340Khz 23V 3A Synchronous DC/DC Buck Converter: (Top View)
340Khz 23V 3A Synchronous DC/DC Buck Converter: (Top View)
340Khz 23V 3A Synchronous DC/DC Buck Converter: (Top View)
The AP6503 features current mode control operation, which enables SW 3 6 COMP
fast transient response times and easy loop stabilization.
GND 4 5 FB
The AP6503 simplifies board layout and reduces space requirements
with its high level of integration and minimal need for external SO-8EP
components, making it ideal for distributed power architectures.
Features Applications
• VIN 4.7V to 23V • Gaming Consoles
• 3A continuous Output Current, 4A Peak • Flat Screen TV sets and Monitors
• VOUT adjustable to 0.925 to 20V • Set Top Boxes
• 340kHz switching frequency • Distributed power systems
• Programmable Soft-Start • Home Audio
• Enable pin • Consumer electronics
• Protection • Network Systems
OCP • FPGA, DSP and ASIC Supplies
Thermal Shutdown • Green Electronics
• Totally Lead-Free & Fully RoHS Compliant (Notes 1 & 2)
• Halogen and Antimony Free. “Green” Device (Note 3)
Notes: 1. No purposely added lead. Fully EU Directive 2002/95/EC (RoHS) & 2011/65/EU (RoHS 2) compliant.
2. See http://www.diodes.com for more information about Diodes Incorporated’s definitions of Halogen- and Antimony-free, "Green" and Lead-free.
3. Halogen- and Antimony-free "Green” products are defined as those which contain <900ppm bromine, <900ppm chlorine (<1500ppm total Br + Cl)
and <1000ppm antimony compounds.
90
VIN = 5V
80
EFFICIENCY (%)
VIN = 12V
70
60
50
VOUT = 3.3V
L = 10µH
40
0 1 2 3
LOAD CURRENT (A) Figure 1 Typical Application Circuit
Efficiency vs. Load Current
Pin Descriptions
Pin Pin
Function
Number Name
High-Side Gate Drive Boost Input. BS supplies the drive for the high-side N-Channel MOSFET switch.
1 BS
Connect a 0.01µF or greater capacitor from SW to BS to power the high side switch.
Power Input. IN supplies the power to the IC, as well as the step-down converter switches. Drive IN with a
2 IN 4.7V to 23V power source. Bypass IN to GND with a suitably large capacitor to eliminate noise on the input
to the IC. See Input Capacitor.
Power Switching Output. SW is the switching node that supplies power to the output. Connect the output LC
3 SW filter from SW to the output load. Note that a capacitor is required from SW to BS to power the high-side
switch.c
4 GND Ground (Connect the exposed pad to Pin 4).
Feedback Input. FB senses the output voltage and regulates it. Drive FB with a resistive voltage divider
5 FB
connected to it from the output voltage. The feedback threshold is 0.925V. See Setting the Output Voltage.
Compensation Node. COMP is used to compensate the regulation control loop. Connect a series RC
6 COMP network from COMP to GND. In some cases, an additional capacitor from COMP to GND is required. See
Compensation Components.
Enable Input. EN is a digital input that turns the regulator on or off. Drive EN high to turn on the regulator;
7 EN
low to turn it off. Attach to IN with a 100kΩ pull up resistor for automatic startup.
Soft-Start Control Input. SS controls the soft-start period. Connect a capacitor from SS to GND to set the
8 SS soft-start period. A 0.1µF capacitor sets the soft-start period to 15ms. To disable the soft-start feature, leave
SS floating.
EP EP EP exposed thermal pad connect to Pin 4 GND
+
OVP 2 IN
CURRENT
RAMP SENSE
+
-
1.1V AMPLIFIER
OSCILLATOR E
-
FB 5 +
100/340 KHz CLK
1 BS
-
0.3 V Logic
100mΩ
+
- 3 SW
SS 8 + -
CURRENT 100mΩ
+ COMPARATOR
ERROR 6uA
0.923 V
AMPLIFIER
4 GND
COMP 6
+
2.5V EN OK disable
LOCKOUT
- COMPARATOR IN < 4.10V
IN
EN 7 +
INTERNAL
5V
REGULATORS
SHUTDOWN
- COMPARATOR
0.9V
Typical Performance Graphs (VIN = 12V, VOUT = 3.3V, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted)
0.6 0.074
0.064
0.58
0.054
0.56
0.044
0.54
0.034
0.52
0.024
0.5 0.014
0.48 0.004
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
INPUT VOLTAGE (V) INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
Quiescent Supply Current vs. Input Voltage Shutdown Supply Current vs. Input Voltage
6.2 3.33
3.329
6
3.328
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
5.8 3.327
VIN = 12V
3.326
5.6
3.325
5.4 3.324
3.323
5.2
3.322
5 3.321
3.32
4.8
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 4.75 9.75 14.75 19.75 24.75
TEMPERATURE (C) INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
Current Limit vs. Temperature Line Regulation
0.92 375
0.918
OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY (Khz)
0.916 370
FEEDBACK VOLTAGE (V)
0.914
0.912 365
0.91
0.908 360
0.906
0.904 355
0.902
0.9 350
-60 -40 -200 20 40 60 80 100
TEMPERATURE (°C) TEMPERATURE (°C)
Feedback Voltage vs. Temperature Oscillator Frequency vs. Temperature
Typical Performance Graphs (cont.) (VIN = 12V, VOUT = 3.3V, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted)
90 90
85 85
80 80
75 75 VIN = 5V
VIN = 5V
EFFICIENCY (%)
EFFICIENCY (%)
70 70 VIN = 12V
65 VIN = 12V 65
60 60
55 55
50 50
VOUT = 1.2V VOUT = 1.8V
45 45
L = 3.3µH L = 3.3µH
40 40
100
90
80
EFFICIENCY (%)
70
60
VIN = 12V
50
VOUT = 5V
L = 10µH
40
0.2 0.6 1 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6 3
LOAD CURRENT (A)
Efficiency vs. Load Current
Steady State Test no load Steady State Test 3A Startup Through Enable_no load
Startup Through Enable 3A Shutdown Through Enable_no load Shutdown Through Enable 3A
Load Transient Test 1.5 to 3A Short Circuit Test Short Circuit Recovery
Application Information
Theory of Operation
The AP6503 is a 3A current mode control, synchronous buck regulator with built in power MOSFETs. Current mode control assures excellent
line and load regulation and a wide loop bandwidth for fast response to load transients. Figure 3 depicts the functional block diagram of AP6503.
The operation of one switching cycle can be explained as follows. At the beginning of each cycle, HS (high-side) MOSFET is off. The EA output
voltage is higher than the current sense amplifier output, and the current comparator’s output is low. The rising edge of the 340kHz oscillator
clock signal sets the RS Flip-Flop. Its output turns on HS MOSFET. The current sense amplifier is reset for every switching cycle.
When the HS MOSFET is on, inductor current starts to increase. The Current Sense Amplifier senses and amplifies the inductor current. Since
the current mode control is subject to sub-harmonic oscillations that peak at half the switching frequency, Ramp slope compensation is utilized.
This will help to stabilize the power supply. This Ramp compensation is summed to the Current Sense Amplifier output and compared to the
Error Amplifier output by the PWM Comparator. When the sum of the Current Sense Amplifier output and the Slope Compensation signal
exceeds the EA output voltage, the RS Flip-Flop is reset and HS MOSFET is turned off.
For one whole cycle, if the sum of the Current Sense Amplifier output and the Slope Compensation signal does not exceed the EA output, then
the falling edge of the oscillator clock resets the Flip-Flop. The output of the Error Amplifier increases when feedback voltage (VFB) is lower than
the reference voltage of 0.925V. This also increases the inductor current as it is proportional to the EA voltage.
If in one cycle the current in the power MOSFET does not reach the COMP set current value, the power MOSFET will be forced to turn off. When
the HS MOSFET turns off, the synchronous LS MOSFET turns on until the next clock cycle begins. There is a “dead time” between the HS turn
off and LS turn on that prevents the switches from “shooting through” from the input supply to ground.
The voltage loop is compensated through an internal transconductance amplifier and can be adjusted through the external compensation
components.
Enable
Above the ‘EN Rising Threshold’, the internal regulator is turned on and the quiescent current can be measured above this threshold. The enable
(EN) input allows the user to control turning on or off the regulator. To enable the AP6503, EN must be pulled above the ‘EN Lockout Threshold
Voltage’ and to disable the AP6503, EN must be pulled below ‘EN Lockout Threshold Voltage - EN Lockout Hysteresis’ (2.2V-0.22V =1.98V).
DV
ISS = C *
DT
Where;
ISS = Soft Start Current
C = External Capacitor
DV=change in feedback voltage from 0V to maximum voltage
DT = Soft Start Time
Thermal Shutdown
The AP6503 has on-chip thermal protection that prevents damage to the IC when the die temperature exceeds safe margins. It implements a
thermal sensing to monitor the operating junction temperature of the IC. Once the die temperature rises to approximately 160°C, the thermal
protection feature gets activated. The internal thermal sense circuitry turns the IC off thus preventing the power switch from damage.
A hysteresis in the thermal sense circuit allows the device to cool down to approximately +120°C before the IC is enabled again through soft
start. This thermal hysteresis feature prevents undesirable oscillations of the thermal protection circuit.
Compensation Components
The AP6503 has an external COMP pin through which system stability and transient response can be controlled. COMP pin is the output of the
internal trans-conductance error amplifier. A series capacitor-resistor combination sets a pole-zero combination to control the characteristics of the
control system. The DC gain of the voltage feedback loop is given by:
VFB
A VDC = RLOAD × GCS × A VEA ×
VOUT
Where VFB is the feedback voltage (0.925V), RLOAD is the load resistor value, GCS is the current sense trans-conductance and AVEA is the error
amplifier voltage gain.
GEA
fP1 =
2π × C3 × A VEA
1
fP2 =
2π × C2 × RLOAD
One zero is present due to the compensation capacitor (C3) and the compensation resistor (R3). This zero is located at:
1
fZ1 =
2π × C3 × R3
The goal of compensation design is to shape the converter transfer function to get a desired loop gain. The system crossover frequency where
the feedback loop has the unity gain is crucial.
A rule of thumb is to set the crossover frequency to below one-tenth of the switching frequency. Use the following procedure to optimize the
compensation components:
1. Choose the compensation resistor (R3) to set the desired crossover frequency. Determine the R3 value by the following equation:
2π × C2 × fc V 2π × C2 × 0.1 × fs VOUT
R3 = × OUT < ×
GEA × G CS VFB G ×G VFB
EA CS
Where fC is the crossover frequency, which is typically less than one tenth of the switching frequency.
2. Choose the compensation capacitor (C3) to achieve the desired phase margin set the compensation zero, fZ1, to below one forth of the
crossover frequency to provide sufficient phase margin. Determine the C3 value by the following equation:
2
C3 >
π × R3 × fc
Choose the inductor ripple current to be 30% of the maximum load current. The maximum inductor peak current is calculated from:
ΔIL
IL(MAX) = ILOAD +
2
Peak current determines the required saturation current rating, which influences the size of the inductor. Saturating the inductor decreases the
converter efficiency while increasing the temperatures of the inductor and the internal MOSFETs. Hence choosing an inductor with appropriate
saturation current rating is important.
A 1µH to 10µH inductor with a DC current rating of at least 25% percent higher than the maximum load current is recommended for most
applications.
For highest efficiency, the inductor’s DC resistance should be less than 200mΩ. Use a larger inductance for improved efficiency under light load
conditions.
Input Capacitor
The input capacitor reduces the surge current drawn from the input supply and the switching noise from the device. The input capacitor has to
sustain the ripple current produced during the on time on the upper MOSFET. It must hence have a low ESR to minimize the losses.
The RMS current rating of the input capacitor is a critical parameter that must be higher than the RMS input current. As a rule of thumb, select an
input capacitor which has an RMs rating that is greater than half of the maximum load current.
Due to large dI/dt through the input capacitors, electrolytic or ceramics should be used. If a tantalum must be used, it must be surge protected.
Otherwise, capacitor failure could occur. For most applications, a 4.7µF ceramic capacitor is sufficient.
Output Capacitor
The output capacitor keeps the output voltage ripple small, ensures feedback loop stability and reduces the overshoot of the output voltage. The
output capacitor is a basic component for the fast response of the power supply. In fact, during load transient, for the first few microseconds it
supplies the current to the load. The converter recognizes the load transient and sets the duty cycle to maximum, but the current slope is limited
by the inductor value.
ESR of the output capacitor dominates the output voltage ripple. The amount of ripple can be calculated from the equation below:
An output capacitor with ample capacitance and low ESR is the best option. For most applications, a 22µF ceramic capacitor will be sufficient.
ΔIinductor 2
L(Iout + )
Co = 2
2
(Δ V + Vout ) − Vout 2
Where ΔV is the maximum output voltage overshoot.
PC Board Layout
This is a high switching frequency converter. Hence attention must be paid to the switching currents interference in the layout. Switching current
from one power device to another can generate voltage transients across the impedances of the interconnecting bond wires and circuit traces.
These interconnecting impedances should be minimized by using wide, short printed circuit traces.
External feedback
resistor dividers
must be placed
close to the FB pin.
34mm
Input capacitor C1
must be placed as
close as possible
to the IC and to L1.
52mm
AP6503 is exposed at the bottom of the package and must be soldered directly to a well designed thermal pad on the PCB. This will help to
increase the power dissipation.
5V
BOOST
DIODE
BST 4
AP6503 10nF
3
SW
Recommended Diodes:
Voltage/Current
Part Number Vendor
Rating
B130 30V, 1A Diodes Inc
SK13 30V, 1A Diodes Inc
Ordering Information
AP6503 SP - 13
Package Packing
SP : SO-8EP 13 : Tape & Reel
Marking Information
SO-8EP (SOP-8L-EP)
Exposed Pad Dim Min Max Typ
8 5 A 1.40 1.50 1.45
A1 0.00 0.13 -
E1
H
b 0.30 0.50 0.40
C 0.15 0.25 0.20
1 4 D 4.85 4.95 4.90
F
E 3.80 3.90 3.85
E0 3.85 3.95 3.90
b E1 5.90 6.10 6.00
Bottom View
e - - 1.27
E F 2.75 3.35 3.05
9° (All sides) N
45° H 2.11 2.71 2.41
7°
Q L 0.62 0.82 0.72
A 4° ± 3° C N - - 0.35
Gauge Plane
Seating Plane Q 0.60 0.70 0.65
e
A1 E0 All Dimensions in mm
D L
SO-8EP
X2
Value
Dimensions
(in mm)
C 1.270
X 0.802
Y2
Y1 X1 3.502
X2 4.612
X1 Y 1.505
Y1 2.613
Y2 6.500
Y
C X
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