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    5.1: Soap and Detergent: Fatty Acid Sodium Palmitate

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    Alia Atikah
    Soap is formed from the neutralization of fatty acids with an alkali like sodium hydroxide, while detergent is formed from neutralizing an alkyl hydrogen sulfate with an alkali. Both soap and detergent have hydrophilic polar ends that dissolve in water and hydrophobic non-polar ends that dissolve in oil or grease, allowing them to remove dirt from surfaces. Detergents tend to be more effective cleaners than soap, rinse more completely from clothes without residue, and do not form scum with hard water like soap does.

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    5.1: Soap and Detergent: Fatty Acid Sodium Palmitate

    Uploaded by

    Alia Atikah
    51 views4 pages
    Soap is formed from the neutralization of fatty acids with an alkali like sodium hydroxide, while detergent is formed from neutralizing an alkyl hydrogen sulfate with an alkali. Both soap and detergent have hydrophilic polar ends that dissolve in water and hydrophobic non-polar ends that dissolve in oil or grease, allowing them to remove dirt from surfaces. Detergents tend to be more effective cleaners than soap, rinse more completely from clothes without residue, and do not form scum with hard water like soap does.

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    Chemical Consumer

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    Soap is formed from the neutralization of fatty acids with an alkali like sodium hydroxide, while detergent is formed from neutralizing an alkyl hydrogen sulfate with an alkali. Both soap and detergent have hydrophilic polar ends that dissolve in water and hydrophobic non-polar ends that dissolve in oil or grease, allowing them to remove dirt from surfaces. Detergents tend to be more effective cleaners than soap, rinse more completely from clothes without residue, and do not form scum with hard water like soap does.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    51 views4 pages

    5.1: Soap and Detergent: Fatty Acid Sodium Palmitate

    Uploaded by

    Alia Atikah
    Soap is formed from the neutralization of fatty acids with an alkali like sodium hydroxide, while detergent is formed from neutralizing an alkyl hydrogen sulfate with an alkali. Both soap and detergent have hydrophilic polar ends that dissolve in water and hydrophobic non-polar ends that dissolve in oil or grease, allowing them to remove dirt from surfaces. Detergents tend to be more effective cleaners than soap, rinse more completely from clothes without residue, and do not form scum with hard water like soap does.

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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    5.

    1 : Soap and Detergent


    Soap
    •

    Salt that are formed by neutralization between a fatty acid and an


    alkali.
    •

    One example of soap is sodium palmitate, CH₃(CH₂)₁₄COONa. It is


    formed when palmatic acid is neutralized by sodium hydroxide, NaOH.
    CH₃(CH₂)₁₄COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH₃(CH₂)₁₄COONa(aq) +
    H₂O(l)
    Detergent
    •

    Salt that are formed by neutralizing an alkyl hydrogen sulphate with an


    alkali.
    •

    One example of detergent is sodium lauryl sulphate


    •

    Detergents may contain many other substances in addition to the


    substances that does the cleaning and also to make it more effective.
    These substances are called additives
    Biological enzymes are catalyst that increase the detergency or cleaning
    power of a detergent. Whitening agents includebleaches such assodium
    perborate. They release chlorine and oxygen that remove stains and make
    clothes become whiter and cleaner.
    3|Page
    Preparation of detergent
    •

    Detergents are made using raw material obtained frompetro leum


    DETERGENT
    4|Page
    Production of lauryl hydrogen sulphate
    CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OH + H₂SO₄
    CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OSO₃H + H₂O
    2. neutralization of lauryl hydrogen sulphate
    CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OSO₃H + NaOH
    CH₃(CH₂)₉CH₂OSO₃N

    Preparation of soap
    •

    Oils and fats are esters formed fromglyce ro l and fatty acids.
    •

    It made up through heating oils or fats with an alkali such as sodium


    hydroxide, NaOH.
    •

    The oil or fat molecules are “broken up” or hydrolyzed toglyce ro l and
    fatty acids.
    •

    This reaction is the reverse of esterification (saponication)


    •

    The fatty acids formed then react with sodium hydroxide, NaOH to form
    a salt (soap).
    5|Page
    Saponication of oils or fats
    O
    ll
    R’—C—O—CH₂
    HO—CH₂
    O
    l
    ll
    OH⁻
    HO—CH + R’COOH
    + R”COOH + R”’COOH
    R”— C—O—CH + 3H₂O
    l
    O
    HO—CH₂
    fatty acids
    ll
    R

    ”’
    — C — O — C H ₂
    g l y c e r o l

    Neutralization of fatty acids


    R’COOH + R”COOH + R”’COOH + 3NaOH R’COONa + R”COONa + R”
    The cleansing action of soap and detergent
    •

    One part of the soap and detergent anion is negatively charged


    (polar end).
    -It dissolves in water. It is hydrophilic or “likes water”.
    •

    The other part has no charge (non-polar end)


    -It dissolves in oil or grease. It is hydrophobic or “hates water”.
    •

    These two parts work together to remove grease.


    hydrophobic part (non-polar end)
    hydrophilic part
    (polar end)
    •

    When soap or detergent is added to the dirty surface of a piece


    of cloth covered with a layer of oil or grease,
    (a) The negatively charged ‘heads’ (hydrophilic) of soap ions or
    detergents ions dissolves in water
    (b)The hydrocarbon ‘tails’ (hydrophobic) of soap or detergent
    ions dissolves in the layer of grease.
    •

    If the water is agitated slightly, the grease begins to lifted off the
    surface.
    •

    When the cloth is rinsed with water, the droplets will be carried
    away
    •

    Heating and stirring may help to loosen the dirt particles from
    the material being washed.
    The effectiveness of the cleansing action of soap and
    detergent
    Property
    Soap
    Detergent
    Cleaning power
    Less powerfull
    More powerfull
    Ease of rinsing
    It is difficult to wash away
    all soap on clothes. The
    soap that remains leave
    and odour and spoils the
    fabric
    Rinse out well from clothes
    pH
    Slightly alkaline
    Can be controlled to suit
    the cleaning task
    Molecular structure
    Determined by the fatty
    acids found in the oil or fat
    used to produce soap
    Can be modified to suit the
    cleaning task. For
    example, a detergent can
    be made specially for
    cleaning toilet bowls.
    Formation of scum
    Forms scum with hard
    water
    Does not form scum with
    hard water
    6|Page

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