MODULE 2 DESIGN THINKING > Design thinking is simply “a process for creative problem solving” > Design thinking is a non-linear, iterative process that teams use to understand users, challenge assumptions, redefine problems and create innovative solutions to prototype anc test. ITERATIVE DESIGN THINKING PROCESS STAGES Consist of five phases—Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype and Test, It is most useful to solve problems that are ill-defined (unclear) or unknown. Design Thinking: A 5-Stage Process Figure 2.1: S-stage process involved in design thinking 1. Empathize > Designer should gain an empathetic understanding of the problem that they are trying to solve, typically through user research, > Empathy is crucial to a human-centered design process such as design thinking because it allows you to set aside your own assumptions about the world and gain real insight into users and their needs. Place yourself as an end user and identify the user expectations and needs. 2. Define > It’stime to accumulate the information gathered during the Empathize stage. © You then analyze your observations and synthesize them to define the core problems you and your team have identified. These definitions are called problem statements, The problem definition should be clear and unambiguous. Define the objectives or user requirements 3.Ideate The solid background of knowledge from the first two phases means you can start to “think outside the box’, look for alternative ways to view the problem and identify innovative solutions to the problem statement you've created. > Brainstorming is particularly useful here.4, Prototype 5. Test This is an experimental phase. The aim is to identify the best possible solution for each problem found, Designer team should produce some inexpensive, scaled-down versions ofthe product (or specific features found within the product) to investigate and validate the ideas they generated. This could involve simply paper prototyping, simulations, 3D models, animations etc, Figure 2.3: 3D models Evaluators rigorously test the prototypes. Although this the final phase, design thinking is iterative: Teams often use the resultsto redefine ‘one or more further problems. So, they can return to previous stages to make further iterations, alterations and refinements — to identify the best alternative solution.DESIGN THINKING ITERATIVE APPROACH CASE STUDY - BAG FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS Illustrate the design thinking approach for designing a bag for college students within a limited budget. Describe each stage of the process and the iterative procedure involved, Use hand sketches to support your arguments. ‘Solution: Objective: To design a bag for college students in limited budget. 1. Empathize [1] tt should have a facility to carry books, tiffin and other small articles. [2] tt should be closed, 2. Define [A] It should have separate racks for keeping books and tiffin [2] It should have zips to lock. [3] It should be light weight with sleek design, 3.Ideate [1] It should have separate racks for keeping books and tiffin [2] It should have zips to lock [3] It should be light weight with sleek design, [A] It should have a compartment to keep the laptop, [5] It should have a compartment on the outer side to keep water bottles. [6] it should havea small pouch on the outside to keep necessary things like pen, keys, chargers ete. [7] The shoulder strap should be of soft material. [8] It should be waterproof so that it can be used in rainy season too. [9] It should have an inner secret pouch to keep money or any other important thing. 4. Prototype ‘The 2D prototype is shown on the right. 5. Test Ensure that all the expected functionalities are incorporated in the product. The above prototype has separate racks for keeping books and laptop. It has a water bottle holder. The shoulder strap is made of soft sponge material, The material used is waterproof polyester. itis light ‘weight and has sleek design,DESIGN THINKING AS DIVERGENT — CONVERGENT QUESTIONING > Design thinking Is an iterative approach and we follows two generic patterns of design thinking: Divergent thinking and Convergent thinking. > Divergent thinking is the process of thinking that explores multiple possible solutions in order to generate creative ideas. i.e, Think for all possible ways to reach a solution, > Convergent Thinking is the process of figuring out a concrete solution to any problem. i. Thinks for a final solution Table 2.1 shows the differences between divergent & convergent thinking ‘Table 2.1: Difference between Divergent ~ Convergent thinking process = bl py Convergent thinking: Divergent thinking: ‘a few similar ideas, many different ideas Figure 2.4: Convergent Divergent thinking of electric bulbDIVERGENT THINKING ~ CASE STUDY OF PEN. List out some uses of pen other than writing asa straw as a toy "telescope" for kids To rewind cassette tape o as an improvised stabbing weapon Asa paper punch Use asa ruler Tomake a smart phone stylus Tomake a whistle KKK 88 DIVERGENT THINKING ~ CASE STUDY OF FORK List out some uses of fork other than eating aid, Y Scramble things Mix things. Stir stuff Poke things or people Give it to a small farmer as a pitch fork Scratcher Get something out ofa fire Murder weapon Tool of torture Prop something open SARK KKK DESIGN THINKING AS A TEAM > In order to get best and creative solutions, design thinking process is generally performed as a teamactivity. > Every member may raise their own ideas and solutions. > The team will analyze the pros and cons of each solution or design and then finalize the best suitable solution, But during design thinking as a team activity, conflicts between team members may arise. So Itis very important to resolve these conflicts CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EFFECTIVE TEAM vevyyvy ‘Team goals are as important as individual goals, ‘The team understands the goals and is committed to achieving them, Trust replaces fear, and people feel comfortable taking risks. Respect, collaboration, and open-mindedness are prevalent: Team members communicate readily; diversity of opinions is encouraged. Decisions are made by consensus and have the acceptance and support of the members of the team,STEPS IN RESOLVING CONFLICTS 4. Prepare the resolution 2. Understand the situation 3. Reach agreement ‘Step 1: Prepare for resolution > Acknowledge the conflict - The conflict has to be acknowledged before it can be managed and resolved, The tendency is for people to ignore the first signs of conflict, perhaps as it seems trivial, or is difficult to differentiate from the normal, healthy debate that teams can thrive on. If you are concerned about the conflict in your team, discuss it with other members. Once the team recognizes the issue, it can start the process of resolution. > Discuss the impact — As a team, discuss the impact the conflict is having on team dynamics and performance. Agree to a cooperative process — Everyone involved must agree to cooperate in to resolve the conflict. This means putting the team first, and may involve setting aside your opinion orideas for the time being. If someone wants to win more than he ar she wants to resolve the conflict, you may find yourself at a stalemate. Agree to communicate - The most important thing throughout the resolution process is for everyone to keep communications open. ‘Step 2: Understand the situation > Clarify positions ~ Whatever the conflict or disagreement, it's important to clarify people's positions. Whether there are obvious factions within the team who support a particular option, ‘approach or idea, or each team member holds their own unique view, each position needs to be clearly identified and articulated by those involved: > Uist facts, assumptions and beliefs underlying each position - What does each group or person believe? What do they value? What information are they using as a basis for these beliefs? What decision-making criteria and processes have they employed? > Analyze in smaller groups ~ Break the team into smaller groups, separating people who are in alliance. In these smaller groups, analyze and dissect each position, and the associated facts, assumptions and beliets. > Convene back as a team ~ After the group dialogue, each side is likely to be much closer to reaching agreement. The process of uncovering facts and assumptions allows people to step away from their emotional attachments and see the issue more objectively. When you separate alliances, the fire of conflict can burn out quickly, and it is much easier to see the issue and facts laid bare. ‘Step 3: Reach agreement > Now that all parties understand the others’ positions, the team must decide what decision or course of action to take, With the facts and assumptions considered, it's easier to see the best of action and reach agreement.PREVENTING CONFLICTS > Dealing with conflict immediately — avoid the temptation to ignore it. Being open — if people have issues, they need to be expressed immediately. Practicing clear communication ~ articulate thoughts and ideas clearly. Practicing active listening - paraphrasing, clarifying, questioning. Practicing identifying assumptions ~ asking yourself "why" on a regular basis. Not letting conflict get personal ~ stick to facts and issues, not personalities. Focusing on actionable solutions ~don't belabor what can't be changed. Encouraging different points of view ~insist on honest dialogue and expressing feelings. Not looking for blame ~ encourage ownership of the problem and solution. Demonstrating respect - ifthe situation escalates, take a break and wait for emotions to subside. vrvvYvyYY DESIGN THINKING APPROACH CASE STUDY 1— DRUG TROLLEY IN HOSPITALS Construct a number of possible designs and then refine them to narrow down to the best design for a drug trolley used in hospitals. Show how divergent ~convergent thinking helps in the process. Provide your rationale for each step using hand sketches only. Solution: Objective: To design a drug trolley that can be used in hospitals. Intended users: Hospital staff like nurses. Scope / Domain: Hospitals Expected functionaliti [1] It should have wheels as we need to move it from one room to another. [2] It should have racks to keep the medicines. [3] It should be light weight with sleek design so that we can move it easily. Exciting functionalities: [1] The wheel should have a lock such that it can be prevented from moving when not in use. [2] It should have racks with closing doors or lids. [3] It should have separate rack for keeping drugs for each room patients. [4] It should have a facility to dispose medicinal waste like used cotton, syringe etc. [5] It should have an open table on the top to keep case diary/charts of patients.Possible Designs using Divergent thinking process 2240 & e coee a Model 1: pas ple and Light weight Easier to keep medicines and boundaries are provided in all 3 sides which prevents from medicines falling down while moving. Cons: Difficult to sort out medicines for each room, No doors for racks and no open table. Wheels have no locks Model 2: Pros: Simple and Light weight Easier to keep medicines Cons: Difficult to sort out medicines for each room, No doors for racks and no open table. Wheels have no locks ‘As there are no boundaries, theres a high chance of falling down the medicines while moving. Model 3: Pros: Simple and Light weight Easier to keep medicines as boundaries and lids are there for each rack. Cons: Difficult to sort out medicines for each room. Wheels have no locks Model 4: = & Simple and Light weight Easier to keep medicines as drawers are used. ‘An open table is there on the top to keep case diary/charts of patients. Wheels have locks Con: Difficult to sort out medicines for each room. No option for disposing clinical wastes.Model 5: Pro: Simple and Light weight Easier to keep medicines as drawers are used. ‘An open table is there on the top to keep case diary/charts of patients. Have both open and closed racks to keep drugs accordingly. Con: Difficult to sort out medicines for each room. No option for disposing clinical wastes. % Nolock for wheels eree aa Model 6: Pros: Simple and Light weight Easier to keep medicines and sort out medicines for each patient as different partitions are provided for each room. © Have both open and closed racks to keep drugs accordingly. Cons: % Noopen table is there on the top to keep case diary/charts of patients No option for disposing clinical wastes, 9 Nolock for wheels ee a © Simple and Light weight Easier to keep medicines and sort out medicines for each patient as different partitions are provided for each room. Have both open and closed racks to keep drugs accordingly. Haye facility to dispose clinical wastes. Have open table te keep patient charts / records, Have lacks for wheels. e woe Choosing the best design Model 7 can be chosen as the best design as it incorporates all the expected functionalities as well as exciting functionalities of a drug trolley,