4 - Electrical Oral Questions With Answers

MEO CLASS 4 – ELECTRICAL
ORAL QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
SECTION - 1
1. Steering gear safeties?
Ans: Hydraulic safeties
- Level switch, low level, low low level alarm for hydraulic oil tank.
- Relief valve.
-Manual bypass valve.
- Low pressure valve.
- High lube oil temp. Cut out.
- Low level cut out
Electrical safeties
- Electrical and mechanical stopper for rudder.
- Electrical motor overload alarm.
- Power failure alarm.
- High temp. Alarm.
- Self starting after power failure.
- Short-circuit trip.
- Phase failure alarm.
- 200% insulation in motor.
2. Maintenance of alternator what all to do?

Ans: Before starting any maintenance work on the alternator, all safety precaution
should be taken and the alternator should be shut and locked down. Also, post notice
and ply cards on relevant places and alternator heater to be isolated. Clean the
alternator ventilation passage and air filter.
- Check the Insulation resistance of stator and rotor winding.
- Air gap between stator and rotor to be checked and maintained between 1.5 to 2 mm.
- Slip rings to be checked for even wear down to be renewed if required.
- Carbon brushes to be clean and checked for free movement.
- The brush contacting pressure to be checked by spring balance.
- Automatic Voltage Regulator to be checked and cleaned off oil and dust.
- The lube oil level of pedestal bearing to be maintained and renewed as per planned
maintenance.
- A vacuum cleaner can be used to remove dust accumulated in the inner parts of
alternator.
- The terminal box cover gasket to be checked for proper oil and water tightness.
- All the connection in the terminal box to be tightened properly.
- Cable gland to be checked for integrity.
- Forced Ventilation around alternator must be maintained all the time.
- Check heater for proper operation.
- The foundation bolts of the alternator to be checked for tightness.
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After maintenance is performed, a no load test should be carried out and general
condition such as noise, temperature, voltage generated etc. of the alternator should be
observed and noted.
3. Purpose of air gap and how checked?

Ans: To avoid the mechanical contact between the stator & rotor and to
determine the condition of the bearing. Measured with the help of feeler gauge.
4. Trips on air circuit breaker with values?

Ans: Under voltage trip - 30-50% of load, Reverse power trip -10% of load,
Short Circuit trip, Overcurrent trip - 150% of FLC.
5. Conditions for paralleling alternators?

Ans: (a) Frequency
(b) Phase
(c) Voltage
6. Methods to parallel alternators?

Ans: There are three methods of Paralleling alternators
(i) Dark lamp method
(ii) Bright lamp Method
(iii) Synchorscope
7. Why megger is used to test insulation and not multi meter?

Ans: Megger is used to test insulation because it has higher range say up to 500V.
8. Suppose a motor is not starting what checks u will make?

Ans: Electrical Checks
a. Check the connections.
b. Check, if has tripped, then reset and try to start.
c. Check supply is coming from MSB or not.
d. Check single-phasing has not occurred.
Mechanical checks
Coupling is not misaligned, bearing damage, no part of the pump is obstructing its
motion.
9. Suppose a motor is running hot what checks?

Ans: a. Single-phasing
b. Fan is working or not.
c. Overload is occurring.
d. Check condition of bearing.
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10. Why insulation resistance checked and how?

Ans: A measurement of the insulation resistance gives the best guide to the
state of health of the electrical equipment.
a. Disconnect the electrical supply.
b. Refer to the electrical circuit & manufacturer’s instruction before testing.
c. Measure the insulation of the windings to the earth and as soon as possible when the
machine is just hot after it has stopped. The minimum value should be
1 M ohms.
11. Why motor insulation deteriorates?

Ans: a. Moisture – results in decrease in the measured value of insulation
resistance.
b. Dust & dirt deposits – reduces insulation resistance & failure of insulation due
to oxidation.
c. Oil & Grease – prevents heat dissipation & causes dirt and dust to settle on the
insulation.
d. Ageing – over the period of time the insulation deteriorates due to it getting
affected by temperature variation, mechanical stresses, vibrations, moisture and some
varnish tend to become hard with age & crack during the operation.
e. Temperature – Excessive temperature dehydrates and oxidizes the insulation,
making it brittle & disintegrate under vibration & shock.
12. If water goes to motor what you do?

Ans: a. Disconnect the electrical supply.
b. Put MEN AT WORK tag.
c. Remove the coupling bolts.
d. Now, lift the motor using lifting gear & put it on a clean place.
e. Remove the cover & fan.
f. Take out bearing & the shaft.
g. The salt contamination must be removed by thoroughly washing with
clean fresh water (preferably warm) or if possible distilled water.
h. De-greases must be used if it is found that there was ingress of oil.
i. Spirits or alcohol may be used to clean contacts.
j. Dry the motor with dry air & then switch on its heaters or use powerful lamps.
During this process keep its inspection covers open to permits moisture to escape.
k. Put the varnish on the winding & let it dry.
l. Check the insulation resistance. If it is ok then assemble it back & put it for use.
m. The motor must be started on less load & its current monitored for few hours
to confirm its satisfactory operation.
13. Why megger reading is taken?

Ans: - To verify insulation resistance
- To detect insulation fault
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14. What are portable electrical testing instruments used in ER?

Ans: a. Clampmeter
b. Megger
c. Multimeter
d. Tester
15. What is harm if reverse power flow?

Ans: Motoring effect will take place & can damage the prime mover.
16. Why preferential trip provided Purpose?

Ans: Preferential trip is provided to safe guard the machineries which are
important for safety of ship & safety of personnel onboard.
Preferential trips are designed to disconnect the non-essential services i.e. Breakers
controlling Air Conditioning, Galley power, blowers, refrigeration in the event of partial
overload or partial failure of the supply, with the aim of preventing operation of the
main breaker trip & loss of power to essential services.
17. How do you test Emergency generator?

Ans: The testing of ship’s emergency generator is done every week (as part of
weekly checks) by running it unloaded to check if it starts on battery mode. The
hydraulic start is done every month to ensure that it is working fine. Also every month
automatic start of generator is also done to check its automatic operation and to see
whether it comes on load.
Procedure for Battery Start

1. Go to the emergency generator room and find the panel for emergency
generator.
2. Put the switch on the test mode from automatic mode. The generator will start
automatically but will not come on load.
3. Check voltage and frequency in the meter.
4. Keep the generator running for 10-15 min and check the exhaust temp and other
parameters.
5. Check the sump level.
6. For stopping the generator, put the switch in manual and then stop the
generator.
Procedure for Hydraulic Start

1. Out the switch in manual mode as stated above and check the pressure gauge for
sufficient oil pressure.
2. Open the valve from accumulator to generator.
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3. Push the spring loaded valve and the generator should start.
4. Check voltage and frequency.
5. Keep the generator running for 10-15 min and check the exhaust temp and other
parameters.
6. Check the sump level
7. For stopping, use the manual stop button from the panel.
8. After stopping the generator, pressurize the hydraulic accumulator to desired
pressure.
9. Close the valve from accumulator to generator.
Procedure for Automatic Start

1. For automatic start, we know that there is a breaker which connects Emergency
Switch Board (ESB) and Main Switch Board (MSB); and there is also an interlock
provided due to which the emergency generator and Main power of the ship
cannot be supplied together.
2. Therefore, we simulate by opening the breaker from the tie line, which can be
done from the MSB or the ESB panel.
3. After opening the breaker, the emergency generator starts automatically with
the help of batteries and will supply essential power to machinery and pumps
connected to ESB.
4. For stopping the generator, the breaker is closed again and due to the interlock
the generator becomes off load.
5. Now again put the switch to manual mode to stop the generator.
6. Press stop and the generator will stop.
18. Troubleshooting Alarm Monitoring and Control System?

Ans: The possible faults stated earlier would be the earth fault or
supply irregularity. The earth fault could be identified by observing the 24V distribution
panel that would have an earth detection unit fitted. If an earth fault was indicated on
this panel then
-A positive earth would be traced by disconnecting the supply fuses in turn to
parts of the engine room to identify the problem area
-A negative earth would require that each instrument have its earth wire
disconnected and left disconnected until the fault is traced. This would mean the loss of
many of the instruments within the engine room and could only be carried out when
watch keeping duties were active. Each wire would be marked to ensure correct
replacement.
-The supply irregularity could be identified by using an oscilloscope, which would
show both the level of voltage present and if any supply ripple was present. A simple
AVO meter would also indicate correct voltage levels. The earth fault would be rectified
by locating the cable/insulation defect and then replacing the cable, or repairing the
defect by re-insulating the damaged area. The supply irregularity would be rectified by
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replacing the charging unit of the 24V DC supply, and/or replacing any defective
batteries.
19. If you get earth fault alarm what you do?

Ans: a. Accept the alarm.
b. First of start isolate the breakers one by one.
c. Then, check where the alarm has came & should be eliminated when located.
d. Damaged conductor insulation must be repaired.
e. Dampness or moisture in insulation must be dried out by gentle heat & precautions
should be taken to prevent future ingress of moisture.
f. If dirt is the cause, then a thorough cleaning with electro cleaner solvent should be
applied & clean.
20. If on starting Generator you find that voltage is not building up what you do?
Ans: Residual magnetism is lost. So supply power from outside by connecting
battery.
21. What equipment emergency generator supplies?

Ans: (a) For a period of 3 Hrs at Emergency lighting at every muster &
embarkation station.
(b) For a period of 18 hrs at:-
(i) In all service & accommodation alleyways, stairways & exits, personal lift cars
& personnel lift trunks.
(ii) In the machinery spaces & main generating stations including their control
positions.
(iii) In all control stations, machinery control rooms, and at each main &
emergency switchboard.
(iv) At all stowage positions.
(v) At the steering gear.
(vi) At the fire pump & in all cargo pump rooms.
(vii) The navigational lights.
(viii) VHF & MF Radio installation.
(ix) The ship earth radio station.
(x) At all internal communication equipment
(xi) The fire detection & fire alarm system.
(xii) Intermittent operation of the daylight signalling lamp & all integral signals that
are required in an emergency.
22. What is difference between AC and DC?

Ans: The difference between AC and DC is that AC is an alternating current (the
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amount of electrons) that flows in both directions and DC is direct current that flows in
only one direction.
The wires outside of our house are connected at two ends to AC generators. DC is found
in batteries and solar cells.
alternating current varies with time, sinusoidally wave, where has DC remains steady.
23. What is RMS value?

Ans: The RMS value of an alternating current is also known as its heating value, as it is
a voltage which is equivalent to the direct current value that would be required to get
the same heating effect.
24. What maintenance carried out on Lead acid batteries?

Ans: a. Connection to be checked for tightness.
b. Casing surface to be kept clean.
c. Terminals are protected with petroleum jelly or Vaseline.
d. Specific gravity to be check with hydrometer.
1.21 Charged Condition
1.18 Discharged Condition
e. Batteries to be topped up with distilled water.
f. Check & clear vents to ensure H2 gas produced is vented.
Safeties to be observed while operation & maintenance?

i. Use hand gloves & safety goggles while adding distilled water, shifting of
battery, or checking sp. Gravity.
ii. Use insulated spanners to tighten terminals (No Sparking, short-circuiting
should take place)
iii. Use plastic bottle or jar to add distilled water.
iv. Should not be left in discharged condition for long period.
v. If adding acid, then first put little Acid, then add water & do the same process.
vi. No naked lights to be taken inside.
vii. No smoking inside battery room.
25. What Precautions you will take before entering battery room?
Ans: a. Inform the bridge & the engine control room
b. Check the oxygen content.
c. Should be ventilated properly.
d. All PPE to be donned properly & rubber hand gloves to be used.
e. No Naked lamps to be taken inside.
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26. What is meaning of Power factor. What is best value. What is normal value onboard.
How do you improve?
Ans: The power factor of an AC electric power system is defined as the ratio of
the real power flowing to the load to the apparent power and is a dimensionless
number between 0 and 1. The best value is 0.85. The normal value onboard varies in
between 0.8 to 0.9. Power factor can be improved by connecting a Capacitor in parallel.
27. What is meaning of saying Current and Voltages are in phase?

Ans: The angle between the I and V waveforms is zero which means the load is
purely resistive.
28. What happens to resistance of conductor when temp rises?

Ans: Resistance is directly proportional to temperature. So, resistance will increase
if temperature rises.
29. Types of starters in Engine Room?

Ans: a. DOL (Direct On-Line)
b. Star-delta
c. Auto-transformer
d. Soft Starter
30. Types of Motors in Engine room?

Ans: a. Induction Motor.
b. Synchronous Speed Motor.
c. DC Motor.
d. Shunt motor
e. Series Motor
31. How do you check continuity?

Ans: By using the Multimeter continuity is checked.
32. Open circuit and short circuit How checked?

Ans: OPEN circuit: Earth one end of the wire and using multimeter or megger
switched to res. Value, check between wire at different points and earth. Resistance
should show minimum value.
SHORT circuit: Remove the terminals at the panel. Turn all switches for that
circuit to ON position. Check for resistance between positive and negative sides of the
conductor. A reading of less than infinite indicates the fault.
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33. Voltage generated in megger?

Ans: 500 V.
34. What is explosion proof equipment?

Ans: It is an equipment:
(a) Having an enclosure capable of withstanding an explosion within it of a specified
flammable gas or vapor & preventing the ignition of the specified flammable gas or
vapor in the atmosphere surrounding the enclosures by the sparks, flashes or explosion
of the gas or vapor within.
(b) That operates at such an external temperature that a surrounding flammable
atmosphere will not be ignited.
35. What precautions to take while using megger on circuits containing Electronic
components?
Ans: When you use a megger, you could be injured or damage equipment you
are working on if the following MINIMUM safety precautions are not observed.
-Use meggers on high-resistance measurements only (such as insulation measurements
or to check two separate conductors on a cable).
-Never touch the test leads while the handle is being cranked. Deenergize and discharge
the circuit completely before connecting a megger.
-Disconnect the item being checked from other circuitry, if possible, before using a
megger.
36. What precautions to take before starting a work on electric equipment?

Ans: a. Do get to know the electrical circuit or system.
b. Rubber gloves, insulated tools to be used.
c. Portable lamp, if used should be fully insulated without metal guards.
d. Precautions must be observed to isolate and lock off the apparatus. Where,
fuses are there, these should also be removed.
e. Before commencing work, it should be confirmed that the system is dead
using live line tester.
f. Men at Work signboard to be put.
37. How does tube light work?

Ans: When voltage is applied to the fluorescent lamp, here's what happens:
The starter (which is simply a timed switch) allows current to flow through the
filaments at the ends of the tube. The current causes the starter's contacts to heat up
and open, thus interrupting the flow of current. The tube lights. Since the lighted
fluorescent tube has a low resistance, the ballast now serves as a current limiter.
When you turn on a fluorescent tube, the starter is a closed switch. The filaments at the
ends of the tube are heated by electricity, and they create a cloud of electrons inside the
tube. The fluorescent starter is a time-delay switch that opens after a second or two.
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When it opens, the voltage across the tube allows a stream of electrons to flow across
the tube and ionize the mercury vapor.
Without the starter, a steady stream of electrons is never created between the two
filaments, and the lamp flickers. Without the ballast, the arc is a short circuit between
the filaments, and this short circuit contains a lot of current. The current either
vaporizes the filaments or causes the bulb to explode.
38. Trips on Electric Motor?

Ans: Short Circuit trip, Overload trip, Fuse.
39. Overhaul of an Electric Motor?

Ans: a. Disconnect the electric circuit.
b. Isolate the system.
c. Remove the fuse & check the electric supply is not coming.
d. Put MEN at Work tag.
e. Remove the coupling bolts.
f. Lift the motor with the help of lifting gear.
g. Open the end cover & remove the fan and clean the fan.
h. Remove the bearing and renew it.
i. Check the condition of winding visually & check the insulation resistance by
using megger.
h. If low, then apply varnish on it & dry it with gentle heat.
i. Check the continuity.
j. Assemble the motor.
k. Before putting it into operation, check the load being taken & any noise coming
from it.
40. Purpose of AVR?

Ans: AVR :- Automatic Voltage Regulator
The AVR is used as an exciter. The purpose of AVR is to maintain terminal voltage of an
alternator constant on load. AVR stands for Automatic Voltage Regulator. The AVR
maintains a constant or stable output voltage during operation, usually by varying the
field voltage. The voltage sensing unit transforms down, rectifies and smoothest the
generator output voltage .this produces a low voltage dc signal that is proportional to
the ac generator voltage. This actual dc signal is compared with a set dc value produced
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by a reference circuit of zener diodes and resistors.an error signal output from
comparator is then amplified and made suitable for driving the field circuit regulating
thyristors.
41. What is Shaft generator?

Ans: -It is an alternator driven by main propulsion unit through clutch and gearing to
produce electricity.
- It can be used while vessel at sea running with a sea speed.
- It must be able to supply normal sea load.
42. How does air compressor start stop automatically?

Ans: Air compressor pressure switches use air lines to monitor pressurized air
as it moves to and from your air tank. All pressure switches have some element that
reacts when pressure is applied to it. The most common device is a diaphragm that will
physically compress when exposed to this air.
Air pressure in your compressor tank will increase and eventually build up enough
backwards pressure — also called cut-out pressure — to change the shape of this
diaphragm. Deformation here will cause movement in the pressure switch.
When your air compressor pressure switch’s diaphragm is deformed enough, its
movement will break contact inside the switch so that power stops flowing to the
compressor’s motor circuit, stopping the compressor from further pressurizing the air
in your tank.
Constant air pressure at a specific volume will keep the diaphragm deformed. When the
air pressure in your tank drops far enough, the diaphragm will revert back to its normal
shape. Once this pressure — called cut-in pressure — lightens to a certain level, an
internal operator within the diaphragm will deform in an opposite manner. This
movement closes the circuit and starts the motor back up again.
Your air compressor pressure switch continues this dance as long as your machinery is
using compressed air. The cycle is broken when the unit is no longer powered
externally or when there is an issue. Leaks at any point in your compressor’s pressure
switch and nearby casing can stop your work and cause major problems.
43. Main switchboard safeties?

Ans: a. Ebonite Rod.
b. Rubber pad infront of switchboard.
c. Dead-front type switchboard.
d. 0.6 meter gap behind the switchboard.
e. Fuse
f. Circuit Breakers.
g. Earth Fault indicators.
h. Panel doors are earthed.
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i. No water, steam or oil pipelines to pass in its vicinity.

j. Undervoltage Relay
k. Reverse Power trip.
l. Preferential trip.
m. Overcurrent trip
n. Arc Chute
o. Short-circuit trip.
44. Procedure before and after connecting shore power?

Ans: Preparation and checks before drydock for receiving shore power:
A chief engineer needs to make sure the ship’s power receiving terminal is
prepared well in advance of the drydock so that it can be connected to the shore power
without any trouble. Normally, the ship’s electrical engineer will prepare the ship’s
power receiving terminal box and should do following things:
• Ensure the receiving box is not obstructed with any object, pipes or spares. It is
usually located either on the deck near accommodation entrance or the
emergency generator room
• If the box is not used or maintained for long, clean the box and ensure the safety
door hinges and locks are functioning smoothly
• Ensure all the receiving terminals inside the box are present and in good
working condition
• Ensure earthing cable is provided to earth the ship’s hull to shore earth
• Ensure measuring instrument such as voltmeter, phase sequence indicator, and
tester etc. are present
• Ensure the indication of shore power (in the form of light bulb) is present and
working
• Ensure a safety device (circuit breaker or fuse) is provided in the terminal to
protect the MSB of the ship
• Ensure details of shore power requirement is pasted near the shore receiving
terminal box, which includes required voltage, frequency, and method of
connecting the shore supply
• Ensure the ship’s batteries are tested for full charging
Following things to be checked before connecting shore supply to ship in a

drydock:
• Check the cable drawn to ship for providing shore supply is in excellent
condition
• Check the insulation resistance of the cable provided for the shore supply
• Check the insulation resistance of the shore supply box
• Check the polarity of shore supply using a voltmeter
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• Check and ensure the frequency and voltage of shore supply are matching with
the specifications required by the ship
• Check the phase sequence of the shore supply using phase sequence tester
• Check the tightness of the shore cable connector clamp to ensure they are not
loose
• Ensure to display notice near the vicinity of ship’s receiving terminal box about
high power cable in use
• Check and ensure the ship’s generators are disconnected from the Main Switch
Board of the ship
• A responsible officer must check and record the energy meter reading provided
on shoreside
• Ensure ship’s hull is earthed to the shore before supplying shore power to the
ship
Taking the Shore Supply

Once all checks are performed by ship’s engineer and the ship is ready to take
the shore power, take the following steps:
• Once the shore supply power is made available to the vessel, the light indicator
provided in the terminal box will be ON
• Close the breaker to start the supply of the shore power to ship
• For checking the phase sequence, a bulb type phase sequence indicator can be
used in which two lamps are connected to unbalanced load across the 3 phase
via capacitor and resistors. The phase sequence will be considered “OK” when
the right side lamp is bright, and the left side one is dark
• Another instrument used to measure PSI is a small portable 3 phase induction
motor driven meter with a rotary pointer
• Check the frequency of the supply from the provided frequency meter or on the
Main Switch Board of the ship
• Ensure to keep the emergency generator in manual mode to use the same if the
shore power goes off abruptly and electricity supply is needed
45. Why load picked by crane does not fall if power goes off?
Ans: Because Electro-magnetic brakes get operated.
46. How electricity is generated?

Ans: Power generation On board
Shipboard power is generated using a prime mover and an alternator
working together. For this an alternating current generator is used on board. The
generator works on the principle that when a magnetic field around a conductor varies,
a current is induced in the conductor.
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The generator consists of a stationary set of conductors wound in coils on

an iron core. This is known as the stator. A rotating magnet called the rotor turns inside
this stator producing magnetic field. This field cuts across the conductor, generating an
induced EMF or electro-magnetic force as the mechanical input causes the rotor to turn.
The magnetic field is generated by induction (in a brushless alternator) and by a rotor
winding energized by DC current through slip rings and brushes. Few points to be noted
about power on board are:
• AC, 3 phase power is preferred over DC as it gives more power for the same size.
• 3 phases is preferred over single phase as it draws more power and in the event
of failure of one phase, other 2 can still work.
47. Maintenance on Alternator?

Ans: a. Ventilation passages & air filters to clean.
b. Insulation resistance to check for Stator, rotor winding. If low, then varnish to be
done
c. Air gap to check using plastic feeler gauge.
d. Bearing oil to be renewed.
e. Use vaccum cleaner to remove dirt/ dust.
f. Terminal box cover gasket integrity to check.
g. Terminal connections to check for tightness.
h. AVR components, diodes to keep free from oil, moisture or any dirt.
i. Heaters to be checked.
48. How to carry out Open Circuit & Short circuit test?
Ans: Open Circuit Test:
The purpose of this test is to determine no load loss or core loss. One winding of
the transformer, usually high voltage side if left open and the other is connected to its
supply of normal voltage and frequency. A wattmeter, voltmeter and the ammeter are
connected in the low voltage winding.
With the normal voltage applied to the low voltage side, normal flux will be set up in
the core, hence normal iron losses will occur which are recorded by the Wattmeter.
The load current on the low voltage winding will be small(2 to 5 % of rated full load
current ), the copper loss in the winding will be negligible and will be nil in the high
voltage side winding..
So, the wattmeter reading will represent practically the core loss under no load
condition.
Short-Circuit Test:
This is also known as Impedance test.In this test, the low voltage winding is
short circuited by using a thick conductor (or Ammeter, which serves additional
purpose of Indicating Rated load current).
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A low voltage at correct frequency is applied to the primary and is cautiously increased
till full load current is flowing the high voltage side.
In this test, the applied voltage is small percentage of its rated value, hence flux
produced is small with the result that iron losses will be negligible and the Wattmeter
reading will represent the full load Cu-loss.
49. Suppose your motor has short-circuited, then how much value will you get on Megger.
Ans: When there is short circuit the pointer will read “0”.
50. What is the difference between short circuit and short circuit level ?
Ans: - A short circuit is a fault which occurs when the current in a system deviates
its normal path and start flowing through an alternate path.
- Since the alternate path offers very low resistance, the current increases very much
above the normal value.
- Short circuit level (SCL) is the maximum possible current that flows through a
circuit during a short circuit fault.
51. Where does magnetic field cuts the conductor? where does conductor cuts the
magnetic field?
Ans: - Alternator
- Motor
52. How is signal transmitted from Navigational bridge to steering gear?

Ans: A hydraulic steering gear consists of a bridge control which applies
helm, an engine control which is operated jointly by the helm and hunting gear (when
fitted) and a power pump and rudder actuator which constitutes the steering engine.
Telemotor systems
The telemotor system consists of a transmitter on the bridge and a
receiver fitted on the steering gear forming a part of the hunting gear. The system may
be electrical or hydraulic or a combination of the two. Most modern vessels are fitted
with electric or electro-hydraulic systems. Due to the increasing size of vessels pipe
runs have lengthen causing lags in the operation of the receiver in hydraulic systems. In
addition hydraulic only systems generally require more maintenance.
53. What are the methods adopted to prevent ill effects of short circuit fault ?
Ans: Protective relay installed in the system immediately trips and isolates the
equipment during a short circuit fault within a short time. This prevents the effects of
high current flow through the circuit.
The generators, cables, equipment, switch gears, etc. associated with the
system are designed to withstand the heavy current during short circuit fault for this
short duration of time.
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54. Safeties in motor?

Ans: a. Fuse
b. Overload trip
c. Short-circuit trip
55. Working principle of Explosimeter?

Ans: An explosimeter is a device which is used to measure the amount of
combustible gases present in a sample. When a percentage of the lower explosive
limit (LEL) of an atmosphere is exceeded, an alarm signal on the instrument is activated.
"Explosimeter"
The device, also called a combustible gas detector, operates on the
principle of resistance proportional to heat—a wire is heated, and a sample of the gas is
introduced to the hot wire. Combustible gases burn in the presence of the hot wire, thus
increasing the resistance and disturbing a Wheatstone bridge, which gives the reading.
A flashback arrestor is installed in the device to avoid the explosimeter igniting the
sample external to the device.
The combustible gas indicator shown diagrammatically above consists of a
Wheatstone bridge with current supplied from a battery. When the bridge resistances
are balanced, no current flows through the galvanometer. One resistance is a hot
filament in a combustion chamber. An aspirator bulb and flexible tube are used to draw
a gas sample into the chamber. The gas will burn in the presence of the red hot filament
causing the temperature of the filament to rise. Rise of temperature increases the
resistance of the filament and this change of filament unbalances the bridge. The
current flow registers on the meter which is scaled in percentage of LFL or ppm.
57. What is the effect of short circuit fault in high voltage system ?
Ans: High current flow during a short circuit fault result in increased temperatures,
which damages insulation, produces high thermal and mechanical stresses in the
system, may cause arcing, arc flash and arc blast.
58. What is the routine maintenance on the starter of main air compressor which is of
automatic start stop type?
Ans: Clean contacts, Check tightness of terminals, Pressure switch check.
59. How to test a fuse? -apart from multimeter.

Ans: Visual test.
60. Types of Fuses?

Ans: a. Cartridge Type.
b. Semi-enclosed type.
61. Which is the largest induction motor used onboard?

Ans: Alternator
AJ NOTES 16
62. Which current is coming out from Alternator?

Ans: The current flowing in each line is called line current & Current in each
winding is likewise known as phase current.
In star load line current = Phase Current.
In Delta load line current = 3 Phase current.
63. Uses of Thyristor?

Ans: The most common use of thyristors is in AC circuits. In an AC circuit
the forward current drops to zero during every cycle so there will always be a turn off
function. This does, however, mean that the gate needs to be triggered every cycle just
to turn it back on again. It is in the relative timing of these two functions that the
thyristor has it's most important role, i.e. Power Control. Thyristors are also used in
motor speed controls, light dimmers, pressure-control systems, and liquid-level
regulators.
64. Types of Switchboard?

Ans: a. Open Type
b. Dead front type.
65. Whats the use of apparent power(kva) & reactive power(kvar)?

Ans: Apparent power consists of active and reactive power. Active power is the
share of the apparent power which transmits energy from the source (generator) to the
user.
Reactive power is the share of the apparent power which represents a
useless oscillation of energy from the source to the user and back again
66. What is a Thyristor?

Ans: A thyristor is one of the several controllable semiconductor devices
that can act either like a switch, rectifier or as a voltage regulator. A thyristor is a four-
layer semiconductor device, consisting of alternating P type and N type materials
(PNPN). The four layers act as bistable switches. As long as the voltage across the device
has not reversed (that is, they are forward biased), thyristors continue to conduct
electric current.
67. Maintenance carried out in Stator and Rotor?

Ans: Air gap between stator and rotor to be checked
68. Why Star-Delta starters are used?

Ans: To reduce starting current.
69. What all testing equipment is used for testing an electric motor?
Ans: Multimeter, Megger, Clampmeter.
AJ NOTES 17
70. Basic meaning of Intrinsically Safe Motor?

Ans: The theory behind intrinsic safety is to ensure that the available electrical
and thermal energy in the system is always low enough that ignition of the hazardous
atmosphere cannot occur. This is achieved by ensuring that only low voltages and
currents enter the hazardous area, and that all electric supply and signal wires are
protected by Zener safety barriers. Sometimes an alternative type of barrier known as a
galvanic isolation barrier may be used. Ex- Walkie talkie, Two Radio communication
equipment.
71. Difference between Intrinsically safe & Explosion proof?

Ans: An intrinsically safe circuit is one that is designed for a power so low that
any spark or thermal effect produced by it whether there is fault or not, is incapable of
igniting the surrounding gas or vapor.
Explosion proof: it will bear the explosion inside without igniting the
outside flammable atmosphere.
72 .Circuit diagram of Megger?
Ans:
1. Deflecting and Control coil : Connected parallel to the generator, mounted at right
angle to each other and maintain polarities in such a way to produced torque in
opposite direction.
2. Permanent Magnets : Produce magnetic field to deflect pointer with North-South
pole magnet.
3. Pointer : One end of the pointer connected with coil another end deflects on scale
from infinity to zero.
4. Scale : A scale is provided in front-top of the megger from range ‘zero’ to
‘infinity’, enable us to read the value.
AJ NOTES 18
5. D.C generator or Battery connection : Testing voltage is produced by hand

operated DC generator for manual operated Megger. Battery / electronic voltage
charger is provided for automatic type Megger for same purpose.
6. Pressure Coil Resistance and Current Coil Resistance : Protect instrument from
any damage because of low external electrical resistance under test.
73.What is the function of Commutator?

Ans: It conveys the current from windings to brushes and thus to load. Also
converts AC to DC.
74.What is the supply given to shipboard general alarm.

Ans: 24 Volt DC.
75. Safeties, Protection and Maintenance on switchboard?

Ans: Main Switch Board or MSB to be installed on a raised platform.
1. The location where Switch Board or MSB is installed should have good ventilation,
illumination and affected by minimum vibration.
2. No water or oil pipes should pass above the Switch Board or MSB.
3. There should be adequate space around allowing comfortable operation ans
maintenance.
4. The operating floor space in front and behind the Switch Board or MSB should be
covered with anti-skid, insulated rubber mats with a minimum thickness of 15 mm.
5. Panel doors should be in locked position.
6. Door opening mechanism should be interlocked with power supply.
7. The enclosure should be drip proof.
8. MSB should be dead front type. (i.e. All the live conductor should pass behind MSB)
9. Every equipment onboard must be properly earthed. Also MSB must be properly
earthed.
10. Every incoming and outgoing feed must be protected by a switch fuse or circuit
breaker.
11. Insulation resistance should not be less than 1 Mega Ohm in any case. Insulation
Resistance (IR) to be checked and records are maintained.
12. All meters must be calibrated periodically and records are maintained.
13. All the meters, switches, fuses, push button, indicating lamps, etc. should be in
working condition and identified with individual name plate or tag.
14. All the interlocks must be in working condition.
15. Operating switch gear, tools such as circuit breaker handle, fuse puller, lamp grip,
etc. must be readily available and to be used.
16. Red tag / name plate indicating high voltage and danger sign should be fitted
17. Appropriate ready to use fire extinguishers should be positioned nearby. (CO2and
DCP)
AJ NOTES 19
18. Charts indicating drill procedures in case of electric shocks must be displayed near
MSB.
19. Wiring diagram laminated or framed indicating supply system must be displayed
nearby.
20. All the appropriate spares should be properly preserved and protected, individually
packed and identified, and should be readily available for use.
21. Earth fault indication should be fitted and displayed in front panel.
22. 24 volt battery supply emergency light should be provided near MSB.
76. What are the hazards of arc flash and arc blast ?
Ans: 1.Permanent damages to the electrical equipment.
2.Irreversible damage to the human tissue and incurable burns due to very high
temperatures.
3.Arc flash produces intense UV light, resulting permanent or severe damages to the eye
vision.
4.Pressure wave from the arc blast compresses the eyes, resulting permanent or severe
damages to the eye vision.
5.Heavy noise (above 140 dB) may damage hearing ability, sudden pressure changes
may rupture ear drums also.
6.Arc blast explodes the equipment, ejecting parts with tremendous force and velocity.
This may result in damages to personnel and property.
7.Flammable materials present in the vicinity of arc may ignite, causing secondary fires.
77. What are various portable electrical equipment used?

Ans: a. Megger
b. Multimeter
c. Clampmeter
d. Live line tester.
78. What is the difference between KW and KVA?

Ans: KW means that it is the power deliverd to the load. where as the kva is t
he power can be meet the load demand. so that kva is not with respect to load.
79. MAIN SWITCH BOARD (MSB) SAFETIES?

Ans: Electrical safeties:
Dead front type switchboard, Fuses, Relays, Circuit breakers, Earth fault
indicators, Under voltage relay, Reverse power trip, Preferential trip, Over current trip,
Short circuit trip, Arc chute, Ebonite Rod (to remove static charge).
General safeties:
Insulated hand gloves, dry boiler suits, shoes without metallic part, Rubber pad
in front of switchboard, 0.6m gap behind switchboard, Panel doors to be earthed,
interlocked handles for opening doors. No water, oil, or steam pipeline in its vicinity.
AJ NOTES 20
80. EXPLAIN HOW THE EMERGENCY GENERATOR STARTS UP IN THE EVENT OF TOTAL
POWER FAILURE?
Ans: The startup of the emergency generator is initiated by an electrical relay,
which monitors the normal mains power supply. Failing mains frequency or voltage
causes the ‘start up’ relay to operate the generator starting equipment. The prime
movers may be electrically cranked from its own 24v battery and starter motor or air
started from its own air reservoir filled local to the generator engine. A manual start up
may also be initiated by push buttons in the main control room and in the emergency
generator room
Also when power loss occurs, the breaker feeding the emergency switch
board from the main switch board opens. This breaker is interlocked with the
emergency generator breaker, which is normally open under normal circumstances, but
in the event of total power failure, this breaker will close when the breaker feeding the
emergency board from the main board opens. Thus the emergency generator will feed
the emergency switch board.
81. WHAT ARE DISADVANTAGES AND ADVANTAGES OF A LEAD ACID BATTERY?

Ans: The advantages of a lead acid battery are they require fewer cells to
achieve particular voltage and they are reasonably priced. The disadvantages are they
require regular attention to keep fully charged, always require a trickle charge and they
discharge on open circuit.
82. WHAT IS ACTIVE POWER AND REACTIVE POWER?

Ans: Consider an ideal alternating current (ac) circuit consisting of a
source and a generalized load, where both the current and voltage are sinusoidal. If the
load is purely resistive, the two quantities reverse their polarity at the same time, the
direction of energy flow does not reverse, and only real power flows. If the load is
purely reactive, then the voltage and current are 90 degrees out of phase and there is no
net power flow. This energy flowing backwards and forwards is known as reactive
power
Since there is no any power loss when current flows through the pure inductor or
capacitor, but the energy is stored in the form of magnetic field(in inductor) or static
field (in capacitor). So the reactive power is the power used for magnetizing or is stored
in capacitor in the form of static field.
Actually no any system is loss less. So active power is the power that is lost in the form
of heat in the system or we can say active is the power used in the system to
compensate for loss.
83. E/R CRANE SAFETIES AND WORKING OF DRUM WHEN POWER FAILS.
Ans: Overhead crane safeties:
1) The most important safety feature of the crane is the electromagnetic fail safe brakes
which do not allow the crane to fall with the load even when there is failure of power.
For this:
- Normally centrifugal brakes are used which are fitted inside the rotating drum.
AJ NOTES 21
- The brake pads are always in applied state and pushed by magnetic springs when not
in operation or when there is a power failure.
- As the crane is operated or the power is supplied, the spring gets pulled inward or
compressed due to the electromagnetic effect of the current. This allows the crane to be
operated normally.
2) Emergency stop is provided in the remote so that the operator can stop the crane at
any time.
3) The motor is fitted with distance limit switch in both transverse and longitudinal
direction
4) Mechanical stoppers are provided for both directions in case the electrical distance
limit trips fail.
5) The up and down travel of the hook is also attaches with automatic stopper to avoid
overloading of the motor.
6) The motor is fitted with thermal protection trip. When the motor windings get
overheated, trip will activate saving the motor winding from burning.
7) Load limit switch is also fitted which will trip the motor if the load to be lifted is
above the crane capacity.
8) It’s the responsibility of senior officers to operate the crane and to make sure all the
personnel involve in any lifting operation are at a safe distance during operation of the
crane.
9) Additional tools like i-bolts, shackle, wire sling, belts etc. used for lifting must be
checked before use.
10) It should be noted that no one walks or stand below the crane when it is in the
loaded condition.
Working of brake drum when power fails:
1) Electromagnetic brakes:
The main parts of an electromagnetic brakes are:
- The brakes shoes, which are connected to two levers,
- The spiral springs, which are connected to the levers, and
- The electromagnetic solenoid, which is connected to the two levers.
Electromagnetic brakes are usually found on machines like cranes and lifts and
they work as back up braking systems. These brakes only work when the electricity
supply stops, to make sure that, for example, the load carried by the crane, or the lift
that moves up and down in a building does not fail. If the load that the crane or the lift
was carrying fell, it could cause serious damage tom property, as well as serious injuries
or even death to people underneath the load or in the lift. The braking action of an
electromagnetic brake works as follows:
- When the electricity is flowing, the electromagnetic solenoid uses magnetic force to
pull the two levers in towards it, which keeps the springs attached to the top of the
levers open.
- The open springs keeps the brake shoes, which are positioned on each shoes, which
are positioned on each side of a shaft, away from the shaft while it is turning.
AJ NOTES 22
- When the electricity stops flowing, the electromagnetic solenoid stops working, with
the magnetic force gone, the spiral springs closes, which pushes the brakes shoes
against the shaft to stop it from turning.
2) Thrust Brakes:
The main parts of a thruster brake system are:
-The hydraulic centrifugal pump, which is connected to a thruster piston.
- The thruster piston which is connected to the pump and to the braking springs.
- The braking springs, which are connected to the piston.
- The friction pads and
- The brake disc
84. TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS?

Ans: According different criteria there are different types of circuit breaker.
According to their arc quenching media the circuit breaker can be divided as-
1) Oil circuit breaker.
2) Air circuit breaker.
3) SF circuit breaker.
4) Vacuum circuit breaker.
According to their services the circuit breaker can be divided as-
1) Outdoor circuit breaker
2) Indoor breaker.
According to the operating mechanism of circuit breaker they can be divided as-
1) Spring operated circuit breaker.
2) Pneumatic circuit breaker.
3) Hydraulic circuit breaker.
According to the voltage level of installation types of circuit breaker are referred as- 1)
High voltage circuit breaker.
2) Medium voltage circuit breaker.
3) Low voltage circuit breaker.
85. CAPACITOR, RESISTOR AND INDUCTOR AND ITS USES?

Ans: Capacitors are components that are used to store an electrical charge and are
used in timer circuits.
A capacitor may be used with a resistor to produce a timer. Sometimes capacitors are
used to smooth a current in a circuit as they can prevent false triggering of other
components such as relays. When power is supplied to a circuit that includes a capacitor
- the capacitor charges up. When power is turned off the capacitor discharges its
electrical charge slowly.
Uses of capacitors are energy storage, pulsed power, filter circuit, sensors, motor
starters etc.
Inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component
which resists changes in electric current passing through it. It consists of a conductor
such as a wire, usually wound into a coil. When a current flows through it, energy is
stored temporarily in a magnetic field in the coil. When the current flowing through an
inductor changes, the time-varying magnetic field induces a voltage in the conductor,
AJ NOTES 23
according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction , which opposes the change in

current that created it. An inductor is characterized by its inductance, the ratio of the
voltage to the rate of change of current, which has units of henries (H). Inductors have
values that typically range from 1 μH (10 −6 H) to 1 H.
Uses of Inductors are analogy circuits, signal processing, transformers, limit fault
currents etc.
The electrical Resistance of an electrical conductor is the opposition to the passage of an
electric current through that conductor. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (
Ω ).
The resistance (R) of an object is defined as the ratio of voltage across it ( V) to current
through it ( I).
Uses of resistors are light bulbs, fuse, voltmeters, potentiometers, digital circuits, voltage
stabilizers.
86. BATTERY DETAILS, CAPACITY, RATING CHARGING AND DISCHARGING?

Ans: The voltage of a lead acid battery when at rest (not supplying current or
being charged) will vary according to how fully charged the battery is. The graph shown
to the right represents a typical 24 volt lead acid battery which has not been charged or
had current drawn from it for a couple of hours.
Battery Discharge Characteristics
A full charged battery will have a voltage of around 25.5 volts. As current is
drawn off and the level of charge is reduced, the voltage will fall quite quickly at first
(again it would be necessary to stop drawing current for a couple of hours to be able to
measure the true voltage of the battery).
With further drawing of current, the rate of voltage drop slows down and will reach
around 24.0 volts when the battery is at half capacity. As the battery approaches the
fully discharged state, the voltage starts to fall more quickly again. It is important for a
battery to never be fully discharged, so your inverter will normally disconnect the
supply when the voltage is around 22 volts.
An interesting point to note here is that when an inverter or other power load
is drawing a high current from the battery, the voltage will drop. This may mean that
the battery needs to be somewhere over 50% charged to avoid the inverter cutting out
due to low voltage. The larger the battery, the smaller this voltage drop will be, and the
greater the % of the charge will be useable when drawing high currents.
Battery Charging
If a voltage is applied to the battery which is greater than the battery's voltage,
a current will flow through the battery in the reverse direction to when it is supplying
current, and the battery will charge. The rate of charge or current that will flow will
depend on the difference between the battery voltage and the voltage that is applied to
it (from solar panels etc).
Solar panels intended for a 24 volt system are likely to be capable of producing
over 30 volts. This voltage ensures that the panels are capable of charging the battery
fully. While it is beneficial to a battery's performance and life to be fully charged on
regular occasions, however once a battery has been charged to its full capacity, it is
important not to continue charging as this will damage the battery. A Charge Controller
is necessary to ensure that the battery is not over charged.
AJ NOTES 24
Battery Efficiency
The Lead Acid battery is not 100% efficient at storing electricity - you will
never get out as much as you put in when charging. Overall, an efficiency level of 85% is
often assumed. The efficiency will depend on a number of factors including the rate of
charging or discharging. The higher the rate of charge or discharge, the lower the
efficiency. The state of charge of the battery will also affect charge efficiency. With the
battery at half charge or less, the charge efficiency may be over 90%, dropping to nearer
60% when the battery is above 80% charged.
However it has been found that if a battery is only partially charged, efficiency may be
reduced with each charge. If this situation persists (the batteries never reaching full
charge), the life of the battery may be reduced.
Battery Connections:-
In the SERIES CONNECTION, batteries of like voltage and Amp-Hr capacity
are connected to increase the Voltage of the battery bank. The positive terminal of the
first battery is connected to the negative terminal of the second battery and so on, until
the desired voltage is reached. The final Voltage is the sum of all the battery voltages
added together while the final Amp-Hr, Cranking Performance and Reserve Capacity
remain unchanged.
In PARALLEL CONNECTION, batteries of like voltages and capacities are
connected to increase the capacity of the battery bank. The positive terminals of all
batteries are connected together, or to a common conductor, and all negative terminals
are connected in the same manner. The final voltage remains unchanged while the
capacity of the bank is the sum of the capacities of the individual batteries of this
connection. Amp-Hrs, Cranking Performance and Reserve Capacity increases while
Voltage does not.
BATTERY CAPACITY AND RATING

The capacity of a battery is amount of charge available in ampere-hours
(Ah).The capacity of a battery is measured by discharging at a constant current until it
reaches terminal voltage (usually its 1.75volts). Those is usually done at constant
temperature of 25 degree Celsius (77F). The capacity is calculated by multiplying the
discharge current value by the time required to reach terminal voltage.
Another common term used is battery`s rated capacity. Manufacturers specify the rated
capacity of a battery in Ah at a specified discharge rate. Battery capacity varies with
discharge rate. The higher the discharge rate, lower is the battery capacity. Lower
discharge rate results in higher capacity.
The rated capacity for lead acid batteries is usually specified at the 8, 10 or 20 hour
rates.
87. INSULATED NEUTRAL SYSTEM AND EARTH NEUTRAL SYSTEM?

Ans: Insulated Neutral System:
When the neutral of the generator is completely insulated from earth or
ship`s hull it is called insulated neutral system. It is very advantageous because it does
not pose any danger to human life even if there is a single earth fault because the whole
ship will be at same potential leading to no damage to machinery and life. N alarm
system will detect this earth fault.
AJ NOTES 25
Earthed Neutral System:

When the generators neutral is connected to the earth or ship`s hull it is
called earth neutral system. A single fault can cause very large current to flow causing
damage to the machinery. But still it is used in HV systems because if there is only one
earth fault the machinery will trip and protect the equipment
88. EXPLAIN INDUCTION MOTOR?

Ans: Induction motor is an asynchronous AC motor in which supply is given to
the stator and the rotor gets induced emf.
Principle:
When multi-phase supply is fed on the stator, it creates a rotating magnetic field. This
induces an emf in the rotor and since the rotor is closed, a current passes through the
rotor winding which creates a magnetic field.
The rotor magnetic field will act in such a manner so as to oppose the main magnetic
field and hence the rotor will try to catch upon follow the rotating stator magnetic field.
Finally the rotor will obtain a constant speed.
89. SINGLE PHASING OF A 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR?

Ans: During normal running of a 3-phase induction motor, if by some chance one
of the phase becomes opened, this effect of open circuit in 1 phase is called Single
phasing.
- A running motor will continue to run with high current in other two phases or a
physical damage to the motor due to disturbance in balanced supply.
- Stationary 3-phase motor will not start as two phases will not be able to provide
rotating magnetic field.
90. INSULATION OF MOTOR AND MEGGER TESTING?

Ans: Motors insulation is tested using a MEGGER. It is a portable instrument
used to measure insulation resistance. It consists of a direct ohm meter and a hand
driven DC generator or battery.
Causes of insulation failure:
1. Moisture
2. Dust and dirt deposits
3. Oil and grease
4. Vibration
How to test:
1. Short the two probes together and switch to “MΩ” and press the test button. The
pointer should indicate approx. Zero.
2. Disconnect the motor from live power supply and lock off acc. to the standard
procedure.
3. Confirm that a reliable earth connection is obtained by connecting the probes of 2
separate earth points on the equipment frame for low res. Continuity.
4. Measure and log the phase-to-phase insulation resistance values. (for eg. U-V, V-W, U-
W).
AJ NOTES 26
91. TESTS FOR REPAIRED MOTORS?

Ans: Following checks must be made before returning motor to service:
1. Check for ‘open circuit’, ‘short circuit’, ‘Earth fault’ and insulation resistance.
2. Check that windings have been connected correctly.
3. Do not connect a motor designed to run in DELTA in STAR formation.
4. Check the direction of rotation before connecting the motor to load.
92. CIRCUIT FAULTS, HOW TO TEST AND EFFECTS?

Ans: An Open circuit fault will not allow the motor to start. If the fault occurs in 1
phase when the motor is running, the current in other two phases will increase and
burn out the motor.
- A Short circuit fault will cause high current to flow in the windings which may burn
out.
- An earth fault provides an easy path for current to flow through the wires and earth.
How to check these faults for a removed motor:
OPEN Circuit: Earth one end of the wire and using multimeter or megger switched to
res. Value, check between wire at different points and earth. Resistance should show
minimum value.
EARTH fault: Open circuit where possible and check the res. Between wire near “open”
ends and earth. Resistance should show maximum value.
SHORT circuit fault: Remove the terminals at the panel. Turn all switches for that circuit
to ON position. Check for resistance between positive and negative sides of the
conductor. A reading of less than infinite indicates the fault.
Types of circuit Faults

Three basic circuit faults can occur:
An open-circuit faults is due to a break in the conductor, as at A, so that current cannot
flow.
An Earth Fault is due to a break in the insulation, as at B allowing the conductor to touch
the hull or an earthed metal enclosure.
A Short-Circuit fault is due to a double break in the insulation, as a C, allowing both
conductors o be connected so that a very large current by-passes or short circuits the
load.
93. DIFFERENT TYPES OF MOTOR STARTERS?

Ans: When an induction motor starts, it draws 8-10 times the full load current. This
is because:
1. The conductors used in rotor are bars and not wires. Thus they possess low
resistance.
2. Both ends of the rotor are shorted using rings which carries large current in short
circuited path.
AJ NOTES 27
3. Initially the slip (relative motion b/w rotor and stator magnetic field) is maximum.
This starting surging current reduces as the motor accelerates up to
its running speed. This causes a voltage dip at the supply bus bars and is accepted if the
voltage dip is not greater than 15% within the run-up period.
For large motors like cargo pumps and bow thrusters, this voltage dip is unacceptable
as it malfunctions the other sources.
Hence to limit the starting current, induction motors are started at reduced voltage and
then have the full supply of voltage.
Types of starters:
DOL (Direct on-line): This is a very simple starting arrangement which is used for
majority of induction motor drives. It does not limit the starting current.
Start Delta starting: It is used to reduce starting current in 6 terminal motor designed to
run in delta connection. It is the most cost effective method of reduced vo ltage starting.
The motor starts in star and then run in delta.
To provide an electrical interlock between contactors KM1 and KM3. This is to prevent a
full short-circuit fault across the supply lines during the changeover from star to delta
Comparison between Star and Delta operation
At the instant of starting when the supply has just been switched on the motor has not
yet started to rotates, there is no mechanical output from the motor. The only factor
which determine the current taken by the motor are the supply voltage (V) and the
impedance of the motor phase winding (Zph).
AJ NOTES 28
Auto transformer:
The operating principle of this starter is that a step down transformer is used to provide
reduced voltage to the motor while starting
Three autotransformers are connected in the start configuration and taps are selected,
to provide an adequate current for the motor.
The motor is allowed to accelerate and then the full voltage is applied.
Soft starter:
This method of supplying a gradually increasing a.c. voltage during start up
generally refers to an efficient electronic switching techniques. This delayed switching
applies a reduced average a.c. voltage to the motor.
The applied motor voltage is gradually ramped up by the starter software program until
the full voltage level is reached.
To achieve maximum efficiency, the electronic switching circuit can be now by-passed
for normal running.
A ‘soft’ starter may be further adapted to become a voltage controller over the motor
operating load range. In this type of efficient ‘energy manager’ application, the
controller monitor the motors power factor which is a measure of the motor leading.
On light load and full voltage, the power factor is low so the controller reduces the
motor voltage which reduces current while improving power factor and efficiency.
Note- This type of ‘soft start / energy manager’ is not a speed controller. To electrically
change the speed of an induction motor it is necessary to vary the applied frequency,
94. MOTOR SAFETIES?

Ans. Motor protection and safeties:
1. Overcurrent and single phasing protection relays
2. Under voltage relay
3. Short circuit relay (Trigger fuses for HV systems)
4. Temperature sensor for motor insulation
95. WHAT IS TRANSFORMER AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRANSFORMER?

Ans: Type and Principle
A transformer can be defined as a static device which helps in the
transformation of electric power in one circuit to electric power of the same frequency
in another circuit. The voltage can be raised or lowered in a circuit, but with a
proportional increase or decrease in the current ratings.
The main principle of operation of a transformer is mutual inductance between two
circuits which is linked by a common magnetic flux. A basic transformer consists of two
coils that are electrically separate and inductive, but are magnetically linked through a
path of reluctance. The working principle of the transformer can be understood from
the figure below.
AJ NOTES 29
Types
1 Core- Type Transformer
2 Shell-Type Transformer
Transformers can also be classified according to the type of cooling employed. The
different types according to these classifications are:
1 Oil Filled Self-Cooled Type
2 Oil Filled Water Cooled Type
3 Air Blast Type
Auto Transformer
In an autotransformer, portions of the same winding act as both the
primary and secondary sides of the transformer. The winding has at least three taps
where electrical connections are made. Autotransformers have the advantages of often
being smaller, lighter, and cheaper than typical dual-winding transformers, but the
disadvantage of not providing electrical isolation.
An autotransformer has a single winding with two end terminals, and one or more
terminals at intermediate tap points, or a transformer in which the primary and
secondary coils have part or all of their turns in common. The primary voltage is applied
across two of the terminals, and the secondary voltage taken from two terminals, almost
always having one terminal in common with the primary voltage. The primary and
secondary circuits therefore have a number of windings turns in common.
Autotransformers are often used to step up or step down voltages in the 110-115-120 V
range and voltages in the 220-230-240 volt range—for example. Providing 110 V or 120
V (with taps) from 230 V input, allowing equipment designed for 100 or 120 volts to be
used with a 230 volt supply
Welding Transformer:-
A welding transformer is a step down transformer that reduces the voltage
from the source voltage to a lower voltage that is suitable for welding, usually between
15 and 45 volts. The secondary current is quite high. 200 to 600 amps would be typical,
but it could be much higher. The secondary may have several taps for adjusting the
secondary voltage to control the welding current. The taps are typically connected to a
AJ NOTES 30
several high-current plug receptacles or to a high-current switch. For welding with

direct current (DC) a rectifier is connected to the secondary of the transformer. There
may also be a filter choke (inductor) to smooth the DC current. The entire transformer
and rectifier assembly may be called a transformer or welder, but "welding power
supply" would be more appropriate term.
Speculation:
The impedance of a welding transformer may be higher that the impedance
of a transformer designed for some other purpose. The transformer impedance may
play a role in the process of establishing an arc and controlling the current. About 3-
phase
Large welding transformers are most likely to be designed for three phase input. There
are many smaller transformers that are designed for single phase input.
The alternating current in the primary coil has a constantly changing magnetic field
which induces a fluctuating magnetic field in the secondary coil. This means a voltage
(potential difference) of alternating values is induced. Because there are more coils in
the secondary coil the voltage is larger than that in the first coil. If the wire is part of a
complete circuit (which it is) then a current will flow. The first answer is correct, energy
cannot come from nowhere so if current energy is converted into potential difference
then the current will be smaller. The power will stay the same because the potential
difference 'pushing' the electrons through is larger.
Power (P) (Watts) = Current (C) (amps) x Voltage (v) (volts).
Power stations do this so that less energy is transferred to the environment as
heat when in the cables above the ground.
96. WHY TRANSFORMER RATED IN KVA?

Ans: There are 2 losses in transformer.
- One is copper loss which depends on current affected by the power factor.
This is why transformers are rated in KVA and not KW.
Single phase KVA = Amps x Volts/1000. Single phase KW = Amps x Volts x pf/1000.
3 phase KVA = Amps x Volts x 1.73/1000. 3 phase KW = Amps x Volts x 1.73 x pf/1000
The only way to do this is to specify the max. rated current which, when applied by the
rated voltage, results in volt amperes, not watts.
- kW is the output mechanical power of a motor and is expressed in kW.
- kVA is the net (apparent) power input to the transformer. This input power is the
output + losses.
- kW = kVA x system power factor
97. DIODES TYPES AND THEIR USES?

Ans: A diode allows electricity to flow in one direction only and blocks the flow in
the opposite direction. They may be regarded as one-way valves and they are used in
various circuits, usually as a form of protection. There are different types of diode but
their basic functions are the same. These are noted below along with examples of diodes
in use
Light Emitting Diode (LED): It is one of the most popular types of diodes and when
this diode permits the transfer of electric current between the electrodes, light is
produced.
AJ NOTES 31
Avalanche Diode: This type of diode operates in the reverse bias, and used avalanche
effect for its operation.
Laser Diode: This type of diode is different from the LED type, as it produces coherent
light. These diodes find their application in DVD and CD drives, laser pointers, etc.
Schottky Diodes: These diodes feature lower forward voltage drop as compared to the
ordinary silicon PN junction diodes. The voltage drop may be somewhere between 0.15
and 0.4 volts at low currents, as compared to the 0.6 volts for a silicon diode.
Zener diode: A Zener diode is a type of diode that permits current not only in the
forward direction like a normal diode, but also in the reverse direction if the voltage is
larger than the breakdown voltage known as "Zener knee voltage”.
Photodiode: Photodiodes are used to detect light and feature wide, transparent
junctions. Photodiodes can also be used to generate electricity, used as solar cells and
even in photometry.
Varicap Diode or Varactor Diode: This type of diode feature a reverse bias placed upon it,
which varies the width of the depletion layer as per the voltage placed across the diode.
Rectifier Diode: These diodes are used to rectify alternating power inputs in power
supplies.
Small signal or Small current diode: These diodes assumes that the operating point is not
affected because the signal is small
Large signal diodes: The operating point in these diodes get affected as the signal is
large.
Transient voltage Supression diodes: This diode is used to protect the electronics that
are sensitive against voltage spikes.
Gold doped diodes: These diodes use gold as the dopant and can operate at signal
frequencies even if the forward voltage drop increases.
Super barrier diodes: These are also called as the rectifier diodes. This diodes have the
property of low reverse leakage current as that of normal p-n junction diode and low
forward voltage drop as that of Schottky diode with surge handling ability.
Point contact diodes: The construction of this diode is simpler and are used in analogy
applications and as a detector in radio receivers
Peltier diodes : This diode is used as heat engine and sensor for thermoelectric cooling.
Gunn diode : This diode is made of materials like GaAs or InP that exhibit a negative
differential resistance region.
USES: Aside from the many electronic appliances and gadgets we commonly use
today, diodes are also used in public facilities. Traffic lights, scoreboards, and vending
machines are examples of diode-dependent devices.
98. ZENER DIODE AND ITS USES? HOW IT IS DIFFERENT FROM NORMAL DIODE?
Ans: A Zener diode is a type of diode that permits current not only in the forward
direction like a normal diode, but also in the reverse direction if the voltage is larger
than the breakdown voltage known as "Zener knee voltage" or "Zener voltage".
AJ NOTES 32
A Zener diode exhibits almost the same properties, except the device is
specially designed so as to have a greatly reduced breakdown voltage, the so-called
Zener voltage.
The Zener diode is therefore ideal for applications such as the generation of a
reference voltage (e.g. for an amplifier stage), or as a voltage stabilizer for low-current
applications
99. SILICON CONTROL RECTIFIERS OR THYRISTORS AND ITS USES?

Ans: A silicon *controlled rectifier is a semiconductor **device that acts as a true
electronic switch.
It can change alternating current into direct current and at the same time can control
the amount of power fed to the load.
Thus SCR combines the features of a rectifier and a transistor.
Thyristors, or silicon controlled rectifiers, SCRs are used in many areas of electronics
where they find uses in a variety of different applications. Some of the more common
applications for them are outlined below:
- AC power control (including lights, motors etc).
- Overvoltage protection crowbar for power supplies.
- AC power switching.
- Control elements in phase angle triggered controllers.
- Within photographic flash lights where they act as the switch to discharge a stored
voltage through the flash lamp, and then cut it off at the required time.
100. WHAT IS OXYGEN METER OR OXYGEN SENSOR?

Ans: An oxygen sensor (or lambda sensor) is an electronic device that
measures the proportion of oxygen (O2) in the gas or liquid being analysed.
The most common application is to measure the exhaust gas concentration of oxygen
for internal combustion engines in automobiles and other vehicles. Divers also use a
similar device to measure the partial pressure of oxygen in their breathing gas.
There are many different ways of measuring oxygen and these include technologies
such as zirconia, electrochemical (also known as Galvanic), infrared, ultrasonic and very
recently laser methods. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages.
USES: If the air–fuel ratio of a combustion engine is rich or lean. Since oxygen
sensors are located in the exhaust stream, they do not directly measure the air or the
fuel entering the engine but when information from oxygen sensors is coupled with
information from other sources, it can be used to indirectly determine the air-fuel ratio.
-------END-------
AJ NOTES 33
SECTION – 2
1. BRUSHLESS ALTERNATOR?
Ans: A brushless alternator is composed of two sections: main alternator and the
smaller exciter. The exciter has stationary field coils and a rotating armature (power
coils). The main alternator uses the opposite configuration with a rotating field and
stationary armature. A bridge rectifier, called the rotating rectifier assembly, is mounted
on a plate attached to the rotor. Neither brushes nor slip rings are used, which reduces
the number of wearing parts. The main alternator has a rotating field as described
above and a stationary armature (power generation windings).
Residual magnetism is a property in which certain amount of excitation remains back in
the conductor even after the removal of the magnets. It is required as we need some
magnetism to start off the generation before the field winding has power to produce the
full field.
Varying the amount of current through the stationary exciter field coils varies the 3-
phase output from the exciter. This output is rectified by a rotating rectifier assembly,
mounted on the rotor, and the resultant DC supplies the rotating field of the main
alternator and hence alternator output. The result of all this is that a small DC exciter
current indirectly controls the output of the main alternator.
Basic Theory
When an electric current is passed through a coil of wire, a magnetic field is
produced (an electromagnet). Conversely, when a magnetic field is moved through a
coil of wire, a voltage is induced in the wire. The induced voltage becomes a current
when the electrons have some place to go such as into a battery or other
load. Both of these actions take place in alternators, motors and generators or dynamos.
Voltage is generated when a coil of wire is moved through a magnetic field. It doesn’t
matter whether the coil is moving or the magnetic field is moving. Either configuration
works equally well and both are used separately or in combination depending on
mechanical, electrical and other objectives. The old DC generators (dynamos) used a
stationary field and rotating armature. Automotive alternators use the opposite
configuration with a rotating field and stationary armature. In a brushless alternator,
both configurations are used in one machine.
Terminology
The stationary part of a motor or alternator is called the stator and the
rotating part is called the rotor. The coils of wire that are used to produce a magnetic
field are called the field and the coils that produce the power are called the armature.
2. SELF-EXCITED GENERATOR?
Ans: A kind of excitation of generators where the magnetic field of the main poles
is excited by a current supplied to the windings of the main poles from the armature
(rotor) winding. A self-excited generator is thus distinguished from a separately excited
generator, in which the windings of the main poles receive current from an external
source. Self-excitation is made use of most often in DC generators. When a self-excited
generator is started, the initial current in the field winding is produced by the
electromotive force (emf) induced in the armature winding by the residual magnetic
field of the main poles. To sustain self-excitation, the initial current must reinforce this
AJ NOTES 34
field. The additional magnetic flux increases the emf in the armature and, consequently,
the current in the windings of the main poles. Because, however, of magnetic saturation
in the magnetic circuit, the increments in magnetic flux corresponding to equal
increments in current become smaller as the current builds up. The process of self-
excitation continues as long as the emf in the armature exceeds the voltage drop in the
field winding. At a certain magnitude of the magnetic flux, electric equilibrium is
reached, and there is no further increase in magnetic flux, armature emf, and excitation
current. Self-excitation can be achieved when the value of the resistance of the field
winding does not exceed a certain limit, which depends on the electric parameters of
the generator.
3. PARALLING OF A/E MANUALLY?

Ans:
a. All meters and indicators must have in good working order.
b. Start the incoming generator with the correct staring procedure.
c. Check the working condition by readings pressure gauges, thermometer and audible
and visual.
d. Watch for a minutes until prime mover come to stable.
e. Check the voltage of existing and incoming generator on the switchboard,
f. Move the selector switch to incoming generator. At that time, synchroscope pointer
will rotate clockwise or counter clockwise direction. Check the frequency and voltage of
existing and incoming.
g. Carry out the adjustment by means of speed adjuster of prime mover to obtain the
condition such that synchroscope pointer rotate in the clockwise direction at a speed of
about 4sec/rev.
h. Close the circuit breaker of incoming generator when the pointer reaches just before
12’ O Clock position.
i. Made off the selector switch.
j. Made load shearing the two generators by the speed adjuster of generator.
4. WHAT IS AVR?
Ans: AVR-means automatic voltage regulator AVR regulates the voltage of a
generator. When voltage drops, due to load increase, AVR gives voltage to exciter and
exciter more excites the alternator and voltage improve.
The AVR senses the voltage in the main generator winding and controls
the power fed to the exciter stator and hence the main rotor to maintain the generator
output voltage within the specified limits, compensating for load, speed, temperature
and power factor of the generator.
A frequency measuring circuit continually monitors the shaft speed of the generator and
provides under-speed protection of the excitation system by reducing the generator
output voltage proportionally with speed below a pre-settable threshold. A further
enhancement of this feature is an adjustable VOLT per Hertz slope to improve engine
recovery time on turbo charged engines. Soft start circuitry is included to provide a
smooth controlled buildup of generator output voltage. Uncontrolled excitation is
AJ NOTES 35
limited to a safe period by internal shutdown of the AVR output device. This condition
remains latched until the generator has stopped. Provision is made for the connection of
a remote voltage trimmer, allowing the user fine control of the generator’s output. The
AVR has the facility for droop CT connection, to allow parallel running with other
similarly equipped generators.
5. ALTERNATOR SAFETIES AND HOW WILL YOU TRY OUT REVERSE POWER TRIP AND
WHY REVERSE POWER TRIP?
Ans: The three main type alternator protection are:
a. Over current protection.
b. Reverse power trip
c. Under voltage trip
When two generators are running in parallel and one generator can carry the load,
reverse power trip can be tested by load shifting using governor control. When the load
has shifted sufficiently and the off loaded generator is carrying a small percentage of
load, its breaker trips and fuel supply to its prime mover cuts off. This means reverse
power relay has operated. The relay can be tested by simulation (using the test push
button on the relay) to see if it initiates a trip signal.
Reverse power trip is provided to protect generator. Situation of a generator is feeding a
system through switchgear having several generators connected in parallel with this
generator. The flow of current, when the system is running normally, is from the
generators to the switchgear. If one generator experiences problems and its terminal
voltage falls below the system voltage, the generator will act as a motor, just as a motor
can act as a generator, and current will flow from the switchgear to the generator. This
is reverse power. The effects can range from minor to extreme in the event of a
complete mechanical failure of the generator which fails.
6. SYNCHRONIZING METHODS?
Ans: Synchroscope is the main method.
Back-up methods are
a. Lamp dark method
b. Lamp bright method
c. Rotating lamp method or Sequence methods (preferable)
7. PARTS OF ALTERNATOR AND ITS CONSTRUCTION?

Ans: The main parts of alternator are its stator and rotor. Stator core is assembled from
laminated steel with the windings housed in slots around the inner periphery of the
cylindrical core. And stator coils are interconnected to form three separate phase
winding with six ends.
Two constructional forms of rotor are
a. Salient pole type
b. Cylindrical type
The salient pole type has projecting poles bolted or keyed onto the shaft hub. Field
excitation windings are fitted around each pole.
AJ NOTES 36
In cylindrical type rotors the excitation windings are wedged into axial slots around the
steel rotor. Unwound sections of the rotor form the pole faces between the winding
slots.
8. THERMOCOUPLE?
Ans: A Thermocouple is a sensor used to measure temperature. Thermocouples consist
of two wire legs made from different metals. The wires legs are welded together at one
end, creating a junction. This junction is where the temperature is measured. When the
junction experiences a change in temperature, a voltage is created. The voltage can then
be interpreted using thermocouple reference tables (linked) to calculate the
temperature. There are many types of thermocouples, each with its own unique
characteristics in terms of temperature range, durability, vibration resistance, chemical
resistance, and application compatibility. Type J, K, T, & E are “Base Metal”
thermocouples, the most common types of thermocouples. Type R, S, and B
thermocouples are “Noble Metal” thermocouples, which are used in high temperature
applications (see thermocouple temperature ranges (linked) for details).
Thermocouples are typically selected because of their low cost, high temperature limits,
wide temperature ranges, and durable nature.
9. TRICKLE CHARGING CIRCUIT FOR BATTERY?

Ans: Trickle charging is the charge given to the battery that is already fully
charged. It compensates for the loss of battery capacity due to internal leakage between
plates. It is a small makeup current for topping up purpose, to ensure that the battery is
fully charged at all times.
Trickle charging is at slightly higher than the batter rated voltage.
10. HOW MANY WAYS TO CHARGE BATTERY?

Ans: Batteries onboard are charged by two methods:-
1) Quick charging: It is charged by constant voltage method i.e. a constant voltage is
applied to the battery. This is the quickest method of charging.
2) Trickle charging: Trickle charging is the charge given to the battery that is already
fully charged. It compensates for the loss of battery capacity due to internal leakage
between plates. It is a small makeup current for topping up purpose, to ensure that the
battery is fully charged at all times.
11. SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION FOR MOTORS?

Ans: Two protection devices are commonly used for this:
Fuses, which break the circuit by melting and must be replaced afterwards,
Magnetic circuit breakers which automatically break the circuit and only require to be
reset.
Fuses:
Fuses perform phase-by-phase (single pole) protection with a high break capacity at
low volume. They limit I2t and electro-dynamic stress.
They are mounted:
AJ NOTES 37
- On special supports called fuseholders

- Or on isolators in the place of sockets and links.
Magnetic circuit breakers:

These circuit breakers protect plant from short circuits within the limits of their
breaking capacity and by means of magnetic triggers (one per phase). Magnetic circuit
breaking is all-pole from the outset: one magnetic trigger will simultaneously open all
the poles.
For low short-circuit currents, circuit breakers work faster than fuses. This protection
complies with the IEC 60947-2 standard. To break a short-circuit current properly,
there are three imperatives:
- Early detection of the faulty current,
- Rapid separation of the contacts,
- Breakage of the short-circuit current.
Most magnetic circuit breakers for motor protection are current-limiting devices and so
contribute to coordination. Their very short cut-off time breaks the short-circuit current
before it reaches its maximum amplitude
12. WHAT IS ELECTRICITY? HOW IT FLOWS?

Ans: An electric current is a flow of electric charge. In electric circuits this charge is
often carried by moving electrons in a wire. It can also be carried by ions in an
electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons such as in a plasma.
DC "flows" from negative to positive (that is, the electrons move in that direction). AC
reverses direction in a cyclic manner; that is, a 50Hz AC line reverses direction 50 times
per second, 60Hz reverses 60 times per second, 400Hz reverse 400 times per second,
and so on. That's why "Hertz" used to be called "cycles per second."
13. HOW 440V IS CONVERTED TO 220V?

Ans: 440V can be converted into 220V in two ways:-
1) By transformer: With the help of step down transformer we can convert 440V to
220V.
2) Direct method: From the 440V supply we can take one phase with neutral and it will
be 254V and there will be losses also. So can use this method but generally it is not
preferred.
14. HOW THE PHASE GOT CHANGED?

Ans: LV systems onboard ship is typically 3-phase a.c./440V, 60 Hz, while fixed
lighting and other low power loads are supplied with 220 V a.c. single-phase from very
efficient STATIC TRANSFORMER units.
These type of transformers have efficiency more than 90%.
15. WHAT IS OHM’S LAW, FARADAY’S LAW AND KIRCHOFF’S LAW ?

Ans: 1. Ohm’s law: If the temperature and other conditions remain constant , the
current through a conductor is proportional to the applied potential difference and it
remains constant. Current = applied voltage/ resistance of conductor
AJ NOTES 38
Resistance = applied voltage / current in conductor
2. (a) Faraday’s first law: Whenever there is a change in the magnetic field linked with a
circuit, an induced e.m.f is produced in it.
(b) Faraday’s second law: The magnitude of induced e.m.f is equal to the rate of
change of the magnetic flux linked with a closed circuit.
Therefore faraday’s laws gives the magnitude of the induced e.m.f.
3. Kirchoff’s law: There are two laws as follows.

(a) Kirchoff’s first law: The algebraic sum of all current at a junction in any network is
zero. This law is also known as current law or junction rule. It is based on law of
conservation of charge, and is applicable for parallel circuits.
(b) Kirchoff’s second law: In any closed circuit ( or mesh ) , the algebraic sum of the
products of the current and resistance of each part of the circuit is equal to the resultant
e.m.f of the circuit. This law is also known as voltage law or loop rule. It is based on law
of conservation of energy, and is applicable for series circuits.
16. DEFINE LEAD ACID BATTERY AND ITS SPECIFIC GRAVITY?

Ans: Lead acid battery: It is the oldest type of rechargeable battery. Despite having a
very low energy – to – weight ratio and a low energy – to – volume ratio , its ability to
supply high surge currents means that the cells have a relatively large power – to –
weight ratio . These features, along with their low cost, makes it attractive for use in
motor vehicles to provide the high current required by automobile starter motors.
Specific gravity: The most accurate way to test the state of charge of a battery cell
is to determine the specific gravity of the battery electrolyte. The higher the specific
gravity of the electrolyte the higher the state of charge. The best way to truly monitor
your system over it lifetime is to regularly take and record specific gravity readings.
17. WRITE DOWN THE PROCEDURE FOR IR TEST ?

Ans: Test procedure
1. Test your tester.
2. Connect both probe, press test button, it shows zero.
3. Connect for proper earthing, to connect the negative terminal to ground and positive
also to the ground at a different place test the reading, it must show zero.
4. Carry out insulation test of the conductor without disturbing the earth (-) terminal of
the megger. Connect the (+) probe in to the conductor. Press the test button note down
the reading. It must be more than min. (1.5 m ohm) it should be less, do not operate
high voltage machineries. It must be min. (KV + 1) m ohm.
Ex: If 440 V then IR = 0.44 + 1 = 1.44M ohm.
For 11 KW, IR = 11 + 1 = 12 M ohm.
18. OVERLOADING CAPACITY OF STEERING MOTOR AND WHY?

Ans: Each feeder circuit for steering must be protected by a circuit breaker on the
switchboard that supplies it and must have an instantaneous trip set at a current of at
least –
AJ NOTES 39
(1) 300% and not more than 375% of the rated full – load current of one steering – gear
motor for a direct –current motor.
(2) 175% and not more than 200% of the locked – rotor current of one steering – gear
motor for an alternating – current motor.
19. OVERLOADING CAPACITY OF MOTOR AND WHY?

Ans: It is defined as the excessive heating due to motor overcurrent and failure of
motor to start.
An overload AC electric motor will begin to slow down and draw more current
than normal. This will cause internal overheating
20. USE OF TESTER IN A HOUSEHOLD SUPPLY?

Ans: A simple low – cost electrical voltage tester is used to determine if an electrical
wire or component has been turned off, or if electrical power is present.
A voltage tester, also called a “neon tester ’’ consists of a holder containing a neon bulb.
Two probes are attached to the holder. The neon bulb will light when the probes touch
the hot and neutral power lines or anything connected to those lines when power is
present on the wires.
21. WHY DON’T WE GET A SHOCK WHILE TESTING FOR VOLTAGE WITH A LINE
TESTER?
Ans: Rating of voltage is 230V only. The current is low enough not to hurt us and
just enough to light up the bulb. But the same tester can’t be used to check higher
voltages. Since, our body resistance is very high we do not experience a shock.
22. CB PROTECTION INCLUDING SHUNT TRIP, UNDER VOLTAGE AND THERMAL TRIP?
Ans: A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to
protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic
function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse, which
operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either
manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in
varying sizes.
A shunt trip is a solenoid device on a circuit breaker that trips the circuit breaker by
applying a voltage to the shunt trip. This trip mechanism is not part of the instantaneous
and short time-delay trip of the breaker, but as the term implies, it is a shunt
mechanism which operates in parallel with, but independent of, the breakers current
actuated trip.
The under voltage trip accessory trips the circuit breaker when the voltage drops to a
value between 35% and 70% of the control voltage. If the under voltage trip is not
energized, it is impossible to close the circuit breaker, either manually or electrically. An
attempt to close the circuit breaker produces no movement of the main contacts.
Closing is allowed when the supply voltage of the under voltage trip reaches 85% of the
rated voltage.
Thermal circuit protectors utilize a bimetallic strip electrically in series with the circuit.
The heat generated by the current during an overload deforms the bimetallic strip and
trips the breaker.
AJ NOTES 40
23. WORKING OF SMOKE AND FIRE DETECTOR?

Ans: A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke. Most smoke detectors work
either by optical detection (photoelectric) or by physical process (ionization), while
others use both detection methods to increase sensitivity to smoke.
An optical detector is a light sensor. The components of the light sensor are the light
source (incandescent bulb or Light-emitting diode), a lens, and a photoelectric receiver
(typically a photodiode). When smoke enters the light is reflected and this causes less
light to fall at the receiver, this generates a alarm.
An ionization smoke detector uses a radioisotope such as americium-241 to produce
ionization in air; a difference due to smoke is detected and an alarm is generated.
Ionization detectors are more sensitive to the flaming stage of fires than optical
detectors, while optical detectors are more sensitive to fires in the early smouldering
stage.
Fire detector
There are two methods for detecting fire from the presence of heat;
Fixed temperature heat detectors operate when the ambient temperature increases
sufficiently to predetermined level where the heat detector will operate; or
A rate-of-rise heat detector operates when the ambient temperature increases over
time equal to or greater than the rate of change the detector was manufactured to
operate.
Most common type of fixed temperature heat detector is a fusible link comprising a
eutectic alloy. An eutectic alloy is mixture of two or more metals whose melting point at
a lower temperature than the individual metal. When the ambient temperature
increases to the eutectic temperature, the alloy changes state from a solid to a liquid,
like solder. This enables a spring held under pressure to release and make an electrical
circuit to actuate an alarm.
24. STROBOSCOPIC EFFECT?

Ans: The stroboscopic effect is a visual phenomenon caused by aliasing that occurs
when continuous motion is represented by a series of short or instantaneous samples. It
occurs when the view of a moving object is represented by a series of short samples as
distinct from a continuous view, and the moving object is in rotational or other cyclic
motion at a rate close to the sampling rate.
Because of the illusion that the stroboscopic effect can give to moving machinery, it is
advised that single-phase lighting is avoided. For example, a factory that is lit from a
single-phase supply with basic lighting will have a flicker of 100 or 120Hz(depending on
country, double the nominal frequency), thus any machinery rotating at multiples of 50
or 60rpm may appear to not be turning, increasing the risk of injury to an operator.
Solutions include deploying the lighting over a full 3-phase supply, or by using high-
frequency controllers that drive the lights at safer frequencies.
25. WHY ONLY AC IS USED ON BOARD?

Ans: - AC can be generated at high voltages, but DC cannot be generated at high
voltages because sparking starts at the commutator at high voltage, due to which
commutator gets damaged.
AJ NOTES 41
- High voltages AC generators are much simpler and cheaper than DC generators of the
same range. It is because in AC generators there is no commutator which is costly part
and is damaged.
- Alternating current can be stepped up or stepped down with a static device called
transformer. When voltages is stepped up current decreases to a small value. Small
current produces less heat and can be transmitted through a thin conductor. Thus it is
possible to transmit AC at high voltages. This reduces the size of conductor,
transmission losses are increases transmission efficiency. At the receiving station,
voltages can be stepped down to the required value by using step down transformer.
This is most important reason for generating and using electrical energy as AC.
- A.C. induction motors are simplest in construction, cheaper in cot and require less
maintenance whereas D.C. motors are complicated.
26. IF YOUR OVERHAULED MOTOR IS NOT STARTING, WHAT WILL YOU CHECK?
Ans:
- Ensure the terminal for power supply is in good condition. Check the connection bar
for terminal (U, V, W). Connection type - STAR OR DELTA.
- Confirm the power supply VOLTAGE for electric motor. 230/400.
- Using the multimeter, check the continuity of winding from phase to phase ( U to V, V
to W , W to U ).Each phase to phase must have a continuity if winding is OK.
- Check the motor winding ohms reading using multimeter or ohmmeter for phase to
phase terminal( U to V,V to W ,W to U ).The ohms reading for each winding must be the
same (or nearly the same).
Insulation resistance of motor winding using Insulation tester meter set to the 500 Volt
scale (1000v DC). 1. Check from phase to phase (U to V, V to W, W to U) and 2. Check
from phase to earthing (U to E, V to E , W to E ). Minimum test value of the electric
motor is 1 Meg Ohm (1 MΩ).
- If every step is completed, decide the condition of electrical motor either OK or NEED
TO REPAIR.
27. SINGLE PHASING, HOW WILL YOU COME TO KNOW WHICH PHASE HAS GONE HOW
YOU WILL TEST?
Ans: Single phasing:
- In single phasing, one of the three phases of motor one phase goes wrong i.e. open
circuit fault occurs in any of the one phase wire.
- When a three phase motor is "single phased", it is a power system problem, not a
motor problem. A three phase motor needs three EQUAL phases in order to operate
properly. When the symmetry of the motor is interrupted by the loss of a phase, the
motor will die quickly unless the controls have single phase protection. Many heater
type overload relays do not have this.
How to know single phasing occurs:

- Obvious signs are a louder than normal humming from the motor and/or a shaft that
vibrates rather than rotating.
- Motor will draw excess current
AJ NOTES 42
- It will overheat
- If fault not diagnosed & rectified, then motor will burn
Causes:
Single phasing occurs as a result of several possibilities. A loose wire, a bad
connection, bad starter contacts, overload relay problems, a bad breaker, a blown fuse,
and other things can cause this destructive condition.
How to test:
Testing for this possibility needs to be done quickly since motors are not happy with
this condition at all. The obvious test is to look at the current in each phase. This is
where multiple meters will help so you can see all three phases at once. You can also
look at the voltage, again with multiple meters if possible. Look at the phase to ground
readings first. The phase to ground voltage will equal the phase to phase voltage divided
by 1.7; thus 480 volts phase to phase will be 277 volts phase to ground. The advantage
of taking phase to ground measurements is that each reading is independent of
whatever is happening in the other phases. However, you can read phase to phase if you
want. You would see an unbalance there too. The phase to ground reading will show you
the bad phase, though; this will make troubleshooting easier.
These tests need to be made as close to the motor as possible, preferably in the
motor's connection box while the motor is driving the load. If the motor is not
connected, or you take your readings at the starter or breaker with the motor off, you
can get fooled. A bad set of contacts in a contactor or breaker can just barely touch and
still tell you that you have good voltage. Ask those same contacts to deliver enough
current to run a loaded motor, and the voltage will take a dive.
You could continue to test at various stages of the power system upstream of the
motor, but that keeps subjecting the motor to the stress of running in the single phase
condition. Otherwise, make sure the circuit is off and locked out, and then start taking
things apart.
The first place to look is at those suspect contactor contacts. But, Bo Diddley said
"you can't judge a book by looking at the cover." Contacts can be like me - real ugly but
still functional. Contacts that are gone don't work very well, though. Also look at the
connections in and out of the contactor. Loose or burned wires or terminals are
probably the second most frequent offenders.
If the contactor looks good, take continuity readings from the line to the load side
of each phase of the overload relay. It should look like a short circuit.
If everything is good at the starter, check wires, connections, and devices ahead of
the starter until the problem is found and corrected.
28. WHY DO WE USE 440V SUPPLY FOR MOTORS AND 220V SUPPLY FOR LIGHTING
(ACCOMMODATION)? WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES?
Ans:
- Using 440 volt for motors will result in the reduction of motor load current, half the
value of current resulting from the use of 220 volts. The load current is responsible for
the energy line losses, by the formula, kw loss = I.I.R/1000. So with less current, at 440
volts, there will be a reduction in line losses when 440volts is used for, motors rather
AJ NOTES 43
200 volts. ALSO, with higher current, the wire size for 220 volt motors will be twice
bigger than those used for 440 volt motors. It means, there will be higher cost of
installation cost on 220 volt motors than those for 440 volt motors.
For lighting, 220 volts is used giving residential users, a safe line voltage. Most lights
are rated not above 220 volts, including lamp ballasts.
And ships having 440 volts 3 phase supply will have near to 220 volts of supply for
single phase, generally all the accommodation lights will be of single phase.
29. AUTOMATIC BUS TRANSFER (ABT) SWITCH OPERATION?

Ans: - It connects Main Switch Board (MSB) to emergency switch board (ESB) when
main supply is available.
- It connects emergency generator (EG) to Emergency Switch Board (ESB)
automatically when main supply fails.
- It does not allow paralleling of M/G with E/G or shore supply with E/G.
- When on shore supply, in case of shore supply power failure Emergency Generator will
switch over.
30. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STAR DELTA AND AUTO TRANSFORMER
STARTER? WHY NOT STAR ALWAYS?
Ans: Star Delta method used reduced supply voltage in starting. The method achieved
low starting current by first connecting the stator winding in star configuration, and
then after the motor reaches a certain speed, throw switch changes the winding
arrangements from star to delta configuration. By connecting the stator windings, first
in star and then in delta, the line current drawn by the motor at starting is reduced to
one-third as compared to starting current with the windings connected in delta. At the
time of starting when the stator windings are start connected, each stator phase gets
voltage V(L)/√3 , where V(L) is the line voltage. Since the torque by an induction motor
is proportional to the square of the applied voltage, star- delta starting reduced the
starting torque to one – third that obtainable by direct delta starting.
Auto Transformer
The operation principle of auto transformer method is similar to the star delta starter
method. The starting current is limited by (using a three phase auto transformer)
reduce the initial stator applied voltage. The auto transformer starter is more expensive,
more complicated in operation and bulkier in construction when compared with the
star – delta starter method. But an auto transformer starter is suitable for both star and
delta connected motors, and the starting current and torque can be adjusted to a
desired value by taking the correct tapping from the auto transformer. When the star
delta method is considered, voltage can be adjusted only by factor of 1/√3
31. Why change over to delta?

Ans: If motor is designed to run in delta but is run as star connected,and on full
load,then each stator phase winding will be carrying an overcurrent of √3* times rated
phase current because phase and line current are equal in a star connection.This will
cause overheating and eventually burnout unless tripped by the overcurrent relay
AJ NOTES 44
32. WHAT IS ISOLATION TRANSFORMER?

Ans: An isolation transformer is a transformer used to transfer electrical power from a
source of alternating current (AC) power to some equipment or device while isolating
the powered device from the power source, usually for safety reasons. Isolation
transformers provide galvanic isolation and are used to protect against electric shock, to
suppress electrical noise in sensitive devices, or to transfer power between two circuits
which must not be connected. A transformer sold for isolation is often built with special
insulation between primary and secondary, and is specified to withstand a high voltage
between windings. Isolation transformers block transmission of the DC component in
signals from one circuit to the other, but allow AC components in signals to pass.
Transformers that have a ratio of 1 to1 between the primary and secondary windings
are often used to protect secondary circuits and individuals from electrical shocks
33. CAN DC BE TRANSFORMED? IF YES HOW AND IF NO WHY?

Ans: No because a transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction,
which requires a voltage source that changes with time (alternating source). Thus a dc
supply is unidirectional, the transformer cannot work, and you will get no output.
34. REVERSE POWER RELAY VALUE ?

Ans: The reverse power relay is usually set to 5% to 15% of the motoring power
required by prime mover. By motoring power we mean the power required by the
generator to drive the prime mover at the rated rpm. This is usually obtained from the
manufacturer of the prime mover (turbine or engine). Time delay range is 0.5-3s
35. IS REVERSE POWER RELAY MSB SAFETY?

Ans: No it is generators safety because it avoids generator running as a motor and
drawing current from the another generator running in parallel and overloading
its,causing other generator to trip.
36. TWO GENERATOR RUNNING IF ONE GEN LOAD DROPS WHAT IS THE FAULT.?
Ans: Reasons- Engine is not developing power,some problem with governor. Speed
drop set too tight
37. HOW WILL YOU SYNCHRONIZE WITHOUT SYNCHROSCOPE?

Ans: This method is generally used when there is a failure of synchroscope. In case of
failure a standby method should be available to synchronize the alternator, and thus the
emergency lamp method is used.
Three lamps should be connected between three phases of the bus bar and the incoming
generator should be connected as shown in the diagram:-
1. The lamps are connected only in this manner because if they are connected across,
the same phase lamps will go on and off together when the incoming machine is out of
phase with the switchboard.
2. In this method as per the diagram the two lamps will be bright and one lamp will be
dark when incoming machine is coming in phase with the bus bar.
3. The movement of these bright and dark lamps indicates whether the incoming
machine is running faster or slower.
AJ NOTES 45
4. For e.g. there is a moment when lamp A will be dark and lamp B & C will be bright,
similarly there will be instance when B is dark and others are bright and C is dark and
other two are bright. This example indicates that machine is running fast and the
movement of the lamps from dark and bright gives an clockwise movement
5. Clockwise movement indicates fast and anti-clockwise direction indicates slow
running of incoming generator.
38. WHAT IS SIGNIFIANCE OF SLIP IN INDUCTION MOTOR?

Ans: Slip speed is the difference between the synchronous speed (Ns) of the rotating
magnetic flux and actual rotor speed (Nr). Slip is usually expressed as a percentage of
the synchronous speed
S = Ns-Nr/Nr *100
If the load torque on the motor is increased, the rotor will tend to slow down
(increasing the slip) which allow the rotor conductors to cut the flux at an increased
rate. This causes more current to flow in the rotor which is matched by more stator
supply current to meet the increased shaft torque demand. The motor will now run at
this new, slightly reduced speed. The fall of motor speed between no-load and full load
is very small (between 1% and 5%) so induction motor are considered to be almost
constant speed machines.
39. WHAT IS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SYNCHRONOUS & ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR?

Ans: In a typical AC motor, a rotating magnetic field is produced in the stator. The speed
of this rotating field is called the synchronous speed and is determined only by the
frequency of the power supply and the number of poles of the machine. A synchronous
motor is one in which the rotor rotates at the same speed as the rotating magnetic field
in the stator. An asynchronous motor is one in which the rotor rotates at a speed slower
than the synchronous speed
40. IF YOU PRESS THE ACB CLOSE BUTTON ON AN IDLE GENERATOR WHAT WILL
HAPPEN?
Ans: Normally, the breaker won’t close until you synchronise, so even if you press the
breaker close, it will not close. The breaker has under-voltage protection which will not
let you close it.
41. WHAT IS DIRECT CURRENT?

Ans: Uni-directional flow of current
42. WHAT IS ALTERNATING CURRENT?

Ans: Bi-directional flow of current in a sinusoidal form with a positive and negative
peak.
43. WHAT IS MEANT BY PHASE IN AC?

Ans: Two or more AC voltages or currents that are out of step with each other. Their
peaks and zero points do not match up at the same points in time. This is meant by
phase.
AJ NOTES 46
44. IS THERE PHASE IN DC?

Ans: No
45. WHY IS DC NOT MUCH IN USE NOW?

Ans: AC generators are a better technology and voltage transformation (by
transformers) is easy is possible in AC and not DC.
46. WHERE ARE YOU LIKELY TO SEE IT USED?

Ans: Battery powered DC is generally used in navigation, control and safety systems
mainly in navigation, radar, safety systems, antenna and communication systems and
emergency lighting.
47. WHAT DOES THREE-PHASE CURRENT MEAN?

Ans: Three current sinusoidal waveforms equal in magnitude but with a phase shift of
120 degrees.
48. WHAT IS RMS VALUE?

Ans: Root mean square value is the peak value divided by square root of 2.
49. WHAT IS POWER FACTOR?

Ans: Power factor is the cosine of the angle between voltage and current waveform.
Usually 0.8. 1 is the best value possible. That is possible with a purely resistive load. :
Power factor close to 1 means for the same real power in kW, the load current is less
and hence the I2R losses are less. The system efficiency is higher as the losses are lower.
Improved voltage regulation is achieved Power factor improvement capacitor banks are
used if the loads are mainly resistive.
50. WHAT IS A SEMI CONDUCTOR?

Ans: Substance as germanium or silicon whose electrical conductivity is intermediate
between that of a metal and an insulator; its conductivity increases with temperature
and in the presence of impurities
51. WHAT IS DOPING?

Ans: Doping intentionally introduces impurities into an extremely pure (also
referred to as intrinsic) semiconductor for the purpose of modulating its electrical
properties. The impurities are dependent upon the type of semiconductor. Lightly and
moderately doped semiconductors are referred to as extrinsic. A semiconductor doped
to such high levels that it acts more like a conductor than a semiconductor is referred to
as degenerate.
52. WHAT HAPPENS TO INSULATION WHEN TEMPERATURE RISES?

Ans: For insulators, an increase in temperature will cause their resistance to decrease -
which is why excessive temperature is often the main reason why insulation fails
53. WHAT HAPPENS TO RESISTANCE OF CONDUCTORS WHEN TEMPERATURE RISES?

Ans: For conductors an increase in temperature will cause their resistance to increase
AJ NOTES 47
54. WHAT IS A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR? WHERE IS IT USED?

Ans: A constant-speed motor, the speed being dependent on the frequency of the ac
supply and the number of poles for which it is designed.
USES: Synchronous motors find applications in all industrial applications where
constant speed is necessary. Improving the power factor as Synchronous condensers.
Electrical power plants almost always use synchronous generators because it is
important to keep the frequency constant at which the generator is connected. Low
power applications include positioning machines, where high precision is required, and
robot actuators.
55. WHAT IS AN AVO METER?

Ans: The Avometer was a British brand of multimeter, latterly owned by Megger. It is
often called simply an AVO and derives its name from the first letter of the words
amperes, volts, ohms
56. WHAT LIMITS THE ELECTRICAL LOAD?

Ans: The available power is fixed and the voltage is fixed, so the setting of the breaker
or fuse is the normal current of the load. If the load exceeds the rated current, then the
breaker or fuse will operate and limit the load.
57. WHAT IS THE VOLTAGE USED FOR IGNITION IN BOILERS/INCINERATORS ETC.?

Ans: Normally 10,000V (10kV).
58. IF SO WHY DON'T YOU GET A SHOCK?

Ans: Because the whole hull is at the same potential, so there is no potential difference
to get a shock.
59. WHAT IS SAFE VOLTAGE TO PREVENT SHOCK?

Ans: Normally 50V. It depends on the body resistance and how conducting the path is
(example use of insulating boots or mat may allow slightly higher voltage to be safe)
60. WHAT IS THE MEANING OF ACB, MCCB, NFB?

Ans: Air circuit breaker for 400V higher current ratings. Moulded case circuit breaker
for 400V medium current ratings. No Fuse Breaker – 75 A capacity
61.WHAT IS A MAGNETIC CONTACTOR? WHERE IS IT USED?

Ans: A contactor is an electrically controlled switch used for switching a power circuit,
similar to a relay except with higher current ratings. Contactors are used to control
electric motors, lighting, heating, capacitor banks, and other electrical loads.
62. WHAT IS A RELAY? HOW IS IT DIFFERENT FROM A MAGNETIC CONTACTOR?

Ans: Contactor is a heavy duty switch whereas the relay is light duty switch. Relays can
be as simple as 12 V DC solenoids with 12 V, 0.5 A rated contacts. They are used to
detect faults on the power system and signal a local or remote switching device
(breaker) to trip the circuit.
AJ NOTES 48
63. WHAT IS THE MEANING OF OVERLOAD?

Ans: An overload is a current over and above the normal load current (over the load).
In other words greater than the original design current. This can be a momentary
overload such as the starting current for a motor which is usually ignored or it can be a
sustained overload such as plugging in too many appliances at once or a motor that has
faulty bearings or gets jammed
64. WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF A FUSE?

Ans: Fuse places a limit on the amount of current that can be drawn by an electric
circuit by opening (blowing or melting) when the current exceeds a pre-set limit. This
protects the circuit and the surroundings from fire or damage in the case of an overload
or short circuit.
65. WHAT IS THE NORMAL SETTING OF OVERLOAD RELAYS?

Ans: Normally 90-100% of rated normal current. Sometimes can be set to 105% of
rated current.
66. HOW DOES A THERMAL OVERLOAD RELAY WORK?

Ans: The bi-metallic strip in the relay heats up by the over load current and the
movement in the bi-metallic strip causes the breaker to trip. The breaker has to be reset
(turn off) before turning on again. Sometimes it takes a time delay for the bi-metallic
strip to cool down after which the breaker can be reset and switched on
67. WHAT IS SINGLE PHASING?

Ans: Single phasing is a condition in three phase motors and transformers wherein the
supply to one of the phases is cut off.
68. HOW CAN IT HAPPEN?

Ans: Single phasing is caused by the use of single-phase protection devices such as fuses.
Three phase loads should be protected by devices which cause the interruption of
power to all three phases simultaneously when a fault occurs. Defective contacts or
loose connections in three phase breakers can also cause single phasing.
69. WHAT IS THE HARM CAUSED BY THIS?

Ans: Single phasing causes higher than rated currents in the healthy phases of loads
such as motors causing over heating of the motor and consequently motor failure.
Single phasing can sometimes cause excessive noise and vibration in motors.
70. WHAT PROTECTION IS PROVIDED AGAINST THIS?

Ans: Single phasing can be identified by special protective relays which can identify and
isolate the connected loads. Smaller motors rely on over current and negative phase
sequence relays. Motor protection relays for larger motors come readily fitted with
protection against single phasing.
AJ NOTES 49
71. WHY IS IT NECESSARY THAT INCOMING ALTERNATOR FREQUENCY IS MORE THAN

BUS BAR?
Ans: Prior to paralleling alternators together, the frequency of the incoming alternator
is made slightly higher. This is to ensure that the incoming generator will take some of
the bus load. If the incoming generator is slow it will become motorized and will add
load onto the bus. If this happens it is possible to cause other generators to trip off line.
72. WHAT IS DARK LAMP AND BRIGHT LAMP METHOD FOR SYNCHRONIZING? HOW IS
THE CONNECTION MADE?
Ans: Formerly, three light bulbs were connected between the generator terminals and
the system terminals. As the generator speed changes, the lights will rise and fall in
intensity at a rate proportional to the difference between generator frequency and
system frequency. When the voltage at the generator is opposite to the system voltage
(either ahead or behind in phase), the lamps will be bright. When the voltage at the
generator matches the system voltage, the lights will be dark. At that instant, the circuit
breaker connecting the generator to the system may be closed and the generator will
then stay in synchronism with the system.
73. APART FROM RENEWING BEARINGS IS THERE ANY REASON FOR OPENING UP
MOTORS FOR MAINTENANCE?
Ans: Insulation checks and renewal (example using insulation spray on stator winding
insulation).
74. WHAT IS THE MEANING OF EXCITATION IN AN ALTERNATOR?

Ans: An electric generator or electric motor consists of a rotor spinning in a magnetic
field. The magnetic field may be produced by permanent magnets or by field coils. In the
case of a machine with field coils, a current must flow in the coils to generate the field,
otherwise no power is transferred to or from the rotor. The process of generating a
magnetic field by means of an electric current is called excitation.
75. HOW IS IT SUPPLIED?

Ans: The rotor's magnetic field is supplied by a rotor winding energized with direct
current through slip rings and brushes.
76. WHAT IS THE MEANING OF RESIDUAL MAGNETISM?

Ans: Residual magnetism is a property in which certain amount of excitation remains
back in the conductor even after the removal of the magnets.
77. HOW IS THE SPEED OF A 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR VARIED?

Ans: The speed of a normal 3-phase induction motor is a function of the frequency of the
supply voltage. Changing the speed of such a motor hence requires building a 3-phase
power frequency convertor. This can be realised by using power MOSFETs (or IGBTs)
capable of handling high voltages and fast switching speeds.
78. HOW IS THE DIRECTION OF ROTATION VARIED?

Ans: By changing the phase sequence (from say R-Y-B to R-B-Y)
AJ NOTES 50
79. HOW DOES THIS CAUSE A ROTATION TO CHANGE?

Ans: Due to the change in phase sequence, the rotating magnetic field changes direction
and the rotor rotates in the opposite direction.
80. HOW IS THE SPEED OF A DC MOTOR VARIED?

Ans: To vary the speed of a DC motor we need a constant voltage power supply with a
series POT resistor of higher watt rating. A Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) can be used.
81. HOW IS THE DIRECTION VARIED?

Ans: A general purpose DC motor can be reversed by changing the polarity of either the
armature or the field but not both.
82. HOW DOES AN INVERTER WORK?

Ans: An inverter converts DC supply into AC by use of electronic devices such as diodes
and thyristors.
83. WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CHOKE?

Ans: The choke has two main functions. In conjunction with the starterit causes the
tube to ignite by using the back emf to create a plasma in the tube and it controls the
current through the tube when it is ignited.
84. WHERE IS A SLIP RING USED AND WHERE IS A COMMUTATOR USED?

Ans: Slip rings are commonly found in slip ring motors, electrical generators for
alternating current systems and alternators. They can be used on any rotating object to
transfer power. A commutator is a common feature of direct current rotating machines.
By reversing the current direction in the moving coil of a motor's armature, a steady
rotating force (torque) is produced.
85. WHAT IS CAPACITANCE?

Ans: Capacitance is the ability of a body to store an electrical charge. Anybody or
structure that is capable of being charged, either with static electricity or by an electric
current exhibits capacitance. C = Q/V where Q is the charge and V is the voltage
86. DOES CURRENT FLOW THOUGH A CAPACITOR?

Ans: No. Current (or more specifically, charge) flows into one plate, and an opposing
current (charge) flows out of the other plate, but the current (except for leakage
current) does not flow across the dielectric. The result is that there is a charge
differential between the plates.
87. WHAT IS THE UNIT FOR CAPACITANCE?

Ans: Farad
88. WHAT IS A NEUTRAL?

Ans: In multiphase circuits, the conductor used to carry unbalanced current. In single-
phase systems, the conductor used for a return current path.
AJ NOTES 51
89. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NEUTRAL AND EARTH?

Ans: The ground or "earth" wire is a circuit's safety protective wire that normally
carries no current.
90. WHAT IS A SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER?

Ans: A synchronous condenser is a device identical to a synchronous motor, whose
shaft is not connected to anything but spins freely. Its purpose is not to convert electric
power to mechanical power or vice versa, but to adjust conditions on the electric power
transmission grid. Its field is controlled by a voltage regulator to either generate or
absorb reactive power as needed to adjust the grid's voltage, or to improve power
factor.
91. WHERE AND WHY IS IT USED?

Ans: Used for power factor correction as a synchronous capacitor.
92. IF A MOTOR IS WOUND STAR AND YOU WANT TO CHANGE TO DELTA WHAT
SHOULD YOU DO?
Ans: Open the terminal connection box. Remove the shorting link connecting the
common connection (star) point of A2, B2 and C2. With the 3 phase windings marked
A1A2, B1B2, C1C2, connect A2 to B1, B2 to C1 and C2 to A1.
93. WHY IS SPECIAL LIGHTING USED IN BATTERY ROOMS?

Ans: Spark proof lighting is used as explosive gases may be generated during battery
charging and so there should be no sparks in the room.
94. WHAT IS THE VOLTAGE AVAILABLE FROM EACH CELL IN A LEAD ACID BATTERY?
Ans: 2 V DC.
95. WHAT IS THE FULL BATTERY VOLTAGE?

Ans: 24 V DC.
96. HOW IS THIS VOLTAGE ACHIEVED?

Ans: By connecting 12 cells in series. 12 x 2 V = 24 V is total battery bank voltage.
97. WHAT IS THE MEANING OF A NORMALLY OPEN CONTACT?

Ans: The contact is open in the normal (de-energised condition).
98. HOW DOES A SALINOMETER FUNCTION?

Ans: It detects the salinity in parts per million (ppm) and provides a alarm signal and
also initiates a command to the bypass valve of a fresh water generator. Ask E/O and
look in your ship Fresh water generator manual for more details.
AJ NOTES 52
99. HOW IS THE COLD ROOM TEMPERATURE MAINTAINED?

Ans: The cold room has temperature switch (thermostat) which has a cut-in and cut-off
temperature setting. Depending on the setting, the compressor cuts when the
temperature rises and cuts-off when the temperature cools down to the set value.
100. WHAT IS A SELF-MONITORING ALARM CIRCUIT?

Ans: It self-monitors the health of the alarm circuit. That is, it senses whether the power
supply to the alarm circuit is healthy and all the relays and contacts are functioning
normally. Check with E/O for more details.
Out at sea, if there is a black out during your watch, what action will you take?
After a black out the emergency generator comes on; On restoring the main supply we
are closing the circuit breaker of the main generator without bothering about
synchronizing. How is this possible?
There is a power link connection breaker between the main generator and the
emergency generator. During black out, this breaker trips. The emergency generator
starts and its breaker closes and feeds only the emergency loads. During restoration, the
main generator is started again and its breaker is closed. As the link breaker is still
open, there is no paralleling between main and emergency generator.
-------END-------
AJ NOTES 53
SECTION – 3
1. IF ALL YOUR AIR BOTTLES ARE AT LOW PRESSURE AND THERE IS A BLACKOUT HOW
DO YOU START THE GENERATORS?
Ans: If main air bottles are empty, the emergency air bottle can be used to start the
main generator. If even the emergency air bottle is empty, then it can be filled by
running emergency air compressor (powered by emergency generator). Once the
emergency air bottle is filled, this air can be used to start the main generator.
2. WHAT IS A SHAFT GENERATOR?

Ans: A shaft generator is coupled to the main engine. It uses the main engine as its
prime mover and has a frequency converter (thyristor controlled) that converts the
variable engine speed to near constant speed and produces electrical power. It can only
be employed at sea speed (full speed) and not at manoeuvring speed.
3.EVEN THOUGH THE MAIN ENGINE RUNS AT VARYING SPEEDS, HOW DOES THE
ALTERNATOR MAINTAIN CONSTANT FREQUENCY?
Ans: By use of thyristor controlled frequency (rpm) converters.
4.WHY IS 440 V USED FOR MOTORS AND 110/220 V USED FOR LIGHTING?
Ans: Motor load currents are large. Motors are 3-phase loads. A higher 440V voltage
means lesser current for the same power and hence losses and size of cable wires is
lower. Lighting is single phase loads and its load currents are small, hence lower voltage
means less insulation in the cable wires.
5. FOR A GIVEN LINE VOLTAGE, FOUR HEATING COILS WILL PRODUCE MAXIMUM HEAT
WHEN CONNECTED IN-
Ans: Parallel.
6. THE UNIT OF ABSOLUTE PERMITTIVITY OF A MEDIUM IS-

Ans: Farad/ metre .
7. THE UNIT OF ELECTRIC INTENSITY IS-

Ans: Volt/ metre.
8. IN PRACTICE, EARTH IS CHOSEN AS A PLACE OF ZERO ELECTRIC POTENTIAL

BECAUSE IT-
Ans: Has almost constant potential.
9. CURRENT CARRIED BY EACH OF THE TWO LONG PARALLEL CONDUCTORS IS

DOUBLED. IF THEIR SEPARATION IS ALSO DOUBLED, FORCE BETWEEN THEM IS
Ans: Increase.
10. THE DIRECTION OF INDUCED EMF CAN BE FOUND WITH THE HELP OF -
Ans: Lenz’s Law.
AJ NOTES 54
11. PERMANENT MAGNETS ARE GENERALLY MADE OF-

Ans: Alnico alloys.
12.The rate of rise of current through an inductive coil is maximum-

Ans: At the start of the current flow.
13.What is power factor? What are the ways to improve it?

Ans: Ration of true power and apparent power. Using capacitors and synchronous
motors.
14.What is star / delta?

Ans: In star VL = 3 Vph
In delta VL = Vph
15.WHY IS A CAPACITOR USED IN SINGLE PHASE MOTORS, FLUORESCENT TUBE LIGHTS

AND ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS.
Ans: To provide a 900 phase shift to the incoming supply necessary for starting the
motor. To provide boost voltage for starting, power factor correction and to minimize
radio interference. For stabilizing voltage, filtration and coupling.
16.WHAT IS A SOLENOID?
Ans: Single layered coil.
17.WHAT IS A PHOTO CELL?

Ans: A cell whose resistance varies with intensity of light.
18. WHAT IS A MAGNETIC PICK-UP?

Ans: An electromagnet used as a speed or position sensor.
19.WHAT IS AN ELECTRIC TACHOMETER?

Ans: A generator producing voltage proportional to speed.
20.WHAT IS AN OVERLOAD RELAY?

Ans: A safety trip for an electrical equipment which carries over-rated current.
21. WHAT IS COLOUR CODE OF RESISTORS, PLEASE EXPLAIN?

Ans: Colours to denote value. In four band colour coding, the first band indicates the
first digit, the second band: the second digit and the third band: the number of zeroes.
The values are as given below: Black : 0, Brown : 1, Red : 2, Orange : 3, Yellow : 4, Blue :
5, Green : 6, Violet : 7, Grey : 8, White : 9.
22. EXPLAIN WHAT HAPPENS IF A DC MOTOR IS FED WITH AC SUPPLY?

Ans: Motor will run at low speed, sparking at brushes, heat due to eddy current will
finally burn the motor.
AJ NOTES 55
23. WHAT ARE THE BASIC PARTS OF A DC MOTOR?

Ans: Rotor and stator, field poles, commutator, brushes, fan impeller, bearing &
housing, end covers and name plate.
24. WHAT ARE THE EXCITATION METHODS USED IN AN ALTERNATOR?

Ans: Rotary : Using rotating diode rectifiers, primary exciter and main exciter.
Static : Excitation given by brushes and slip rings.
25. WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF A BRUSHLESS AC GENERATOR?

Ans: Yoke, armature, stator, rotor, primary exciter, main exciter, rotary diode rectifier
assembly, impeller, bearing & housing, end cover, terminal block, AVR.
26. HOW CAN THE DIRECTION OF ROTATION OF AN AC MOTOR BE REVERSED?

Ans: By interchanging any two supply lines.
27. WHAT CAN BE POSSIBLE REASONS FOR A MOTOR FAILING TO START?

Ans: No power , Fuse blown , Overload trip, contactor coil burnt , Contactors contacts
bad, control circuit relay faulty, stop switch open circuit and start switch does not
operate, hold on contact does not make and motor burnt.
28.WHERE IS A ROTOR WOUND AC MOTOR USED?

Ans: For starting heavy torques, mostly used on portable machines and small winches.
29.WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SYNCHRONOUS AND INDUCTION MOTOR?

Ans: Synchronous motor: Constant speed on all loads, can be operated on a wide range
of power factors, not self-starting, requires dc excitation.
Induction Motor: Speed varies with load, operates on lagging power factor, self-starting,
no dc excitation required.
30. WHAT IS THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF ELECTROLYTE USED IN LEAD ACID BATTERY?
Ans: 1280 at full charge and 1180 at discharge.
31. WHAT IS A CURRENT TRANSFORMER AND VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER?

Ans: Current transformers used for sensing load currents and as inputs to indicating
instruments.
Voltage transformers used for step-up / step-down voltages.
32.WOULD YOU ENTER AN ENCLOSED SPACE IF THE O2 LEVELS WERE RECORDED AS

19% OR BELOW?
Ans: No
33.WHAT IS DONE TO ENSURE EMERGENCY GENERATOR IS ALWAYS AVAILABLE AND

WILL START?
Ans: The system should be checked regularly and operated weekly to ensure its
availability if required. Fuel tanks should be kept full, ample cooling water in radiator
AJ NOTES 56
cooling system and starting equipment should be functional i.e, batteries should be
charged fully or air receiver full.
34.DESCRIBE HOW A SELF EXCITED A.C.GENERATOR WOULD WORK?

Ans: The self-excited a.c. generator basically consists of a synchronies motor where 3
phase supply is generated an a.c. exciter and a rotary rectifier and a static excitation
device. The rotating diodes change a.c. into D.C. for the d.c. excitation current, which is
supplied through bushes. The exciter in conjunction with the AVR is used to monitor the
correct voltage under load changes.
35.WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF SINGLE PHASING?

Ans: Single phasing can be caused when one of the three back up fuses blows or if one of
the conductor conducts is in open circuit.
36. WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES OF ALKALINE BATTERIES?

Ans: The advantages of alkaline batteries are that they retain charge on open circuit and
even if discharged, it can be left for long periods without adverse effects
The disadvantages are that they require a greater number of cells to produce a
particular voltage
They are also more expensive than lead acid batteries .
37.WHAT IS SEQUENTIAL STARTING?

Ans: Sequential starting is the automatic starting of essential equipment when power is
returned after a power failure, i.e. equipment such a steering gear .
38.DESCRIBE HOW SYNCHRONIZING LAMPS ARE SUED TO PARALLEL A GENERATOR

Ans: This is normally used as a backup alternative way to the synchroscope; the lamps
are connected between the incoming generator and the bus bars
The sequence method is the most preferred one as it displays a rotation of lamp
brightness, which indicates whether the incoming machine is running fast (clockwise)
or slow (anticlockwise). As with the synchroscope the lamp sequence must appear to
rotate slowly clockwise. Correct synchronization occurs when the top or keys lamp is
dark and the two bottom lamps are equally bright.
39.WHAT GAS IS GIVEN OFF BY BATTERIES WHILE CHARGING?

Ans: Hydrogen.
40.WHAT ARE THE TWO MAIN TYPES OF BATTERIES COMMONLY USED ON BOARD
SHIPS?
Ans: Lead acid and alkaline.
41.WHAT WOULD YOU DO IF YOU FOUND AN ENGINEER IN ELECTRIC SHOCK?

Ans: First raise alarm then isolate or switch off the current. If this is not possible, pull or
push the victim away from the source, taking care not to make electrical contact with
the victim or the electrical source, i.e., use something non-conductive
AJ NOTES 57
Once the victim has been removed from the electrical source if the breathing is feasible
or ceased artificial respiration should be started at once. Delay on starting artificial
respiration can prove fatal
Note: if artificial respiration is started once 70% of the victims recover. If there is 3
minutes delay only 20% of the victims recover.
42.WHAT WOULD YOU CONSIDER A MINIMUM INSULATION READING RESISTANCE?

Ans: Insulation resistance must be kept above at least 1 MW, the higher the insulation
resistance the better, companies have their own regulation but most companies only
allow reading above 5 M ohms
43. WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM TYPE EX’E?’

Ans: Ex’e’ - increased safety equipment
Increased safety equipment is based primarily on the elimination of ‘open sparking’ i.e.,
equipment does not have contacts
44. WHAT IS MINIMUM CURRENT CAN BE REGARDED AS FATAL?

Ans: A shock current as low as 15 mA ac or dc can be fatal
45. WHAT IS LOAD SHARING?

Ans: It is equal balance of loads between generators irrespective of load changes.
46. WHAT IS THE NORMAL READING ON AND INSULATI0N TEST METER?

Ans: Infinity is normal reading, but reading should be kept above 5 ohms
47. WHAT IS MEANT BY PROTECTION DISCRIMINATION?

Ans: This is the ability of a protection system to disconnect only faulty circuits and to
maintain the electrical supplies to healthy one
Discrimination is advised by coordinating the current ratings and the time settings of
the fuses and over current relays used between the generator and the load
The devices nearest the load having the lowest current rating and shortest operating
time; these nearest the generator having the highest current rating and the longest
operating time i.e., a motor fault on a centrifugal pump would not cause the generator
breaker to trip.
48. WHEN WOULD A STAR/DELTA STARTER USED ON A MOTOR?

Ans: Where slow moving high criteria load obis involves the starting time must be
considered because of the heating effect of the starting current and in this case a
star/delta starter would be used
The star/delta starter first connects the starter windings in star and when running
charges over to delta. The star connection results in about 58% line voltage being
applied to each phase with therefore a reduction in starting current. The starting torque
reduced to about 1/3 of its direct on line value
49.WHAT SORT OF STARTING CURRENT DO YOU GET WITH A DIRECT ON LINE

STARTER? Ans: 6 – 8 times full load current
AJ NOTES 58
50. WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM EX’D’ ?

Ans: Ex’d’ – flame proof enclosure
his is an enclosure that will withstand an internal explosion of flammable gas within
itself and dissipate heat from that explosion before reaching outside atmosphere, which
could ignite the gas in surrounding atmosphere i.e., a ship’s battery locker should be
classed as Ex’d’.
51. WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF A CIRCUIT BREAKER?

Ans: The circuit breaker is an isolating switch that also acts as a fuse. It has two
designed ratings: one normal safe working current and the other against overload,
which may also have a time delay.
52. WHAT IS BATTERY USED FOR A BOARD SHIPS?

Ans: They are used for supplying essential power to radio equipment, telephone
exchange, fire detection, general alarm circuit etc. these system are after supplied from
two sets of batteries worked on a regular charge/discharge cycle
They are also used as emergency supplies i.e., emergency generator startup and
emergency lighting being used in this case in a ‘stand by’ role to give power when main
supplies fail
53. WHERE ON THE SHIP IS THE EMERGENCY GENERATOR LOCATED?

Ans: The emergency generator is located remotely from the engine room, usually on the
Accommodation in deck or at weather deck level or above.
54. HOW DO YOU ENSURE THAT BATTERIES ARE ALWAYS IN GOOD WORKING ORDER?
Ans: Where lead acid batteries are used they require a constant trickle charge, but for
both types of batteries a regular charge of up is necessary.
Check state of battery reaching a hydrometer; lead acid – specific gravity 1270. Alkaline
is 1190 but SB for alkaline batteries does not change much during charge or discharge
Ensure cells are covered with electrolyte if not top up with distilled water. Keep
batteries dry and clean
Terminals should be smeared with petroleum jelly.
55. What are the advantages and disadvantages of shaft generator on ships?
Ans: Advantages
1.Slightly reduce total fuel consumption.
2.Reduced running hours of auxiliary generator.
3.Reduced noise in E/R.
4.Can made overhauling the G/E at sea.
Disadvantages
1.Cannot be used at rough sea.
2.Increase load on main engine
3.More complicated mechanism.
4.Complete black on main engine slow down.
56. What is earthing device on propeller shaft?
AJ NOTES 59
Ans: 1.It is a propeller shaft grounding device.

2.Its function is to ground the static electricity to the ship hull caused by propeller
rotation.
57. What is earth lamp? How will you know when earth fault occur and how to trace it?
Ans: - It is a set of lamps, which show the presence of earth fault in distribution system.
- Each lamp is connected between one phase and common neutral point.
- If earth fault occurs the lamp will show dim light or goes out because potential is zero.
- The location of fault can be traced by switching off the individual branch circuit
breaker and check the condition of earth lamp.
- When the branch circuit with the fault is switched off, the earth lamp will return to
normal brightness.
58. Explain earth lamps of a 3 phase, 3 wire ac system?

Ans: 1.Each lamp is connected to secondary connections of each single phase step-down
transformer, and primary connections are common to star point, which is earthed to
ship structure.
2.Normally 3 earth lamps burn with equal brightness if there is not fault
3.If phase ‗R‘ is earth fault, lamp ‗R‘ becomes dark while the other two lamps burn with
extra brightness
4.Location of fault can be traced, by switching off the branch circuit, one at a time
5.When branch circuit with fault is switched off, dark lamp will become normal glow
and all 3 lamps burn with equal brightness.
59. Why earth lamp is fitted?

Ans: 1.Earth lamp is fitted to give visual signal when there is an earth fault occurs in the
system.
For AC machines measurements are done as phase to phase, phase to earth and rotor
winding to earth.
2.For DC machines measurements are done as pole to pole, each pole to earth, field to
earth and armature to earth.
60. What is switch board survey?

Ans: 1. Performed during dry-docking. (G.E black out)
2. Check volt meter, ammeter, watt meter all calibrators and accuracy.
3. Check all trips over current trip, reverse power trip, preferential trip.
4. Synchronizing test. (load sharing test)
5. Switch inside each terminal to be checked for insulation resistance min: 1Mega ohms,
all contact must be clean.
6. Tightness of loose joint and connection, bus bar support, fuse holder.
7. Check automatic circuit breaker A.C.B and automatic voltage regulator A.V.R.
8. Earth detecting lamp and alarm system.
61. What are the meters fitted on main switchboard?
AJ NOTES 60
Ans: -Ammeter
-Voltmeter
-Wattmeter
-Frequency meter
-Ohm meter
-Synchroscope.
62. What is essential load?

Ans: -Essential services are those required for the safety of personal and for the safe
navigation and propulsion of the ship.
-They include certain supplies to navigation aids, machinery spaces, control stations and
steering gear.
63. What is non-essential load?

Ans: -It is a load that has no effects on the safe navigation and main propulsion unit
when they are cut off.
-They are air conditioning system, some blower fan except E/R blowers, galley power,
refrigerated cargo plant, deck equipment, purifier, air compressor, cabin power source
except lighting
64. What is dash pot, where fitted?

Ans: -It is a mechanical device which makes time lag of trip with different viscosity of
oil.
-It is fitted in overload trip, preferential trip, under voltage release / trip
65. What is dash pot?

Ans: 1.Dashpots are fitted for overload trip to get time delay action, so that breaker will
not be opened, due to momentary current surge
2.When load current is in excess, it attracts plunger of the solenoid
3.Plunger or piston moves up against the displacement of viscose oil or silicone fluid,
through a small hole on the piston
4.Time lag depends upon hole size, and viscosity of oil
5.Load current setting for trip is about 25% above maximum, but should not exceed
50%
66.What is preferential trip?

Ans: -It is a generator protection device which is designed to disconnect nonessential
load from the main switchboard in the event of generator over load or partial failure of
the supply.
-Operate after a fixed time delay, causing non-essential loads to be shed
-Usual setting for overload trip is 150% load (50% overload)
-When generator load reaches 110%, preferential Trip comes into operation as follows
First tripping at 5 sec

Shut down non-essential loads (air-condition, entertainment, accommodation fans,
cargo hold fans, amplifiers, etc.) to reduce the generator load
AJ NOTES 61
Second tripping at 10 sec

Shut down essential loads (service required for running the ship properly, leaving the
loads of top priority services to maintain propulsion and navigation) if generator load is
still high
Third tripping at 15 sec

Shut down the main generator as last action, if the load is still too high, it may be due
to short circuit or insulation breaking.
67. Difference between Circuit Breaker and Fuse?

Ans: Circuit breaker
1. Has switching actions to close the circuit or to open the circuit, and has a trip circuit if
load current exceeds the set value
2. After tripping, circuit breaker can be reused without replacing any part
Fuse
1. Have only breaking function, and fitted in the circuit to protect the circuit from
damaging effect of high current flow
2. It breaks the circuit by melting the fuse metal itself
3. After breaking, the blown fuse must be renewed
68. What is an intrinsically safe circuit or equipment?

Ans: 1. An electrical circuit or part of a circuit is intrinsically safe, if any spark or
thermal effect produced normally (e.g. by breaking or closing the circuit) or accidentally
(e.g. by short circuit or earth fault), is incapable of igniting a prescribed gas mixture,
under prescribed test condition.
2. An equipment, which cannot released sufficient electrical or thermal energy, under
any condition to ignite a particular flammable vapour in its vicinity.
69. What is primary cell?

Ans: 1. It is a chemical cell in which it is possible to transform chemical energy into
electrical energy.
2.It cannot be recharged.
3.The internal resistance of a primary cell is usually high
4.Capacity of cell low
5.Voltage per cell is also low
6.Simple cell consists of copper plate (positive plate) and zinc plate (negative electrode)
and dilute H2 SO4 acid.
70. What is secondary cell?

Ans: 1.It is a chemical cell (accumulator) which store up electric energy converting
chemical substance into another form while charging.
2.The stored electric charge in chemical form transforms back electrical energy.
3.It has two types [lead acid and alkaline (Nickel Cadmium battery) type].
4.It has low internal resistance
AJ NOTES 62
5.Capacity and voltage per cell is high.
71. Inspection and Maintenance of Battery Room?

Ans: 1. Battery installation and its charging rectifier checked.
2. Battery room environment must be dry and well ventilated.
3. Battery tops shall be clean and dry, and terminal nuts must be tight and a smear of
petroleum jelly applied to prevent corrosion.
4. Electrolyte at proper level, and shall have correct value of specific gravity by checking
with a hydrometer.
5. Rubber gloves and goggles used when handling electrolyte.
6. Charging equipment checked for dirt, overheating, loose connection and correct
functioning of indicators.
7. Ventilation arrangement for battery locker checked. Battery installation of both lead
acid and alkaline needs good ventilation.
8. Since both type generates hydrogen gas during charging, no smoking and naked light
allowed.
9. Steel works and decks adjacent to lead acid battery, should be painted with acid proof
paint. [For Cad-Ni cell, alkaline resistance paints].
Battery Room Safety Arrangement

Safety is provided by
1. Proper ventilation
2. Prevention of heat source for ignition
Ventilation
- Independent exhaust fan provided
- Inlet duct should be below battery level, and outlet at top of the compartment
Prevention of heat source for ignition

1.No naked light and no smoking
2.Uses of externally fitted light or flameproof light
3.Cables of adequate size and they are well connected
4.Never place Emergency Switchboard in this room
5.Use insulated spanner and plastic jug for distilled water, to prevent short circuit
6.Room temperature, maintained at 15 ~ 25 °C
Nickel Cadmium battery [alkaline battery]

1.+ ve plate is Nickel hydroxide + graphite
2.– ve plate is Cadmium + Iron
3.Electrolyte is Potasssium hydroxide solution (strong alkaline)
4.Normal specific gravity [1.21] does not change with charging or recharging
5.But specific gravity of electrolyte gradually decrease, and electrolyte should be
renewed when specific gravity becomes [1.160]
6.It is a sealed battery, thus no gassing during charging
7.Very low open circuit losses, but requires 67% more cells than Lead Acid battery [1.2
V per cell and when fully charged 1.7 V per cell]
AJ NOTES 63
8.Not harmful when overcharged

9.Left for long period, either fully charged or fully discharged, without deterioration
10.Better mechanical strength and durability than lead acid battery
11.High initial cost but longer life
Lead Acid Battery

1.+ ve plate is Lead Peroxide [chocolate brown]
2.– ve plate is Spongy Lead [slate gray colour]
3.Electrolyte is H2SO4 , specific gravity 1.8 when fully charged, renew when specific
gravity is 1.110.
4.1.8 V per cell when fully charged 2 V per cell
5.When undercharge, + ve plates are pale brown or yellowish, instead of deep chocolate
and very difficult to convert back to normal form
6.Efficiency (watt hour efficiency) is higher than Alkaline Cells
72. How do you know when the battery is full charge ?

Ans: -It can be known by measuring the electrolyte specific gravity by using
hydrometer.
-If fully charge it has a specific gravity of about (1.27 – 1.285), hydrometer scale 1270 to
1285
-If fully discharge which fall to a specific gravity of 1.1 (1100)
73. How can you know battery is over charge ? Effect of overcharge ?
Ans: - When battery is overcharged bubbles will form at the surface, the current flowing
into the cell causes breakdown or electrolysis of water in the electrolyte.
- Both hydrogen and oxygen are evolved and released through cell vent caps into the
battery compartment.
- There is an explosion risk if hydrogen is allowed to accumulate. (4% of H2 in air).
74. What happens when lead acid battery is overcharged ?

Ans: 1.Overheating cause buckling of plates
2.Internal short circuit
3.Sludge formed at the bottom of cells (lead peroxide)
4.Battery may be ruined
5.Lower the capacity
75. What happens when lead acid battery is undercharged ?

Ans: 1.Over discharging
2.+ ve plates are pale brown or yellowish, instead of deep chocolate
3.– ve plates, almost white colour
4.Falling of voltage 1.8 V / cell, and specific gravity of H2SO4 1.15
Depolarisation
Liberation of hydrogen ions at – ve electrode (cathode) and that will decrease the
current flow.
AJ NOTES 64
76. Why AC is popular on board ship ?

Ans: 1. Smaller, lighter and compact machine size, for a given kW
2. High power and high voltage AC generator can be easily manufactured
3. Voltage can be raised or lowered by transformer
4. AC can be easily converted to DC
77. Precautions while working on electrical machinery ?

Ans: 1. Switch off the main switch
2. Out mechanical lock on
3. Take out fuse
4. Put a signboard ―Man Working on Line‖
78. What are the types of A.V. R ?

Ans: 1.Carbon pile regulator
2.Vibrating contact regulator
3.Static A.V. R.
4.Rotating sector
5.Multi contact
6.Magnetic amplifier
7.Electronic amplifier
Carbon Pile Regulator (AVR)

1. A resistance from a carbon pile (stack), which is varied by pressure changes, controls
the current flow through exciter shunt field
2. Pressure is applied by springs and relieved by magnetic field strength of
electromagnetic coil
3. Current for electromagnetic coil is supplied from alternator output to switchboard
4. AVR is designed such that variations in alternator voltage, due to load change will
effect strength of electromagnetic coil and hence alters carbon pile resistance
5. When alternator voltage is low, spring exerts greater pressure and carbon pile
resistance becomes low, so more currents flow through exciter shunt field and then
increase the output voltage
6. When Alternator voltage is high electromagnetic coil relieves pressure on carbon pile
and resistance becomes high. Less current flows through exciter shunt field and
decreases the voltage (Strength of Electromagnetic coil relieves spring pressure on
carbon pile)
79. What is Rectifier ?

Ans: It is an electric device or circuit capable to allow an A.C current to be converted to
D.C current.
80. What is Excitation ?

Ans: 1.To supply and control the correct D.C current for the rotor pole winding to
produce the required generator A.C output voltages.
AJ NOTES 65
2.Production of an electromagnetic field of a generator by supplying exciting current for

magnetizing the field magnet
3.For excitation, DC is used because DC produces constant rate of magnetic flux
4.Continually regulated to maintain the generator output voltages as the load demand
fluctuates.
Exciters
The source, which generates the field current for excitation of field magnets.
Equalizing bar
Equaliser is a low resistance circuit, connected across armature ends of series coils of
parallel compound generators, via a special bar in switchboard
Equaliser is fitted to stabilize parallel operation of compound Dc generators.
Rotary converter
1. A rotating diode to convert AC to DC current for alternator excitation
2. Synchronous motor and generator combined unit
3. Filed and armature coils are similar to DC generator, except that slip rings are located
on the end of the shaft opposite to commutator
4. AC turns the converter (as synchronous motor) and DC is taken from commutator
brush
81. Procedure for Alternator Overhaul ?

Ans: 1. Shut down the generator prime mover and lock off the starting system.
2. Lock off the circuit breaker and isolated the alternator electric heater. Tag the label
on the switchboard.
3. Inspect the tightness of terminal connection and insulation.
4. Check the bearing oil level and condition.
5. Clean the cooling air intake filter and exhaust opening.
6. Clean the rotor and stator windings by means of vacuum cleaner with rubber hose
and nozzle.
7. If the oil is deposited on the surface of winding, open the drain plug and then
removed by special degreasing liquids. (Electro cleaner)
8. Measure the air gap clearance between rotor and stator. (Carefully at lower part)
9. Baking the alternator with lamp. Keep a temp not more than 43°C
10. Disconnect the neutral point from the terminal box.
11. Measure insulation resistance between – rotor to earth, phase to earth, stator to
earth, phase to phase
12. It is must at least one mega-ohm, if mega reading has reasonable value, the windings
are to be covered with high quality air drying insulation varnish.
After maintenance work

1.Reassemble all necessary parts.
2.Check no load running, the synchronizing and loading.
AJ NOTES 66
3.On load, practically check for excessive temperature rises and load sharing stability
when running in parallel.
82. What is Synchroscope ?

Ans: 1.An instrument fitted at the main switchboard which indicates when two
electrical supplies are in synchronism and can be paralleled.
2.An instrument, which indicates that, voltages, frequencies and phase angle of two
electrical supplies of running machine and incoming machine, are in synchronism and
can be paralleled.
3.Synchroscope should not be left in circuit for more than 20 minutes as it cannot
continuously rotate.
4.Synchroscope is a small motor with coils on the two poles connected across red and
yellow phase of the incoming machine and the armature winding supplied from the red
and yellow switchboard bus bars.
83. What is the Synchronizing ?

Ans: The process of bring the voltage, frequency and phase angle of electrical supplies
into line in order to be paralleled and share the loads.
84. Explain Synchronising methods ?

Ans: - Synchroscope is the main method
- Back-up methods are: Lamp dark method
- Lamp bright method
- Rotating lamp method or Sequence methods (preferable)
85. Explain Rotating lamp method or Sequence method ?

Ans: 1. One of the lamps known as key lamp is connected in one phase
2. Other two lamps are cross-connected
3. If two frequencies differ, lamps will bright up in rotation. Clockwise indicates
incoming machine is fast, and counter-clockwise indicates it is slow
4. Synchronising moment is when key lamp is dark and other two lamps equally bright
5. If phase rotation is wrong, all lamps will become bright and dark together.
6. Remedy is to interchange any two phase connections
86. How to parallel the two generator with the aid of synchroscope on ships ?
Ans: 1. All meters and indicators must have in good working order.
2. Start the incoming generator with the correct staring procedure.
3. Check the working condition by readings pressure gauges, thermometer and audible
and visual.
4. Watch for a minutes until prime mover come to stable.
5. Check the voltage of existing and incoming generator on the switchboard, check trip if
have reset.
6. Move the selector switch to incoming generator. At that time, synchroscope pointer
will rotate clockwise or counter clockwise direction.
7. Check the frequency and voltage of existing and incoming.
AJ NOTES 67
8. Carry out the adjustment by means of speed adjuster of prime mover to obtain the
condition such that synchroscope pointer rotate in the clockwise direction at a speed of
about 4sec/rev.
9. Close the circuit breaker of incoming generator when the pointer reaches just before
12‘ O clock position.
10. Made off the selector switch.
11. Made load shearing the two generators by the speed adjuster of generator.
87. How do you parallel the two generators if synchroscope is out of order ?
Ans: 1. If synchroscope is out of order, the two generators can be paralleled by
emergency synchronizing lamps with sequence method.
2. The lamps are fitted as triangle forms, one on top and two on bottom.
3. To make parallel, reset if any trip
4. Move the selector switch to incoming generator. At that time, synchronizing lamps
will give bright and dark sequence rotate clockwise or counter clockwise direction.
5. Check the frequency and voltage of existing and incoming.
6. Carry out the adjustment by means of speed adjuster of prime mover to obtain the
required frequency.
7. Adjust the speed to meet the slow clockwise direction.
8. Incoming machine breaker is closed by hand when the top lamp (key lamp) dark and
the both bottom lamps are equal brightness.
9. Off the selector switch and make load sharing the two generators by speed adjusting.
88. How do you monitor the correct instant for synchronizing without the aid of
synchroscope or synchronizing lamps ?
Ans: 1. It can be synchronized with 500V voltmeter as follow.
2. Connect a pair of 500V voltmeter probes across the one phase of the incoming
machine circuit breaker and bus bar.
3. Adjust the generator speed until the voltmeter slowly fluctuates from zero to
maximum.
4. Close the breaker when the voltmeter passes through zero.
89. Can you parallel the load of main G/E with emergency G/E and shore supply ?
Ans: It cannot paralleled, circuit breaker interlocks are arranged in this system.
90. What are the generator safety devices ?

Ans: 1. Over speed trip
2. L.O low pressure trip and alarm
3. F.O low pressure alarm
4. Jacket water high temperature alarm
5. Jacket water high temperature trip
6. Thermometer
7. Pressure gauge
8. L.O high temperature alarm
9. Dip stick
10. Crankcase relief valve
AJ NOTES 68
91. Methods of armature reaction compensation ?

Ans: -By fitting inter poles between the main poles
-By fitting carbon brush rocker
-By fitting neutralizing winding
92. What is induction motor ?

Ans: -It is a motor which run at a speed below that of the rotating magnetic field.
-Types are squirrel cage induction motor and slip ring induction motor.
Squirrel cage induction motor

1.Most widely used of all types of AC motors, due to simplicity, strength of construction
and ease of maintenance
2.Made up of two main parts, rotor and stator and no direct electrical connection
between them.
3.No wire winding or slip rings.
4.Rotor has a series of plain bars (copper or Al) running in slots the length of the iron
core
5.Each end of the bar is brazed into 2 heavy copper rings, one at each end. Those bars
form a cage, that looks like squirrel cage
6.Stator has 3 separate windings supplied from a 3 phase AC supply
7.Phase difference 120 and number of poles 2, 4, 6 or more, depending on speed
required
93. Difference between Synchronous Motor and Induction Motor ?

Ans: -Synchronous motor is almost exactly the same as an alternator
-Induction motor cannot run normally at synchronous speed. It has slip.
94. What are AC motor overloads protections ?

Ans: 1. Magnetic overload relay
2. Thermal overload relay
3. Built-in protective device
95. Causes of motor overheat ?

Ans: 1.Motor running at overload
2.One phase failure (single phasing)
3.Defective cooling fan blades
4.Bearing failure
5.Poor ventilation
6.Misalignment
96. When phase failure occur, A.C motor run or not ?

Ans: When motor is running, the motor keep on running but over load and over heat
will occur.
AJ NOTES 69
When motor is starting, the motor cannot run.
97. What is moving iron instruments ?

Ans: It is an instrument suitable for measuring A.C voltage or current as well as D.C
voltage or current.
98. What is potentiometer ?

Ans: It is an instrument which is used to measure or adjust the potential difference in
the circuit.
99. What is moving coil instruments ?

Ans: It is an instrument used for D.C only and as voltmeter or ammeter.
100. What is Static Electricity ?

Ans: Electricity at rest instead of in motion
Electric charges may be induced by friction or atmosphere effect
-------END-------
AJ NOTES 70
SECTION – 4
1. How to prevent Static Electricity hazards in oil tanker ?
Ans: 1. Earthing device, earth bond across flanges on pipeline
2. Inert gas
2. What are the causes and effects of Single phasing in motors ?

Ans: 1. Single phasing occurs when one of the 3 phase circuits is opened, hence the
remaining circuits carry excess current.
2. One phase of the circuits becomes open, due to blown fuse, faulty contactor, or
broken wire.
3. It prevents a motor from starting, but a running motor may continue to run with this
fault.
4. For a running motor, it can be detected by overloaded device in supply line, or
overheating.
5. For an idle motor, it cannot be started.
6. Due to single phasing, overheating in a stalled or running motor will cause, burnt out
overloaded coil.
3. What is Residual magnetism ?

Ans: 1. Magnetism remaining in the fields of a generator, after exciting current is cut off.
2. Residual magnetism is essential for initial generation of current, necessary for further
build up of shunt field strength.
3. Generator may fail to excite, if there is loss or reversal of residual magnetism of the
pole.
4. What action, when generator fails to excite ?

Ans: 1. Pass a current through shunt field coil in correct direction
2. Correct direction means the current will re-magnetise the iron core in the right way
3. Current for restoration can be obtained from another DC generator or from a battery.
4. If battery is used fro re-magnetising: A 12 V battery is connected [exclusively] across
shunt field coil with the machine stopped
5. Current flow in right direction, for a few seconds, only will establish the field.
6. During this time faulty generator must be in stopped position.
5. What are windlass Safety devices ?

Ans: 1.Emergency stop
2.Overload trip
3.Over speed trip
4.Mechanical break
5.Slipping clutch for over load, to prevent any undesirable damage such as hull damage
due to anchor and rope brake out.
6. What is Slipping Clutch in windlass ?

Ans: 1. Slipping clutch is commonly fitted between prime mover and gearing
2. It is incorporated with motor, magnetic brake and drive shaft
AJ NOTES 71
3. Set to slip at approximately 133% of full load torque

4. Letting go or dropping speed is controlled by friction brake
5. Hauling speed is 0.15 m/sec
7. Why Slipping Clutch is fitted in windlass ?

Ans: 1. In windlass, undue stresses must not be applied to chain cable and machinery
2. Without slipping cultch, excessive stresses could be applied to cable, by armature
momentum, by sudden obstruction when heaving, or when bringing the anchor into
hawsepipe.
3. Fitted also to avoid inertia of prime mover being transmitted to windlass machinery
in the event of shock loading on cable, when anchor is being housed
4. When ship is riding at anchor, bow stopper prevents the strain for windlass
8. Explain electric breaking system in marine machinery ?

Ans: 1. When electric deck motor is used for lowering or lifting load, electric brake
system is used. All brakes are failsafe types.
2. In the event of power failure, brake automatically applied, thus preventing the load
running back. A number of brake pads [free to move] are located in carrier, which is
keyed to motor shaft.
3. Armature plate applies pressure to brake pads, by means of a number of springs, to
force against friction surface of back plate, so that it prevents the motor shaft from
turning.
4. When energized, armature plate is attached to magnet, thus releasing the thrust
pressure and allowing the shaft to rotate
9. Action when an electrical machine is flooded with seawater ?

Ans: 1. Machine is disconnected from power sources and dismantled
2. All salt deposits washed out with freshwater
3. If deposited with oily bilge water, wash out with Electro Cleaner
4. Should be heated with lamp, and enclosed or covered up to retain the heat
5. Moisture should be escaped, by lifting the cover continuously or periodically
6. Hottest part of the machine shall not exceed 90°C, while heating
7. IR readings and temperatures taken regularly, until constant value reach about 1
mega ohms
8. Then spray the machine with insulation vanish
9. Assemble and out in service with low load, if possible
10. Why drying out of electrical machine ?

Ans: It is essential, when machine has been exposed to weather, or when
accidentally immersed.
11. Short, open and grounded circuits ?

Ans: Short circuit:
A low resistance path that actually shorten the intended path for the flow of
current
AJ NOTES 72
Open circuit:
The path for the flow of current is broken. A switch s one method of creating an
―open‖ intentionally
Grounded circuit:
A circuit that has come in contact with the earth, by coming in contact somewhere in
itself, or by a conductor which is connected with the earth
Shore connection on ships:
Shore connection box is provided at convenient position, to receive shore power supply,
so that ship‘s generators can be shut down, in port or during Dry Docking.
12. What are Lloyd’s requirement on shore connection ?

Ans: 1. Connection box contains a circuit breaker or isolating switch with fuses
2. Provided full information of supply system, normal ship voltage and frequency for AC
current
3. Main Switch board must be provided with a link switch or a circuit breaker,
voltmeter, ammeter, and an indicator to show that the cable is energized
4. For 3-phase supply with earth neutral and earthing terminal must be provided, for
connecting the hull to shore side.
5. A phase sequence indicator is necessary to ensure correct connections
6. Means shall be provided for checking polarity, and terminals should be labeled
13. How will you check the frequency of shore power supply ?
Ans: 1. Shore power supply connection box shows phase sequence of shore power
generator with bright and dark lights
2. Frequency can be check at Main Switchboard, after shore supply is ‗on‘ through link
switch or circuit breaker.
14.What are Common faults in DC Generator and Motors ?

Ans: 1. Sparking at brushes
2. Overheating
3. Failure to excite
15.Causes of Sparking at Brushes ?

Ans: 1. Wrong brush position
2. Dirty commutators
3. Brushes not properly bedded
4. Incorrect spring pressure on brushes
5. Wrong grade of brush
6. Overloading
16.Causes of Overheating ?
Ans: 1. Overloading
2. Blocking up of ventilation passages with dirt
17.Test for over current trip ?

Ans: By injecting current with injectors
AJ NOTES 73
Test for Reverse Power Trip:

By reducing frequency
Ward Leonard System:
1. Used for fine control of shunt motor speed from zero to full in either direction
2. Able to give the motor a robust torque characteristic
3. Can be used for motors of electric steering gears of ships with DC power
4. Used on ships with AC power for deck machinery such as windlass, mooring winch
etc.
5. Working motor, which powers the steering gear, windlass or other equipment is a DC
machine, because speed control of these made easy
18.How Ward Leonard System works ?

Ans: 1. A DC generator is driven by AC squirrel cage induction motor.
2. Output voltage of DC generator is applied as power supply to armature of working
motor.
3. Speed and direction of working motor varies with magnitude and direction of applied
voltage
4. Output voltage of DC generator is increased or decreased by Potentiometer, as
magnetic field strength is altered by changing the field current to field windings of the
generator
5. As output voltage of the generator varies, speed of the working motor also varies
6. Change of current flow direction, also by Potentiometer, through the field poles of the
generator will cause the change in direction of generated current, supplied to the
working motor and thereby also the running direction of the motor
19.How to control speed of AC motor ?

Ans: Adjusting number of poles by means of selector switch.
Motor Earthing symptoms:
- 440V, low insulation alarm
- Earth lamp signal
20.What are the effects of motor earthing ?

Ans: 1.Over heat
2.Burn out
3.Get the smell
4.Noisy
21.Specifications of fuses on ships ?

Ans: -Amperage of the circuit (AC/DC)
-Type of fuse wire (Tin or lead wire)
-Standard Wire Gauge (SWG)
22.Specifications of battery on ships ?

Ans: 1. Voltage
2. Ampere/hour
3. Size
AJ NOTES 74
4. Type (Lead Acid or Alkaline)
23.What documents to give to surveyor for switch board survey ?

Ans: 1. Voltmeter, Wattmeter, Ammeter Calibration test result
2. ACB test result (Survey result)
3. Control Circuit Safeguard test results (Safety trips and Alarm test results)
4. Maintenance reports
5. IR test results of each terminal all 440 V and 220 V main circuit
24.Data to be given Surveyor for electrical survey ?

Ans: 1. Voltmeter, Wattmeter, Ammeter calibration test result
2. ACB test result (Survey result)
3. Control Circuit Safeguard test results (Safety trips and Alarm test results)
4. Maintenance reports
5. IR test results of each terminal: all 440 V and 220 V main circuits
6. IR test results of all motors & their safety factors, such as:
-Test date, time, place

-Voyage No.
-Ambient temperature
-Weather condition, hot or humid
-Machine is hot or cold
25.Difference between DC and AC generators ?

Ans: DC generator has commutator and AC generator has slip ring or brush less.
26.What is drop test ? ( Volt drop test)

Ans: It is a kind of test for exploring the open circuit fault, short-circuit fault of an
armature winding or a set of field windings
It is more reliable check than the growler test.
27.Testing in electric machines ?

Ans: 1. Insulation test (Meggar test)
2. Continuity test
3. Voltage test
4. Current test
28.How many types of motor starter ?

Ans: 1. Direct on line starter
2. Star delta
3. Auto transformer
29.What is static electricity ?

Ans: 1.Electricity produced on dissimilar materials through physical contact &
separation.
AJ NOTES 75
2.Out going material negative, remaining material positive. After having high potential
spark occur.
3.This is occurs in thin oil. Explosion occurs when tank cleaning operation and gas
freeing operation.
30.Protection against accumulation of static charges ?

Ans: 1.Bunker pipes are electrically bonded and from ship earthing arrangement to
shore.
2.Inert gas maintains above cargo in the tanks.
3.C.O.W operation must be start after pumping out 1 m3 to make sure no water remain
in the tank.
31.What is open loop in control system ?

Ans: - The loop is open, there is no feedback and the action of the controller has no
reference to the result it produces.
- An open loop is a manual process where by information is not feed back to the control
system. A man is required to sight visually or read display information and then make
an adjustment.
- Manual control gives satisfactory results. Carelessness of the operator may lead to an
end product of result that fails to meet the requirements.
- The arrangement may then decide to install automatic control. The controller must
replace the human brain.
The close loop automatic control system

- In practical automatic control systems, the controlled variable must first be measured.
- This may require both a detecting (sensing) element and a measuring element, or two
may be combined in a single unit; the measured value is then compared with the
desired value in the comparison element.
- The output from the comparator, commonly called the error, causes the amplifier to
vary its output in such a way as to reduce the error.
32.What is closed loop in control system ?

Ans: In an automatic process the closed loop is formed by the sensor, which feeds back
information of the final process. This feedback or closed loop, return into a mixing point
or comparison point where it compares itself against reference or set point signal. Any
deviation between these two signals will alter or adjust the control mechanism.
33.What is data logger ?

Ans: -The data logger is capable of producing a printer record of off limit conditions.
- It can also produce a printed log of plant sensors at predetermined intervals or on
demand.
34.What is meant by Automation ?

Ans: Any or all of the combined processes used aboard ship that have the ability to
control work, notify the operator of its status and warn of malfunctions.
AJ NOTES 76
This allows less people to control more machinery in a more accurate and efficient
manner.
35.What is the procedure / precautions for measuring insulation resistance of a high

voltage equipment ?
Ans: First of all, disconnect the power supply to the high voltage (HV) equipment by
opening circuit breaker and opening isolator.
1.In addition, confirm that all the phases are dead using an approved live line tester.
Also make sure to check the live line tester for proper functioning using the testing tool
provided along with the same.
2.Close the earthing switch now and make sure all the conductors are earthed.
3.Now connect the insulation resistance (IR) tester to the conductor, with safety earth
connection ON. This is to ensure that the operator is not in contact with any unearthed
conductor during insulation resistance (IR) measurement.
4.After connecting insulation resistance (IR) tester to the circuit, safety earth is to be
disconnected.
5.Now insulation resistance (IR) test is applied and recorded.
6.After completion of the testing, safety earth is to be reconnected.
7.Now disconnect the insulation resistance (IR) tester from the circuit.
8.This safety measure to be followed for each separate IR test.
36.Why normal insulation resistance (IR) values are unreliable for high voltage
machinery ?
Ans: 1.IR values taken for a machinery at different temperatures are unreliable,
especially when the temperature difference is more than 10 °C.
2.Also for high voltage system, it takes to stabilise the IR values. So instantaneous
readings may lead to false interpretations.
37.What is meant by Polarization Index (PI) ?

Ans: Polarization Index (PI) value is the ratio between the insulation resistance
(IR) value measured after the application of the test voltage continuously for 10
minutes to the IR value measured after 1 minute of application.
-PI = (IR value after 10 minutes) / (IR value after 1 minute)
-PI readings are less sensitive to changes in temperatures.
-It will take some time for leakage currents while IR testing to attain saturation, hence
reading is taken after 10 minutes.
-PI value of 2 or more is considered as satisfactory. If the PI value is less than 1.5,
equipment to be used only after improving PI value.
-An electronic merger tester is essential for PI test. Because hand driven merger testers
will not be able to give the steady test voltage for long time.
38.Why it is necessary to measure bolted bus bar joint resistance ?

Ans: 1. High current flows through the bus bar. Any resistance in the bus bar cause
resistive heating (I²R heating).
2.Same situation is applicable for any joints in the circuit.
AJ NOTES 77
3.This resistive heating produces hot spots or over heated areas. It is unsafe and may
gradually reduce useful life time of the equipment.
39.How to measure bolted bus bar joint resistance ?

Ans: 1.A normal ohm meter only drives small milli ampere (mA) current through the
circuit. So it is not desired for measuring bolted busbar joint resistance.
2.Special low resistance micro ohm meter (also known as ducter) is normally used for
measurement.
3.A calibrated current is allowed to pass through the circuit (say 10 Amps). Also the
voltage drop across the circuit is measured. Hence resistance can be measured from the
formula, R = V / I
4.For a healthy bus bar, joint resistance is about few milli ohms (mΩ).
40.How the hot spots in the bus bars or surrounding area is checked ?
Ans: 1. It is necessary to keep the system running live to analyse any hot spots.
2.A recording infrared camera can take thermal images of different parts of the system
from a safe distance.
3.These thermal images are processed in a computer program to display hot spots and
temperature variations.
High Voltage System on Ships

In ships, voltages upto and equal to 1000 volts is called as low voltage system
and voltages above 1000 volts is called high voltage system. Normally low voltage
system is common on board. But rising demand for power due to heavy consumers on
new ships require an efficient and surplus power supply. The answer is high voltage
system.
41.Why high voltage system used on ships ?

Ans: The following advantages of high voltage system explain why it is preferred
over low voltage system.
1. As we mentioned, higher power demand for heavy consumers on ships is the first
reason to choose high voltage on ships. High power bow thruster electric motors, reefer
containers in container ships, cargo cooling machineries in gas carriers, etc. are
examples of such heavy power consumers.
2. High voltage machineries have much reduced size and weight compared to same
power low voltage counterpart.
3. Reduced weight and space for machinery means increased space for cargo and more
profit.
4. Using electric propulsion further reduces engine room size, again more cargo space
and profit.
5. Ease of installation and reduced installation cost.
6. Conductor size is reduced due to low current flow in high voltage system, means
reduced copper requirement and low cost.
7. In high voltage system, copper loss or I²R losses are much reduced when compared to
low voltage system, as the current flow is less.
8. Overall estimated 1/3 rd reduction in cost compared to low voltage system.
AJ NOTES 78
42. What are the disadvantages of high voltage system on ships ?

Ans: 1. Handling high voltage means high class insulation to be used on conductors.
(Generally F class and above)
2. Higher voltages means greater risk and hence require stringent safety procedures.
3. Skilled labour required for handling high voltage system.
4. Danger of arcing, chances of arc flash and arc blast.
5. Special switch gears are required to preventing arcing.
So for an electric motor, working in high voltage system draw very low current
compared to that of low voltage system. As current carrying capacity of conductor
reduces, size of the conductor can also be reduced much. This considerable reduction in
conductor material result in reduced size of machinery and save space for installation.
43. Why copper loss and iron loss is less in high voltage system ?
Ans: From the above comparison on current flow between a high voltage system and
low voltage system, it is clear that current draw with high voltage is much lesser. Hence
copper loss or I²R losses and iron loss are considerably lesser.
44. What is meant by arcing, arc flash and arc blast in high voltage system ?
Ans: - Arcing is the production of unintentional electric arc during opening circuit
breaker, isolator or contactor due to the discharge of electricity through the medium
between the two contacts. (In fact arcing occurs during closing the breaker also).
- Arcing also occurs when heavy current flow to earth during an earth fault or short
circuit fault due to insulation failure.
- During arcing temperatures at the arc terminals can go upto 20000 ºC or more, which
is around 4 times the temperature of sun‘s surface.
- The intense light formed at the point of arc is called as arc flash.
- Instant heating of air surrounding the arc occurs and conductors vaporises, resulting
in formation of a high pressure wave. If the pressure wave is not released, it results in
an explosion called arc blast.
45. Ward Leonard Speed Control System for a DC Motor ?

Ans: As a very flexible, reliable means of motor speed control, the Ward Leonard
Speed Control System is unmatched.
The system is made up of a driving motor which runs at almost constant speed and
powers a dc generator as shown in the diagram. The generator output is fed to a dc
motor. By varying the generator field current, its output voltage will change. The speed
of the controlled motor thus can be varied smoothly from zero to full speed.
Since control is achieved through the generator shunt field current, the control
equipment is required only for small current values. A potentiometer or rheostat in the
generator field circuit enables he variation of output voltage from zero to the full value
and also in either direction. The controlled motor has a constant excitation. Its speed
and direction are thus determined by the generator output.
Depending upon the particular duties of the controlled motor, series winding may be
incorporated in the field of the motor and also the generator. This may result in
AJ NOTES 79
additional switching to reverse the controlled motor depending upon the compounding
arrangements.
The driving motor or prime motor for the Ward Leonard System can be a dc
motor, an ac motor, a diesel engine, etc. Any form of constant and almost constant speed
drive can be used, since its function is only to drive the generator.
Troubleshooting Alarm Monitoring and Control System on ships
Faults in Alarm Monitoring and Control System
The alarm monitoring and control system on the ship may give false alarms and
incorrect data printouts. These faults could be:
1. Localized to a particular area of engine operation or
2. General to the engine room
When the alarms are specific to a certain area of the engine room it would be suspected
that the following faults could be present
1.Cable fault: If the cable connecting the sensors with the control room were damaged,
the resulting short/open circuits could generate false alarms
2.Control card/panel fault: The alarms could be grouped within a certain alarm or
monitoring panel, and there could be a defect within this panel.
3.External interference: Machinery could be operating in the suspect area, which is
poorly screened, and the resulting interference could be transmitted via the instrument
cables to the monitoring panels.
When the alarms are general to the whole engine room, then the main supply to the
alarm and monitoring panel would be checked for:
1.Earth faults: A combination of earth faults could affect the earth potential and hence
the reading of the instrumentation.
2.Supply voltage level: The monitoring circuit would use low 24V supply, and this would
need to be at the correct level without any voltage ripple present.
The following action should be taken to ensure continued safe operation of the vessel if
the defects with alarm monitoring and control system were general to the engine room.
- The problem with intermittent alarms and incorrect printouts would be that the
engineer on duty would be unable to rely on the information given to him by the remote
instrumentation and alarm panel. Hence a greater use would need to be taken of the
local readings from pressure gauges and thermometers.
- This would mean that the UMS operation would be stopped and watch-keeping
practices with a manned engine room would be commenced. The watch keepers would
be instructed to complete a full manual log of the various operational parameters of
pressure, temperature and the various tank levels. This manual log would be taken
every watch period of four hours.
- The engineering staff would be divided between the various watch duties, ensuring
that all watch keepers were certified and had the appropriate duty and rest periods
assigned to them.
- Any machinery units requiring manual control would have their operation explained
to all engineers, and a procedural checklist compiled for the operation of all such
machinery.
AJ NOTES 80
NOTES
AJ NOTES 81

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MEO CLASS 4 – ELECTRICAL

ORAL QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

2. Maintenance of alternator what all to do?

3. Purpose of air gap and how checked?

4. Trips on air circuit breaker with values?

5. Conditions for paralleling alternators?

6. Methods to parallel alternators?

7. Why megger is used to test insulation and not multi meter?

8. Suppose a motor is not starting what checks u will make?

9. Suppose a motor is running hot what checks?

10. Why insulation resistance checked and how?

11. Why motor insulation deteriorates?

12. If water goes to motor what you do?

13. Why megger reading is taken?

14. What are portable electrical testing instruments used in ER?

15. What is harm if reverse power flow?

16. Why preferential trip provided Purpose?

17. How do you test Emergency generator?

Procedure for Battery Start

Procedure for Hydraulic Start

Procedure for Automatic Start

18. Troubleshooting Alarm Monitoring and Control System?

19. If you get earth fault alarm what you do?

21. What equipment emergency generator supplies?

22. What is difference between AC and DC?

23. What is RMS value?

24. What maintenance carried out on Lead acid batteries?

Safeties to be observed while operation & maintenance?

27. What is meaning of saying Current and Voltages are in phase?

28. What happens to resistance of conductor when temp rises?

29. Types of starters in Engine Room?

30. Types of Motors in Engine room?

31. How do you check continuity?

32. Open circuit and short circuit How checked?

33. Voltage generated in megger?

34. What is explosion proof equipment?

36. What precautions to take before starting a work on electric equipment?

37. How does tube light work?

38. Trips on Electric Motor?

39. Overhaul of an Electric Motor?

40. Purpose of AVR?

41. What is Shaft generator?

42. How does air compressor start stop automatically?

43. Main switchboard safeties?

i. No water, steam or oil pipelines to pass in its vicinity.

44. Procedure before and after connecting shore power?

Following things to be checked before connecting shore supply to ship in a

Taking the Shore Supply

46. How electricity is generated?

The generator consists of a stationary set of conductors wound in coils on

47. Maintenance on Alternator?

52. How is signal transmitted from Navigational bridge to steering gear?

54. Safeties in motor?

55. Working principle of Explosimeter?

59. How to test a fuse? -apart from multimeter.

60. Types of Fuses?

61. Which is the largest induction motor used onboard?

62. Which current is coming out from Alternator?

63. Uses of Thyristor?