Heat Integration of An Aniline Production Process To Optimize Cos

University of South Carolina
Scholar Commons
Senior Theses Honors College
Spring 5-6-2015
Heat Integration of an Aniline Production Process

to Optimize Cost Savings and Reduce Energy
Usage
Dillon Ashby
[email protected]
Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.sc.edu/senior_theses

Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons
Recommended Citation
Ashby, Dillon, "Heat Integration of an Aniline Production Process to Optimize Cost Savings and Reduce Energy Usage" (2015). Senior
Theses. Paper 56.
This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Theses
by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected].
University of South Carolina
Scholar Commons
Senior Theses Honors College
Spring 5-6-2015
Heat Integration of an Aniline Production Process

to Optimize Cost Savings and Reduce Energy
Usage
Dillon Christopher Ashby
[email protected]
Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.sc.edu/senior_theses

Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons
Recommended Citation
Ashby, Dillon Christopher, "Heat Integration of an Aniline Production Process to Optimize Cost Savings and Reduce Energy Usage"
(2015). Senior Theses. Paper 56.
This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Theses
by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected].
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction/Thesis Summary…….….…………......….…...….…..……3
Process Overview…………………….……….…………………………3
Base Design Process Flow Diagram…….……….…………….……….4
Evaluating Alternate Designs………….……….……………………….6
Examining the Heat Integrated Design………………………………….7
Heat Integrated Process Flow Diagram…………………………………8
Economic Analysis……………………………………………………...9
Conclusions…………………………………….………………………12
Appendix……………..…………………………….....………………..13
2
Introduction/Thesis Summary
The purpose of this project was to individually complete a heat integration optimization for my
group’s senior design project, a process for the large-scale production of aniline. As a group, we
designed, simulated, and analyzed the process using design heuristics as guidelines. While our
design was very profitable, it represented a ‘rough draft’ base case that had not been optimized to
eliminate unnecessary costs. For my Honors Thesis, I focused on optimizing the arrangements of
process heaters, coolers, and heat exchangers to increase profitability and decrease energy usage.
This procedure is known as heat integration. In a design without heat integration, process streams
are heated and cooled primarily by utilities such as steam or cooling water. Performing heat
integration on that design involves matching process streams of different temperatures in order to
heat and cool one another. Since energy from a hot stream is transferred directly to a cool stream,
this eliminates the utilities that were previously required to accomplish the same degree of
heating and cooling. However, a heat integrated process still usually requires some external
heating and cooling. For example, if a process stream needs to be heated to a higher temperature
than all other streams, it is impossible to reach that temperature without a heating utility. Even
so, heat integration is an effective tool for increasing profitability of a process.
Process Overview
The basis for my group’s process design is the reaction of phenol and ammonia to produce
aniline, an organic aromatic amine compound that is used in dyes and pharmaceuticals. Our
phenol feedstock consisted of 93% phenol, 7% water, and our ammonia feedstock was assumed
to be >99% pure. The end goal was to produce 75,000 metric tons per year of aniline with purity
greater than 99.0%. The process flow diagram for the base design is shown on the next page,
with the process description following. Cold streams (streams being heated) are shown with blue
text, and hot streams are shown in red.
3
4
Reaction Section
The phenol feed is stored at 25oC and 1 atm. To prepare the phenol for the reaction with
ammonia to produce aniline, it is pumped, via pump P-101 A/B, to a pressure of 1693kPa. It is
subsequently heated from 26.2oC to 369oC via a series of heat exchangers and fired heater, E-101
through E-103 and H-101 B. Ammonia is stored at -33.3oC and 204.7kPa. The pressure of the
stored ammonia is increased to 1694kPa via pump P-102 A/B. To mix the feed stream ammonia
with the recycled ammonia from T-101 at similar temperatures, the ammonia feed is heated, via
heat exchanger E-104, to 100oC. The pure ammonia feed is mixed with the recycled ammonia
from T-101, and the mixed ammonia stream is prepared for the reaction. The stream is heated
from 100.6oC to 369oC via a series of heat exchangers and a fired heater, E-105 through E-107
and H-101 A. The phenol stream and ammonia stream are mixed at 367.9oC and 1655kPa and
fed to packed bed reactor R-101. The ammonia is fed to the reactor in excess of phenol, 20:1.
The catalyst used in the reactor is a silica-alumina catalyst with the following composition in
terms of mass: 90% alumina, 2.2% silica, 1.6% sodium, 0.13% iron, and the balance as water.
Separation Section
The reactor products include 90mol% ammonia, 5mol% water, 5.6mol% aniline, and less than
1mol% phenol, diphenylamine and triphenylamine. The stream leaving the reactor is 378.7oC
and 1655kPa. Before the reactor outlet stream is sent to T-101 to separate the excess ammonia,
the stream pressure is reduced to 995.2kPa using turbine C-102. The stream is also cooled from
339.6oC to 100oC using a series of heat exchangers, E-108 through E-111. The reactor outlet
stream is then sent to T-101 to separate the excess ammonia from the remaining products. The
tower operates at 169.5oC and 994kPa. The top of the tower has a reflux ratio of 0.15. The stream
leaving the top of the tower is 39.1oC, 990kPa and is composed of 99.6mol% aniline and
negligible amounts of water and aniline. The top product is compressed, via C-101, to a pressure
of 1693kPa and 100.6oC and mixed with the ammonia feed as mentioned previously. The
bottoms from T-101 are 173.8oC, 943.7kPa and 51mol% water, 47mol% aniline, and small
amounts of phenol, diphenylamine and triphenylamine. The bottoms pressure is decreased to
212kPA using the turbine C-103. After expanding the bottoms products, they are mixed with the
5
recycle from the 3-phase separator and fed to T-102, the tower used to separate the water from
the remaining products. T-102 operates at 214.6oC and 214kPa. The reflux ratio for the
condensing top of the tower is 0.1. The distillate from the top is sent to the 3-phase separator, V-
104, to separate the gaseous waste from the liquid wastewater and the aniline-water recycle. V-
104 operates at 108.8oC and 209kPa. The recycle is 22.02kmol water/hr, 31.53kmol aniline/hr
and trace amounts of ammonia and phenol. To ensure that the recycle and bottoms from T-101
mix at the same pressure, the pressure of the recycle stream is increased to 212kPa using P-103
A/B. The bottoms of T-102 are 215oC, 214kPa and 98.5mol% aniline with trace amounts of
phenol, diphenylamine and triphenylamine. Finally, the bottoms product is sent to T-103 to
purify the desired aniline product. T-103 operates at 245oC and 115kPa. The condenser reflux
ratio is 0.03. Leaving the top of the column is the desired aniline product at 187.1oC and 110kPa
at a purity of 99.03%, with phenol as the only impurity. The flow rate of aniline is 102.3kmol/hr,
allowing the plant to meet its yearly quota of 75,000 metric tons/year. The bottoms products are
the impurities of the phenol to aniline reaction, diphenylamine and triphenylamine. The
impurities are 282.3oC and 115kPa and are treated as hazardous waste.
Evaluating Alternate Designs
The base case discussed above is clearly sub-optimal due to the lack of stream matching. Every
heat exchanger uses a heating or cooling utility, so the total energy usage for this process is
higher than it could be. In order to analyze the base case and generate heat integrated designs, I
used Aspen Energy Analyzer software to import simulation data from Aspen HYSYS. After
modifying the available utilities to match those used in our process, I began generating new heat
exchanger networks at various minimum temperature intervals using AEA’s automatic
generation tool. After a sufficient number of feasible networks were obtained, I opened a table to
compare the number of exchangers, capital cost, operating costs, and energy usage of each
network. Of all the designs, four of them had significantly lower capital and operating costs than
the rest. A table comparing these four designs is shown below.
6
TotalCost Heating Cooling Operating
Design Units Cap.Cost
Index(Cost/s) (kJ/h) (kJ/h) Cost(Cost/s)
1 $0.05394 26 $3,051,007 2.45E+07 3.05E+07 $0.02278
2 $0.04930 19 $2,597,236 2.45E+07 3.05E+07 $0.02278
3 $0.04742 20 $2,413,007 2.45E+07 3.05E+07 $0.02278
4 $0.04618 13 $2,291,299 2.45E+07 3.05E+07 $0.02278
From this table, it is apparent that all four designs have the same heating and cooling energy
usage, and therefore the same operating cost. This suggests that these designs are at or near a
local minimum point of operating cost for this range of capital costs. There were other networks
that had slightly lower energy usage, but their capital costs were drastically higher than the ones
shown above. From these four designs, it is easy to see the most favorable one, since the only
differences between them are number of units and capital cost. Design #4 has the lowest capital
cost as well as the lowest number of heat exchangers, so it is by far the best choice. Since the
distinction was so clear, I eliminated the first three designs, leaving only Design #4 for further
economic analysis and comparison with the base case.
Examining the Heat Integrated Design
After narrowing my analysis down to a single alternate, I created a process flow diagram to
better visualize the design. This diagram is shown on the next page. To make the PFD less
cluttered, I ‘cut and pasted’ any condenser or reboiler exchangers that were matched with
another process stream. The line breaks are shown with different color marks corresponding to
each tower. As seen from the flow diagram, there are several instances of stream matching: The
phenol feed stream provides cooling for the T-103 condenser, and the ammonia feed provides
cooling for the T-102 condenser; the mixed ammonia stream is heated by the reactor product
stream, which also heats the T-101 reboiler. Quite a few of the exchangers still use utility
streams, but the number is notably less than that of the base design. Cooling water is still used to
cool the T-101 condenser, the T-102 condenser, and the reactor product stream, while low
pressure steam is generated from cooling the T-103 condenser. High pressure steam is used to
heat the phenol feed, T-102 reboiler, and T-103 reboiler. Fired heaters are still used for the
phenol and mixed ammonia streams due to the high temperatures being reached.
7
8
Economic Analysis
In order to perform a more detailed economic comparison between the base case and heat
integrated case, I used the CapCost Microsoft Excel module to input data for each heat
exchanger. In this analysis, I followed the assumption made in the base case that they are all
floating head, shell and tube exchangers made of carbon steel. The first parameter that I
compared was capital cost, represented by the bare module cost of purchase plus installation. I
also compared the heat exchanger areas to show a difference in the size of the equipment. This
comparison is shown in the table below.
BaseDesign HeatIntegratedDesign
BareModule BareModule
Equipment Area(m2) Equipment Area(m2)
Cost Cost
EͲ101 35.4 $92,700 EͲ101 62.8 $103,000
EͲ102 48.3 $98,000 EͲ102 82 $112,000
EͲ103 48.3 $104,000 EͲ103 18.2 $211,000
EͲ104 10.6 $96,300 EͲ104 16 $89,400
EͲ105 1510 $1,030,000 EͲ105 6.11 $94,900
EͲ106 1630 $1,110,000 EͲ106 18.7 $88,200
EͲ107 1750 $1,270,000 EͲ107 4590 $3,130,000
EͲ108 3020 $2,180,000 EͲ108 74.5 $108,000
EͲ109 2750 $1,850,000 EͲ109 251 $202,000
EͲ110 2830 $1,900,000 EͲ110 62.7 $111,000
EͲ111 1380 $923,000 EͲ111 49.2 $104,000
EͲ112 2020 $1,350,000 HͲ101A/B 150 $1,680,000
EͲ113 95.8 $120,000
EͲ114 58.8 $100,000
EͲ115 166 $169,000
EͲ116 117 $130,000
EͲ117 43.7 $102,000
HͲ101A/B 273 $1,990,000
Total: 17787 $14,615,000 Total: 5381 $6,033,500
Here we can see that the heat integrated design is far more cost efficient in terms of capital
investment than the base design, with savings of $8.6 million. This is due to the lower number of
exchangers as well as their much smaller size than in the base. However, it is worth noting that
half the capital cost of the integrated case is taken up by a single, very large heat exchanger, E-
107. From the process flow diagram, we can see that this exchanger is responsible for a high
amount of energy transfer and temperature change between the reactor product and mixed
9
ammonia streams. The size and cost of this exchanger could be reduced by decreasing the
amount of energy transfer, but that would increase the utility demands on the fired heater and the
cooling water exchanger E-108. Since the capital cost is already so much lower than the base
case, it wouldn’t be worth the increased utility demand to use a smaller exchanger. Another
notable point from this comparison is that the fired heater is cheaper for the integrated case due
to the lower temperature difference and area.
The next major comparison I made was the usage and cost of utilities associated with each
design. The table below shows the type of utility, energy duty, and annual utility cost for each
piece of equipment. Since cooling via steam generation functions as an energy recovery, the duty
values for those utilities are negative, which translates to utility cost savings on those particular
exchangers. Since the exchangers with matched streams do not use any utilities, their duties are
left out of the total.
BaseDesign HeatIntegratedDesign
Utility Duty AnnualUtility Utility Duty Annual
Equipment Equipment
Type (MJ/h) Cost Type (MJ/h) UtilityCost
EͲ101 LPS 2640 $291,500 EͲ101 Ͳ 2810 $Ͳ
EͲ102 MPS 580 $68,500 EͲ102 LPSGen. Ͳ1591 $(175,831)
EͲ103 HPS 1710 $251,700 EͲ103 HPS 2200 $324,100
EͲ104 LPS 2890 $319,300 EͲ104 Ͳ 2890 $Ͳ
EͲ105 LPS 4610 $509,500 EͲ105 CW 5100 $15,000
EͲ106 MPS 2220 $262,600 EͲ106 Ͳ 1170 $Ͳ
EͲ107 HPS 6270 $924,000 EͲ107 Ͳ 21400 $Ͳ
EͲ108 HPSGen. Ͳ11700 $(1,723,403) EͲ108 CW 11600 $34,300
EͲ109 MPSGen. Ͳ7470 $(882,126) EͲ109 CW 12100 $36,000
EͲ110 LPSGen. Ͳ2800 $(309,445) EͲ110 HPS 8410 $1,238,800
EͲ111 CW 12300 $36,000 EͲ111 HPS 3770 $555,000
EͲ112 CW 12200 $36,000 HͲ101A/B Nat.Gas 10100 $933,000
EͲ113 MPS 6030 $712,100
EͲ114 CW 8030 $23,700
EͲ115 HPS 1340 $197,400
EͲ116 LPSGen. Ͳ4410 $(487,376)
EͲ117 HPS 3750 $552,400
HͲ101A/B Nat.Gas 18400 $1,700,000
Total(Utility): 56590 $2,482,349 Total(Utility): 51689 $2,960,369
The utility comparison yielded an interesting and unexpected result. While the total utility duty is
around 10% less for the integrated case, the actual utility cost is around 20% more expensive.
10
This is due to the much lower amount of steam generation in the integrated case than the base
case, as well as the fact that the integrated case uses more expensive utilities. Even though the
base case has significantly more heating costs, they are offset by the savings from all the steam
generation. The integrated case uses only high pressure steam and natural gas for heating, which
are far more expensive than medium or low pressure steam. The compared cooling and heating
costs and energy use for both cases are shown in the table below.
HeatIntegrated
BaseDesign
Design
Heating(MJ/h) 50440 24480
Cooling(MJ/h) 6150 27209
TotalUtilityUse
(MJ/h)
56590 51689
AnnualHeatingCost $5,789,000 $3,050,900
AnnualCoolingCost $(3,306,651) $(90,531)
AnnualUtilityCost $2,482,349 $2,960,369
From this table, we can see that the base case has a very unbalanced distribution between heating
and cooling duty, and requires twice the heat energy as the integrated case. This comparison also
shows how much more money is saved via steam generation for the base case than the integrated
case. It would be ideal if the integrated case could replace some of its cooling water with low
pressure steam generation, but unfortunately the streams being cooled are below the low pressure
steam temperature.
Because of the discrepancy between $8.6 million capital cost savings and $478,000/yr higher
utility costs resulting from heat integration, I analyzed the effect of heat integration on the
profitability of the entire process. For this comparison, I used the same financial parameters as
the base case and evaluated the discounted cash flow over 2 years of construction and 10 years of
operation. The results of this analysis are summarized below.
BaseCase HeatInt.Case
NetPresentValue $104,357,000 $118,770,000
Disc.RateofReturn 49.07% 68.74%
Disc.PaybackPeriod 1.49 0.92
Despite the increased operating costs with heat integration, its much lower capital cost wins out
when examining the big picture. The net present value of the integrated case is $14.4 million
higher than the base case, with a 20% higher discounted rate of return and half a year shorter
11
discounted payback period. This shows that the optimized network is a significant improvement
over the base design.
Conclusions
When designing or optimizing a process, it’s frequently stressed how important it is to balance
the capital and operating costs. This idea especially applies to heat integration, and it was
reinforced by the results of my analysis. The base case had high capital cost but low operating
cost, and even though heat integration increased the operating cost, the capital savings more than
made up for it. I was initially expecting the improved design to result in reductions of both
capital and operating costs, but analyzing my results helped me understand why that wasn’t the
case. Overall, this project was very successful. Not only did I increase the value of my group’s
process design by $14.4 million and reduce energy usage by 10%, but I also gained valuable
knowledge and insight into heat integration and process optimization that will certainly be of use
to me in my engineering career.
12
Appendix Process Design Report – Aniline Production Plant
13
PROCESS DESIGN
ANILINE PRODUCTION PLANT
GAMECOCK CHEMICAL COMPANY

GROUP 6
COLUMBIA, SC 29208
USA
27 April 2015
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................ 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1
1.2 DESIGN BASIS.................................................................................................. 2
1.2.1 Feedstock and Product Purity ......................................................................... 2
1.2.2 Process Concept Diagram ............................................................................... 2
1.2.3 Overall Material Balance ................................................................................ 2
1.2.4 Process Block Flow Diagram.......................................................................... 3
1.3 CHEMISTRY ..................................................................................................... 3
1.3.1 Physical Properties .......................................................................................... 3
1.3.2 Thermodynamics............................................................................................. 3
1.3.3 Reaction Chemistry1,2 ..................................................................................... 4
1.3.4 Reaction Kinetics ............................................................................................ 4
1.4 PROCESS FLOW ............................................................................................... 4
1.4.1 Reaction Section ............................................................................................. 4
1.4.2 Separation Section .......................................................................................... 4
1.4.3 Areas of Special Concern................................................................................ 6
1.5 OPERATION ...................................................................................................... 7
1.5.1 General ............................................................................................................ 7
1.5.2 Startup ............................................................................................................. 7
1.5.3 Shutdown ........................................................................................................ 7
1.5.4 Emergencies .................................................................................................... 7
1.5.4.1 Power Failure .......................................................................................... 7
1.5.4.2 Utility Failures ........................................................................................ 7
1.5.4.2.1 Steam System Failure ........................................................................ 7
1.5.4.2.2 Cooling System Failure ..................................................................... 7
1.5.4.3 Upstream Unit Failure............................................................................. 7
1.5.4.4 Downstream Unit Failure ........................................................................ 7
2 PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM ................................................................................... 8
3 STREAM SUMMARY TABLE ................................................................................. 9
4 EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS ........................................................................... 11
4.1 Equipment list ................................................................................................... 11
4.2 Columns ............................................................................................................ 12
4.3 Heat Exchangers ............................................................................................... 13
4.4 Compressors/Expanders .................................................................................... 15
4.5 Pumps................................................................................................................ 15
4.6 Vessels .............................................................................................................. 16
4.7 Reactor .............................................................................................................. 16
4.8 Fire Heaters ....................................................................................................... 17
5 HAZARDS AND OPERABILITY ANALYSIS ...................................................... 17
6 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ........................................................................................ 66
6.1 BASIS FOR EQUIPMENT COSTS ................................................................. 66
6.1.1 Methodology ................................................................................................. 66
6.1.2 Chemical Engineering Plant Cost Index ....................................................... 66
i
6.2 BASIS FOR MANUFACTURING COSTS ..................................................... 67
6.2.1 Chemical Costs ............................................................................................. 67
6.2.2 Utility Costs .................................................................................................. 67
6.2.2.1 Heat Exchangers ................................................................................... 67
6.2.2.2 Pumps .................................................................................................... 68
6.2.2.3 Compressors and Expanders ................................................................. 69
6.2.2.4 Fired Heaters ......................................................................................... 69
6.2.3 Labor Costs ................................................................................................... 69
6.2.4 Waste Treatment Costs ................................................................................. 70
6.2.5 Reactor Catalyst Costs .................................................................................. 70
6.3 PROFITABILITY ............................................................................................. 71
6.3.1 Value Added Calculation .............................................................................. 71
6.3.2 Capital Cost ................................................................................................... 71
6.3.3 Manufacturing Cost ...................................................................................... 72
6.3.4 Return on Investment .................................................................................... 72
6.3.5 Payout Period ................................................................................................ 72
6.3.6 Discounted Cash Flow Rate of Return.......................................................... 72
6.4 RECOMMENDATION .................................................................................... 72
7 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 74
APPENDIX I. STEADY STATE SIMULATION REPORT ....................................... 76
APPENDIX II. DETAILED CALCULATIONS ..................................................... 149
APPENDIX II.1 ∆T Log Mean Calculations ......................................................... 149
APPENDIX II.2 Reactor Sizing Calculations ........................................................ 149
APPENDIX II.3 Fire Heater Sizing Calculations ................................................ 151
APPENDIX III. MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS ........................................ 152
APPENDIX IV. CAPCOST PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS ................................ 202
APPENDIX IV.1 COLUMNS ............................................................................... 202
APPENDIX IV.2 HEAT EXCHANGERS ........................................................... 202
APPENDIX IV.3 COMPRESSORS ..................................................................... 203
APPENDIX IV.4 PUMPS ..................................................................................... 203
APPENDIX IV.5 VESSELS ................................................................................. 204
APPENDIX IV.6 REACTOR................................................................................ 204
APPENDIX IV.7 FIRE HEATERS ...................................................................... 204
APPENDIX IV.8 CAPCOST CONCERNS ........................................................... 204
APPENDIX IV.9 CAPCOST ECONOMICS ......................................................... 205
APPENDIX V. NITROBENZENE TO ANILINE PROCESS OVERVIEW ....... 206
APPENDIX V.1 PROCESS CONCEPT DIAGRAM .......................................... 206
APPENDIX V.2 PROCESS BLOCK FLOW DIAGRAM .................................. 206
APPENDIX V.3 OVERALL MATERIAL BALANCE ...................................... 206
ii
1
1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Aniline is an organic base that is used to make a variety of products including dyes and
pigments, agricultural chemicals, photochemicals, pharmaceuticals, explosives and many
others, with the majority of aniline being used to produce MDI.1,2
Pure aniline is a colorless oily liquid that darkens with exposure to light and air. Because
of aniline’s, shown in Figure 1, it is miscible with acetone, ethanol, diethyl ether and
benzene, and it is soluble with most organic solvents. Furthermore, aniline is a weak base
that is able to form stable salts with strong acids.
Figure 1. The structure of Aniline.3
Aniline was first produced in 1862 by dry distilling indigo. In 1840, aniline was
alternatively produced by heating indigo with potash. By 1843, scientist had established
the structure of aniline. Today, aniline is produced in one of two ways. The first is via
catalytic reduction of nitrobenzene. The most commonly used catalyst is H2. The second
method, which will be used at this facility, is via ammonolysis of phenol. The most
common ammonolysis process is the Halcon Process which aminates phenol by passing it
over a silica-alumina catalyst in the presence of excess ammonia (20:1). The key feature
is this process is the use of low pressure distillation to break the phenol-aniline
azeotrope.1,2 However, patent literature shows a number of methods to increase aniline
yield and bypass the potential azeotrope. The specific process used at this facility will be
discussed in further detail in section 1.4.
2
1.2 DESIGN BASIS

1.2.1 Feedstock and Product Purity
The ammonia feedstock is fed at a rate of 1796kg/hour. The purity of the ammonia
feedstock is >99% pure4. The phenol feedstock is fed at a rate of 10120kg/hr. The phenol
feedstock is composed of 93wt% phenol and 7wt% water5.
The amount of phenol that must be produced is at least 75,000 metric tons/year. The final
aniline product must be >99% pure aniline6.
1.2.2 Process Concept Diagram
1.2.3 Overall Material Balance

The overall material balance accounts for 5% downtime and a stream factor of 0.95.
Therefore, the amount of aniline produced was 103.94 kmol/hr or 85497 metric tons/year
which meets the yearly quota of 75,000 metric tons/year.
3
1.2.4 Process Block Flow Diagram

Ammonia
Ammonia Feedstock H20
Aniline
Ammonia Aniline
Ammonia Phenol Phenol
Phenol Feedstock Phenol H20 H20
Ammonia Recovery/ Drying/Separation
Reactor Prep Reactor
Separation Prep Prep
Aniline
Phenol
Separation
Aniline
1.3 CHEMISTRY
1.3.1 Physical Properties
Critical Properties
Species MW (g/mol) n. BP (K) Crit T (K) Crit P (bar) acentric
Ammonia7,8 17.0305 239 405.4 113 0.250
Water7,8 18.0153 373 647 220.64 0.344
Phenol7,8 94.1112 455 694.3 59.3 0.438
Species MW (g/mol) n. BP (K) Crit T (K) Crit P (bar) acentric
Aniline7,9 93.1265 457 699 53.1 0.382
Diphenylamine7,10 169.2224 575.2 931.15 30.13 0.584
Triphenylamine7 245.3184 620.7 526.3* 14.2* 0.7509*
*Values estimated using AspenTech HYSYS
1.3.2 Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic calculations for the HYSYS computer simulation of this process were
based on UNIQUAC activity coefficients. Vapor modeling is based on the Soave
modification of the Redlich-Kwong equation of state, which generally proves to be more
accurate when modeling polar systems.
4
1.3.3 Reaction Chemistry1,2

௖௔௧௔௟௬௦௧
Aniline reaction: ‫ܪ ଺ܥ‬ହ ܱ‫ ܪ‬൅ ܰ‫ܪ‬ଷ ርۛۛۛۛሮ ‫ܪ ଺ܥ‬ହ ܰ‫ܪ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ܪ‬ଶ ܱ
௖௔௧௔௟௬௦௧
Diphenylamine side reaction: ʹ‫ܪ ଺ܥ‬ହ ܱ‫ ܪ‬൅ ܰ‫ܪ‬ଷ ርۛۛۛۛሮ ‫ܥ‬ଵଶ ‫ܪ‬ଵ଴ ܰ‫ ܪ‬൅ ʹ‫ܪ‬ଶ ܱ
௖௔௧௔௟௬௦௧
Triphenylamine side reaction: ͵‫ܪ ଺ܥ‬ହ ܱ‫ ܪ‬൅ ܰ‫ܪ‬ଷ ርۛۛۛۛሮ ‫ܥ‬ଵ଼ ‫ܪ‬ଵହ ܰ ൅ ͵‫ܪ‬ଶ ܱ
1.3.4 Reaction Kinetics

Detailed kinetics and rate law data were not available for this process. Example V from
US Patent 3,680,650 provided space-velocity, conversion, and selectivity data that were
used to estimate the necessary size of our reactor and amount of catalyst. Since the
reaction mechanism is presumed to be significantly influenced by equilibrium, a large
excess (20:1) of ammonia is used. At high temperature and pressure, the reaction results
in high single pass conversion and selectivity to aniline. The catalyst bed will require
replacement twice per year.11
1.4 PROCESS FLOW

1.4.1 Reaction Section
The phenol feed is stored at 25oC and 1kPa. To prepare the phenol for the reaction with
ammonia to produce aniline, it is pumped, via pump P-101 A/B, to a pressure of
1693kPa. It is subsequently heated from 26.2oC to 369oC via a series of heat exchangers
and fired heater, E-101 through E-103 and H-101 B. Ammonia is stored at -33.3oC and
204.7kPa. The pressure of the stored ammonia is increased to 1694kPa via pump P-102
A/B. To mix the feed stream ammonia with the recycled ammonia from T-101 at similar
temperatures, the ammonia feed is heated, via heat exchanger E-104, to 100oC. The pure
ammonia feed is mixed with the recycled ammonia from T-101, and the mixed ammonia
stream is prepared for the reaction. The stream is heated from 100.6oC to 369oC via a
series of heat exchangers and a fired heater, E-105 through E-107 and H-101 A. The
phenol stream and ammonia stream are mixed at 367.9oC and 1655kPa and fed to packed
bed reactor R-101. The ammonia is fed to the reactor in excess of phenol, 20:1. The
catalyst used in the reactor is a silica-alumina catalyst with the following composition in
terms of mass: 90% alumina, 2.2% silica, 1.6% sodium, 0.13% iron, and the balance as
water.11
1.4.2 Separation Section

The reactor products include 90mol% ammonia, 5mol% water, 5.6mol% aniline, and less
than 1mol% phenol, diphenylamine and triphenylamine. The stream leaving the reactor is
378.7oC and 1655kPa. Before the reactor outlet stream is sent to T-101 to separate the
excess ammonia, the stream pressure is reduced to 995.2kPa using turbine C-102. The
stream is also cooled from 339.6oC to 100oC using a series of heat exchangers, E-108
through E-111. The reactor outlet stream is then sent to T-101 to separate the excess
ammonia from the remaining products. The tower operates at 169.5oC and 994kPa. The
5
top of the tower has a reflux ratio of 0.15. The stream leaving the top of the tower is
39.1oC, 990kPa and is composed of 99.6mol% aniline and negligible amounts of water
and aniline. The top product is compressed, via C-101, to a pressure of 1693kPa and
100.6oC and mixed with the ammonia feed as mentioned previously. The bottoms from
T-101 are 173.8oC, 943.7kPa and 51mol% water, 47mol% aniline, and small amounts of
phenol, diphenylamine and triphenylamine. The bottoms pressure is decreased to 212kPA
using the turbine C-103. After expanding the bottoms products, they are mixed with the
recycle from the 3-phase separator and fed to T-102, the tower used to separate the water
from the remaining products. T-102 operates at 214.6oC and 214kPa. The reflux ratio for
the condensing top of the tower is 0.1. The distillate from the top is sent to the 3-phase
separator, V-104, to separate the gaseous waste from the liquid wastewater and the
aniline-water recycle. V-104 operates at 108.8oC and 209kPa. The recycle is 22.02kmol
water/hr, 31.53kmol aniline/hr and trace amounts of ammonia and phenol. To ensure that
the recycle and bottoms from T-101 mix at the same pressure, the pressure of the recycle
stream is increased to 212kPa using P-103 A/B. The bottoms of T-102 are 215oC, 214kPa
and 98.5mol% aniline with trace amounts of phenol, diphenylamine and triphenylamine.
Finally, the bottoms product is sent to T-103 to purify the desired aniline product. T-103
operates at 245oC and 115kPa. The condenser reflux ratio is 0.03. Leaving the top of the
column is the desired aniline product at 187.1oC and 110kPa at a purity of 99.03%, with
phenol as the only impurity. The flow rate of aniline is 102.3kmol/hr, allowing the plant
to meet its yearly quota of 75,000 metric tons/year. The bottoms products are the
impurities of the phenol to aniline reaction, diphenylamine and triphenylamine. The
impurities are 282.3oC and 115kPa and are treated as hazardous waste.12,1,2
6
1.4.3 Areas of Special Concern

Process Condition Matrix (PCM) for Aniline Production
Equipment Reactors and Separators Other Equipment
High Low High Low Non- Comp Exch. Htr. Valve Mix
Temp Temp Pres. Pres. Stoich.
Feed
C-101
C-102 X
C-103
E-101
E-102
E-103
E-104 X
E-105
E-106
E-107
E-108
E-109
E-110
E-111
E-112
E-113
E-114
E-115
E-116
E-117
H-101 A/B
P-101 A/B
P-102 A/B
P-103 A/B
P-104 A/B
P-105 A/B
P-106 A/B
R-101 X X X
T-101
T-102
T-103
V-101
V-102
V-103
V-104
7
E-104 has a ∆Tlm greater than 100oC. However, this is necessary because the feed to E-
104 is pure ammonia at atmospheric pressure and purchased conditions (-33.3oC).13
R-101 has several special concerns. The reactor has a pressure greater than 10bar
(16.6bar) and a temperature greater than 250oC (367.9oC). Also, there is a non-
stoichiometric feed to the reactor. Ammonia is in excess to phenol at a ratio of 20 to 1.
However, all of these conditions are necessary to achieve a high enough equilibrium
conversion and minimize the formation of unwanted side products and azeotropes.11,13
Because of these special concerns, the reactor will require thicker walls.
C-102 has a high inlet temperature (378.7oC).13 Therefore, tests will need to be performed
to determine the appropriate material of construction, wall thickness and longevity of the
equipment.
1.5 OPERATION
To be completed by operations personnel.
1.5.1 General
1.5.2 Startup
1.5.3 Shutdown
1.5.4 Emergencies
1.5.4.1 Power Failure
1.5.4.2 Utility Failures
1.5.4.2.1 Steam System Failure
1.5.4.2.2 Cooling System Failure
1.5.4.3 Upstream Unit Failure
1.5.4.4 Downstream Unit Failure

2
24
P-103 A/B
CWS
14
E-114 V-102
25
CWR
19
C-101
18 P-105 A/B
CWS
20 21 Waste
22
15
17 V-101
E-112 V-101 T-102
LPS LPS MPS HPS HPS
BFW
Ammonia Feed CWR
5 6 7 8
4
P-104 A/B E-115 V-104
E-104 E-105 E-106 E-107 C-103
BFW BFW BFW CWS 13 23
P-102 A/B H-101 A 9
11 26
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
BFW BFW BFW BFW

12
Wastewater
T-101
LPS MPS HPS
C-102
E-108 E-109 E-110 E-111
R-101 MPS BFW

2
1 10
3 HPS MPS LPS CWR BFW
E-101 E-102 E-103 E-113
P-101 A/B H-101 B V-102 V-103

Phenol Feed E-116
BFW BFW BFW
LPS
16
27
28
P-106 A/B 29
Aniline
T-103
HPS
BFW
E-117
Impurities
30
8
9
3 STREAM SUMMARY TABLE
Stream Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
o
Temperature ( C) 25.00 26.22 369.00 -33.30 -32.6 100.00 100.60
Pressure (kPa) 101.30 1693.00 1655.00 204.70 1694.00 1693.00 1693.00
Vapor Fraction 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
Mass Flow (kg/h) 10120.00 10120.00 10120.00 1796.00 1796.00 1796.00 36260.00
Mole Flow
114.00 114.00 114.00 105.50 105.50 105.50 2129.00
(kmol/h)
Pipe Diameter
3.07 3.07 6.07 1.61 1.61 3.07 10.03
(in)
Component Mole Flow (kmol/h)
Ammonia 0.00 0.00 0.00 105.45 105.45 105.45 2120.68
Water 7.98 7.98 7.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.98
Phenol 106.02 106.02 106.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Aniline 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01
Diphenylamine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Triphenylamine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Stream Number 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
o
Temperature ( C) 369.00 367.90 378.70 359.40 100.00 39.21 39.11
Pressure (kPa) 1655.00 1655.00 1655.00 995.20 991.10 1489.00 990.00
Vapor Fraction 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.92 0.00 1.00
Mass Flow (kg/h) 36260.00 46380.00 46380.00 46380.00 46380.00 5346.00 34470.00
Mole Flow
2129.00 2243.00 2243.00 2243.00 2243.00 294.40 2023.00
(kmol/h)
Pipe Diameter
10.03 11.95 11.95 11.95 11.95 2.07 10.03
(in)
Ammonia 2120.68 2120.68 2016.26 2016.26 2016.27 185.00 2015.27
Water 7.99 15.97 120.93 120.93 120.92 106.40 7.99
Phenol 0.00 106.02 1.06 1.06 1.06 0.00 0.00
Aniline 0.01 0.01 103.91 103.91 103.91 2.98 0.01
Diphenylamine 0.00 0.00 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.00 0.00
Triphenylamine 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.00
10
Stream Number 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
o
Temperature ( C) 100.70 173.70 120.30 119.70 108.90 109.30 108.80
Pressure (kPa) 1693.00 994.00 212.00 212.00 708.90 210.00 205.00
Vapor Fraction 1.00 1.00 0.19 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mass Flow (kg/h) 34460.00 11920.00 11920.00 15270.00 554.70 5555.00 5555.00
Mole Flow
2023.00 219.40 219.40 274.00 17.00 170.10 170.10
(kmol/h)
Pipe Diameter
10.03 3.07 6.07 6.07 1.05 2.07 3.07
(in)
Ammonia 2015.24 1.01 1.01 2.09 0.21 2.09 2.09
Water 7.98 112.93 112.93 134.87 13.49 134.87 134.87
Phenol 0.00 1.06 1.06 1.25 0.02 0.22 0.22
Aniline 0.01 103.90 103.90 135.32 3.29 32.96 32.96
Diphenylamine 0.00 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.00 0.00 0.00
Triphenylamine 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00
Stream Number 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
o
Temperature ( C) 108.80 108.80 108.80 108.80 215.00 188.40 187.10
Pressure (kPa) 205.00 205.00 205.00 212.00 214.00 113.00 609.00
Vapor Fraction 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.00
Mass Flow (kg/h) 9.47 2176.00 3369.00 3369.00 9719.00 9719.00 269.10
Mole Flow
0.47 114.80 54.82 54.82 103.90 103.90 2.89
(kmol/h)
Pipe Diameter
1.05 1.61 1.61 1.61 3.07 6.07 7.99
(in)
Ammonia 0.15 0.86 1.08 1.08 0.00 0.00 0.00
Water 0.32 112.54 22.02 22.02 0.00 0.00 0.00
Phenol 0.00 0.03 0.19 0.19 1.03 1.03 0.03
Aniline 0.01 1.41 31.53 31.53 102.36 102.36 2.86
Diphenylamine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.48 0.48 0.00
Triphenylamine 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.00
11
Stream Number 29 30
o
Temperature ( C) 187.10 245.0
Pressure (kPa) 110.00 115.00
Vapor Fraction 0.00 0.00
Mass Flow (kg/h) 9625.00 109.6
Mole Flow
103.30 0.7331
(kmol/h)
Pipe Diameter
3.07 1.05
(in)
Ammonia 0.00 0.00
Water 0.00 0.00
Phenol 1.03 0.003
Aniline 102.30 0.223
Diphenylamine 0.00 0.47
Triphenylamine 0.00 0.04
4 EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
4.1 Equipment list
Equipment # Description
C-101 Ammonia Compressor
C-102 Reactor Products Expander
C-103 Ammonia Column Bottoms Expander
E-101 Phenol Preheater
E-104 Ammonia Preheater
E-108 Reactor Product Cooling
E-112 Ammonia Column Condenser
E-113 Ammonia Column Reboiler
E-114 Water Column Condenser
E-115 Water Column Reboiler
12
Equipment # Description
E-116 Aniline Column Condenser
E-117 Aniline Column Reboiler
H-101 A/B Reactor Preheater
P-101 A/B Phenol Feed Pump
P-102 A/B Ammonia Feed Pump
P-103 A/B 3-Phase Separator Pump
P-104 A/B Ammonia Reflux Pump
P-105 A/B Water Reflux Pump
P-106 A/B Aniline Reflux Pump
R-101 Aniline Reactor
T-101 Ammonia Column
T-102 Water Column
T-103 Aniline Column
V-101 Ammonia Reflux Drum
V-102 Water Reflux Drum
V-103 Aniline Reflux Drum
V-104 3-Phase Separator
4.2 Columns
Towers T-101 T-102 T-103

o
Temp ( C) 169.5 214.6 245
Pressure (kPa) 994 214 115
MOC* CS CS CS
Diameter (m) 2.286 1.524 1.067
# of Trays 5 5 6
Efficiency 100% 100% 100%
Feed Tray 2 3 4
Tray Spacing (m)/Pack height 0.6096 0.6096 0.6096
Tray Material 1" Berl Saddle CS CS
Column Height (m) 6.20 6.05 6.66
Reflux Ratio 0.145 0.1 2.80E-02
Reboiler Duty (MJ/h) 6027 1338 3746
Condenser Duty (MJ/h) 1.22E+04 8028 4409
*Equipment cost estimated using carbon steel (CS) material of construction. However,
phenol is corrosive and it is not recommended to use ammonia with carbon steel.13
Therefore, further corrosion testing must be performed to determine acceptable material
specifications.
13
4.3 Heat Exchangers
Heat Exchangers E-101 E-102 E-103 E-104 E-105

Type S&T FH S&T FH S&T FH S&T FH S&T FH
Area (m2) 35.44 48.25 48.25 10.56 1508
Duty (KJ/h) 2.64E+06 5.80E+05 1.71E+06 2.89E+06 4.61E+06
Shell
Temp (oC) 158.9 184.1 253.2 158.9 158.9
Pressure (kPa) 601.3 1101 4201 601.3 601.3
Phase Condensing Condensing Condensing Condensing Condensing
MOC* CS CS CS CS CS
Tube
Temp (oC) 153 178 247 100 153
Pressure (kPa) 1693 1692 1691 1694 1693
Phase Liquid Liquid Liquid Boiling Vapor
MOC* CS CS CS CS CS
Area (m2) 1627 1751 3016 2752 2827
Duty (KJ/h) 2.22E+06 6.27E+06 1.17E+07 7.47E+06 2.80E+06
Shell
Temp (oC) 184.1 253.2 254 185 160
Pressure (kPa) 1101 4201 4201 1101 601.3
Phase Condensing Condensing Boiling Boiling Boiling
MOC* CS CS CS CS CS
Tube
Temp (oC) 178 247 359.4 258 189
Pressure (kPa) 1692 1691 995.2 994.2 993.2
Phase Vapor Vapor Vapor Vapor Condensing
MOC* CS CS CS CS CS
14

Area (m2) 1376 2017 95.76 58.81 165.9
Duty (KJ/h) 1.23E+07 1.22E+07 6.03E+06 8.03E+06 1.34E+06
Shell
Temp (oC) 163 40 184.1 40 253.2
Pressure (kPa) 992.1 500 1101 500 4201
Phase Condensing Liquid Condensing Liquid Condensing
MOC* CS CS CS CS CS
Tube
Temp (oC) 40 83.2 173.8 154.2 214.8
Pressure (kPa) 500 990 944.7 210 214
Phase Liquid Condensing Boiling Condensing Boiling
MOC* CS CS CS CS CS
Heat Exchangers E-116 E-117
Type S&T FH S&T FH
Area (m2) 116.9 43.73
Duty (KJ/h) 4.41E+06 3.75E+06
Shell
Temp (oC) 160 253.2
Pressure (kPa) 601.3 4201
Phase Boiling Condensing
MOC* CS CS
Tube
Temp (oC) 187.3 244.6
Pressure (kPa) 110 115
Phase Condensing Boiling
MOC* CS CS
*Equipment cost estimated using carbon steel material of construction. However, phenol
is corrosive and it is not recommended to use ammonia with carbon steel.13 Therefore,
further corrosion testing must be performed to determine acceptable material
specifications.
15
4.4 Compressors/Expanders
Compressors/Expanders C-101 C-102 C-103

Flow (kg/h) 34460 4.64E+04 1.19E+04
Fluid Density (kg/m3) 9.984 6.375 879.3
Power (shaft) (kW) 1186.63 -571.6 -9.091
Type/Drive Reciprocating Radial Radial
Efficieny (Fluid
Power/Shaft Power) 65% 35% 35%
MOC* CS CS CS
Temp (oC) 100.6 378.7 173.7
Pressure (in) (kPa) 990 1655 994
Pressure (out) (kPa) 1693 995 212
specifications.
4.5 Pumps
P-101 P-102 P-103 P-104 P-105 P-106

Pumps (A/B) (A/B) (A/B) (A/B) (A/B) (A/B)
Flow (kg/h) 1.01E+04 1796 3369 5344 6111 9878
Fluid Density
(kg/m3) 1074 673.1 941.8 722.3 940.2 870.4
Power (shaft) (kW) 6.040993 1.69706 0.011 1.58077 1.38876 2.4253
Type/Drive Centrifugal Centrifugal Centrifugal Centrifugal Centrifugal Centrifugal
Efficieny (Fluid
Power/Shaft Power) 65% 65% 65% 65% 65% 65%
MOC* Cast Iron Cast Iron Cast Iron Cast Iron Cast Iron Cast Iron
Temp (oC) 26.22 -32.58 108.8 39.21 108.9 187.1
Pressure (in) (kPa) 101.3 204.7 205 989 209 109
Pressure (out) (bar) 1693 1694 212 1489 709 609
*Equipment cost estimated using cast iron material of construction. However, phenol is
corrosive.13 Therefore, further corrosion testing must be performed to determine
acceptable material specifications.
16
4.6 Vessels
Vessels V-101 V-102 V-103 V-104 V-104 Boot

Temp (oC) 39.03 108.70 186.70 108.80 108.80
Pressure (kPa) 989 209 109 209 209
Orientation H H H H H
MOC* CS CS CS CS CS
Size
Height/Length (m) 6.40 2.67 3.20 3.73 1.25
Diameter (m) 1.83 0.76 0.91 1.07 0.36
Volume(m3) 16.82 1.22 2.10 3.34 0.12
specifications.
4.7 Reactor
Reactors R-101
Temp (oC) 379
Pressure (kPa) 1655
Orientation Vertical
MOC* CS
Specifics
Reactor Type PBR
Catalyst Shape Sphere
Catalyst Size (mm) 5
Void Fraction 0.255
Reactor Volume (m3) 372.3
Height (m) 22.8
Diameter (m) 4.56
specifications.
17
4.8 Fire Heaters
Fire Heater H-101 A H-101 B

Required Heat Load (kJ/h) 6.71E+06 1.17E+07
Heat Exchange Area (m2) 99.3 174
Efficiency 80% 80%
Maximum Pressure Rating (kPa) 1690 1690
MOC CS CS
specifications.
5 HAZARDS AND OPERABILITY ANALYSIS
5.1 Assumptions
Process Unit Hazards
1) General Process Hazards

a) Exothermic Chemical Reaction
i) Assume exothermic for R-101
ii) Assume no reaction for remaining equipment
b) Endothermic Processes
i) Assume no endothermic processes
c) Material Handling and Transfer
i) Assume no storage or material transfer within the process
d) Enclosed or Indoor Process Units
i) Assume process outside
e) Access
i) Assume good access
f) Draining and Spill Control
i) Assume worst case scenario
2) Special Process Hazards
a) Toxic Materials
b) Sub-atmospheric Pressure
i) No vacuums
c) Operation In or Near Flammable Range
i) Tank Farms Storage flammable Liquids
(1) Assume no storage
ii) Process Upset or Purge Failure
(1) Because of assumption in iii), take no penalty
iii) Always in the Flammable Range
(1) Assume all units always in the flammable range
d) Dust Explosion
18
i) No solids
e) Pressure
f) Low Temperature
i) Not low temperature in any of the process units
g) Quantity of Flammable/Unstable Material
i) Liquids or Gases in Process
ii) Liquids or Gases in Storage
(1) No storage
iii) Combustible Solids in Storage, Dust in Process
(1) No solids
h) Corrosion and Erosion
i) Assume trace amounts of phenol in all units excluding E-105, 106 and 107
i) Leakage – Joints and Packing
i) Assume minor leakage
j) Use of Fired Equipment
i) All units are above the flash point and below the boiling point, use line A-1
ii) Before reactor, assume units are close to fired heater and receive a penalty of
0.2. After the reactor until reaching the towers, assume a penalty of 0.1. After
the towers, assume no penalty.
k) Hot Oil Heat Exchange System
i) No hot oil
l) Rotating Equipment
i) No rotating equipment
3) Process Unit Hazards Factor
i) Assume a maximum value of 8
Loss Control Credit Factors
1) Process Control Credit Factor (C1)

a) Emergency Power
i) Assume emergency backup where necessary (Reactor, Tower and
components)
b) Cooling
i) Assume emergency cooling where necessary (Reactor, Heat exchanger series
after reactor)
c) Explosion Control
i) Assume explosion controls for reactor only
ii) Typical relief for all other process units
d) Emergency Shutdown
i) Assume redundancy system
e) Computer Control
i) Assume computer controls with fail safe logic
f) Inert Gas
i) Assume no inert gases used
g) Operating Instructions/Procedures
i) Assume all operating instructions are covered
19
h) Reactive Chemical Review

i) Assume continual reactive chemical review
i) Other Process Hazard Analysis
i) Assume one of these process hazard analyses is done regularly
2) Material Isolation Credit Factor (C2)
a) Remote Control Valves
i) Assume valves are operated remotely where applicable
b) Dump/Blowdown
i) Normal venting unit (vent to flare)
c) Drainage
i) Assume drainage capable of handling moderate spills
d) Interlock
i) Assume interlock systems after the reactor and worst case before the reactor
3) Fire Protection Credit Factor (C3)
a) Leak Detection
i) Assume detectors that alarm only
b) Structural Steel
i) Assume worst case fireproofing
c) Fire Water Supply
i) Assume firefighting water capable of delivering max demand for 4hrs
d) Special Systems
i) No special systems
e) Sprinkler Systems
i) Assume outside – no sprinklers (worst case)
f) Water Curtains
i) Assume outside – no water curtains (worst case)
g) Foam
i) Assume outside – no foam (worst case)
h) Hand Extinguishers/Monitors
i) Assume large spill potential – hand extinguishers insufficient
i) Cable Protection
i) Assume fireproofing material
5.2 Highest Risks to Process Operation
Classification Guide.
Equipment Degree of Hazard for F&EI
# Light Moderate Intermediate Heavy Severe
E-101-103 X
E-105-107 X
E-108-111 X
E-112 X
E-113 X
E-114 X
E-115 X
20
Degree
of
Hazard
Equipment for
# F&EI
Light Moderate Intermediate Heavy Severe
E-116 X
E-117 X
R-101 X
T-101 X
T-102 X
T-103 X
V-101 X
V-102 X
V-103 X
V-104 X
The two pieces of equipment with the greatest business interruption value are E-108
through 111 and R-101.
5.3 Business Interruption Value and Estimate of the Fraction of Total

Direct Costs
business interruption values. The total business interruption value was 4.93$MM.
The fraction of the total direct cost was calculated by dividing the sum of all the
actual MPPD (2.634$MM) by the total bare module cost of the aniline production plant
(23.1613$MM). Therefore, the total actual MPPDs fraction of the total plant cost is
11.4%.
21
5.4 DOW F&EI

5.4.1 Overall Plant F&EI
AREA / Business group LOCATION DATE

COUNTRY
United Columbia, SC 25-Apr
States
SITE MANUFACTURING Type of Operation
UNIT
PREPARED BY: APPROVED BY: BUILDING

(Production
Manager)
Group 6
Process Value of
Unit Base Actual Days
Material Area of BI Loss
F&EI MPPD MPPD Outage
Major Factor Exposure $MM
$MM $MM MPDO
Material $MM
E-101-103
16 128 0.24 0.162 0.097 3.73 0.287
Phenol
E-105-107
10 80 2.81 0.82 0.487 9.71 0.75
Ammonia
E-108-111
10 80 5.65 1.64 0.94 14.34 1.104
Ammonia
E-112
4 32 1.11 0.21 0.118 4.2 0.323
Ammonia
E-113
16 80 0.098 0.054 0.032 1.923 0.148
Aniline
E-114
10 80 0.08 0.024 0.013 1.15 0.089
Aniline
E-115
16 84 0.14 0.076 0.045 2.36 0.181
Aniline
E-116
16 128 0.11 0.071 0.04 2.21 0.155
Aniline
E-117
16 76.86 0.08 0.046 0.026 1.73 0.133
Aniline
R-101
10 80 3.97 1.15 0.633 11.35 0.874
Ammonia
T-101
10 53.09 0.28 0.16 0.089 3.55 0.274
Ammonia
T-102
16 77.3 0.12 0.069 0.039 2.19 0.168
Aniline
T-103
16 80.48 0.08 0.037 0.021 1.51 0.12
Aniline
V-101
4 21.37 0.121 0.066 0.038 2.143 0.165
Ammonia
V-102
10 48.26 0.014 0.008 0.004 0.597 0.046
Aniline
V-103
16 91.82 0.017 0.01 0.006 0.704 0.054
Aniline
V-104
16 77.25 0.02 0.01 0.006 0.72 0.055
Aniline
22
5.4.2 Individual Process Units

COUNTRY
United States Columbia, SC 26-Apr
SITE MANUFACTURING UNIT PROCESS UNIT
Vessel-104
PREPARED BY: APPROVED BY: (Production Manager) BUILDING
D. Ashby
REVIEWED BY: REVIEWED BY: (Technology) REVIEWED BY:
(Management) (Safety/Environment)
MATERIALS IN PROCESS UNIT
Phenol, Water
STATE OF OPERATION BASIC MATERIAL(S)
FOR MATERIAL
FACTOR
___ DESIGN ___ START UP _X_ NORMAL OPERATION ___ SHUTDOWN Phenol
MATERIAL FACTOR (See Table 1 or Appendices A or B) Note requirements when unit temperature 16
over 140 oF (60 oC)
1. General Process Hazards Penalty Penalty
Factor Factor
Range Used(1)
Base Factor ……………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00
A. Exothermic Chemical Reactions 0.30 to 1.25 0.00
B. Endothermic Processes 0.20 to 0.40 0.00
C. Material Handling and Transfer 0.25 to 1.05 0.00
D. Enclosed or Indoor Process Units 0.25 to 0.90 0.00
E. Access 0.25 to 0.35 0.00
F. Drainage and Spill Control ____22,185.6____ gal 0.25 to 0.50 0.50
General Process Hazards Factor (F1) (SUM A to F) ………………………………………………… 1.50
2. Special Process
Hazards…………………………………………………………………..
Base Factor ………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00
A. Toxic Material(s) 0.2 to 0.80 0.80
B. Sub-atmospheric Pressure (< 500 mm Hg) 0.5 0.00
C. Operation In or Near Flammable Range ___ Inerted _X_ Not Inerted
1. Tank Farms Storage Flammable Liquids 0.5 0.00
2. Process Upset or Purge Failure 0.3 0.00
3. Always in Flammable Range 0.8 0.80
D. Dust Explosion (See Table 3) 0.25 to 2.00 0.00
E. Pressure (See Figure 2) Operating Pressure __1590___ kPa gauge 0.54
Relief Setting __1700____ kPa gauge
F. Low Temperature 0.20 to 0.30 0.00
G. Quantity of Flammable/Unstable Material: Quantity 1567 kg
HC =13,400 BTU/lb or kcal/kg
23
1. Liquids or Gases in Process (See Figure 3) 0.03

2. Liquids or Gases in Storage (See Figure 4) 0.00
3. Combustible Solids in Storage, Dust in Process (See Figure 5) 0.00
H. Corrosion and Erosion 0.10 to 0.75 0.50
I. Leakage – Joints and Packing 0.10 to 1.50 0.10
J. Use of Fired Equipment (See Figure 6) 0.10
K. Hot Oil Heat Exchange System (See Table 5) 0.15 to 1.15 0.00
L. Rotating Equipment 0.5 0.00
Special Process Hazards Factor (F2) (A to L) …………………………………………………………….. 6.86
Process Unit Hazards Factor (F1 x F2) = F3 ……...……………………………………………………. 8.00
Fire and Explosion Index (F3 x MF = F&EI) ………………………………………………………….. 128.00
1. Process Control Credit Factor (C1)

Credit Credit Credit
Factor Factor Credit Factor Factor
Feature Range Used(2) Feature Range Used(2)
a. Emergency Power 0.98 1.00 f. Inert Gas 0.94 to 0.96 1.00
b. Cooling 0.97 to 0.99 1.00 g. Operating Instructions/Procedures 0.91 to 0.99 0.91
c. Explosion Control 0.84 to 0.98 1.00 h. Reactive Chemical Review 0.91 to 0.98 0.91
d. Emergency
Shutdown 0.96 to 0.99 0.98 i. Other Process Hazard Analysis 0.91 to 0.98 0.91
e. Computer Control 0.93 to 0.99 0.97
C1 Value(3) 0.716344593
2. Material lsolation Credit Factor (C2)
a. Remote Control
Valves 0.96 to 0.98 0.98 c. Drainage 0.91 to 0.97 0.95
b. Dump/Blowdown 0.96 to 0.98 0.98 d. Interlock 0.98 1.00
C2 Value(3) 0.91238
3. Fire Protection Credit Factor (C3)
Credit Credit Credit Credit
Factor Factor Factor Factor
a. Leak Detection 0.94 to 0.98 0.98 f. Water Curtains 0.97 to 0.98 1.00
b. Structural Steel 0.95 to 0.98 0.98 g. Foam 0.92 to 0.97 1.00
c. Fire Water Supply 0.94 to 0.97 0.97 h. Hand Extinguishers/Monitors 0.93 to 0.98 1.00
d. Special Systems 0.91 1.00 i. Cable Protection 0.94 to 0.98 0.98
e. Sprinkler Systems 0.74 to 0.97 1.00
C3 Value(3) 0.91295624
Loss Control Credit Factor= C1 x C2 x C 3= 0.596688551
24
Process Unit Risk Analysis Summary

1. Fire & Explosion Index (F& El) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128.00
2. Radius of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Figure 7) 107.52 ft
3. Area of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,319 ft2
4. Value of Area of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.24 $MM
5. Damage Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Figure 8) 0.67
6. Base Maximum Probable Property Damage (Base MPPD) [4 x 5] . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1619 $MM
7. Loss Control Credit Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (See Above) 0.597
8. Actual Maximum Probable Property Damage (Actual MPPD) [6 x 7] . . . 0.0966 $MM
9. Maximum Probable Days Outage (MPDO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Figure 9) 3.73 days
10. Business Interruption (Bl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.287 $MM

COUNTRY
E-105, 106, 107
A. Tipton

Ammonia/ Water/ Aniline
STATE OF OPERATION BASIC MATERIAL(S) FOR MATERIAL
FACTOR
Ammonia
___ DESIGN ___ START UP _X_ NORMAL OPERATION
___ SHUTDOWN
MATERIAL FACTOR (See Table 1 or Appendices A or B) Note requirements when unit temperature over 10
140 oF (60 oC)
Factor Factor
Range Used(1)
Base Factor …………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00
E. Access 0.25 to 0.35 0.00
F. Drainage and Spill Control ____4906.9____ gal 0.25 to 0.50 0.50
General Process Hazards Factor (F1) (SUM A to F) ………………………………………………………. 1.50
2. Special Process Hazards…………………………………………………………………..
25
Base Factor 1 1.00

…………………………………………………………………………………….


HC =8,000 BTU/lb
Fire and Explosion Index (F3 x MF = F&EI) …………………………………………………………… 80.00

g. Operating
b. Cooling 0.97 to 0.99 1.00 Instructions/Procedures 0.91 to 0.99 0.91
i. Other Process Hazard
d. Emergency Shutdown 0.96 to 0.99 0.98 Analysis 0.91 to 0.98 0.91
C1 Value(3) 0.716344593
26
Credit Credit
Factor Factor Credit Factor Credit Factor
a. Remote Control Valves 0.96 to 0.98 0.98 c. Drainage 0.91 to 0.97 0.9
C2 Value(3) 0.91238
Credit Credit
0.94 to
a. Leak Detection 0.98 0.98 f. Water Curtains 0.97 to 0.98 1.0
0.95 to
b. Structural Steel 0.98 0.98 g. Foam 0.92 to 0.97 1.0
0.94 to
c. Fire Water Supply 0.97 0.97 h. Hand Extinguishers/Monitors 0.93 to 0.98 1.0
0.74 to
e. Sprinkler Systems 0.97 1.00
C3
Value(3) 0.91295624
Loss Control Credit Factor= C1 x C2 x C

3= 0.596688551

4. Value of Area of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.81 $MM
8. Actual Maximum Probable Property Damage (Actual MPPD) [6 x 7] . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4867 $MM

COUNTRY

27
E-108, 109, 110, 111

D. Ashby

Ammonia, Water, Aniline, Phenol, Diphenylamine, Triphenylamine
FACTOR
Ammonia
___ SHUTDOWN
140 oF (60 oC)
Factor Factor
Range Used(1)
Base Factor 1 1.00
…………………………………………………………………………………….
E. Access 0.25 to 0.35 0.00
Base Factor 1 1.00
…………………………………………………………………………………….

Relief Setting __1000____kPa gauge

28
HC =8,000 BTU/lb


d. Emergency Shutdown 0.96 to 0.99 0.98 i. Other Process Hazard Analysis 0.91 to 0.98 0.91
C1 Value(3) 0.702017701

C2 Value(3) 0.8941324

29
C3 Value(3) 0.91295624

4. Value of Area of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.65 $MM

COUNTRY

E-112
P. Augusto S. O. Costa

Ammonia, Water, Phenol, Aniline, Diphenylamine, Triphenylamine
FACTOR
Ammonia
___ SHUTDOWN
140 oF (60 oC)
Factor Range Factor
Used(1)
30
Base Factor ……………………………………………………………… 1 1.00

E. Access 0.25 to 0.35 0.00
Base Factor 1 1.00
…………………………………………………………………………………….
G. Quantity of Flammable/Unstable Material: Quantity 13881.81 lb
HC =8000 BTU/lb


31

C1 Value(3) 0.687977347

C2 Value(3) 0.8941324

C3 Value(3) 0.91295624

4. Value of Area of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.11 $MM

COUNTRY
32
United States Columbia, SC 4/24/2015

E-113
Patricia Carvalho Souza

Phenol/Ammonia/Aniline/Water
FACTOR
Aniline
___ SHUTDOWN
140 oF (60 oC)
Factor Factor
Range Used(1)
Base Factor ……………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00
E. Access 0.25 to 0.35 0.00
F. Drainage and Spill Control ____22,185.63___ gal 0.25 to 0.50 0.50
Base Factor …………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00
E. Pressure (See Figure 2) Operating Pressure __214____ kPa gauge 0.22
G. Quantity of Flammable/Unstable Material: Quantity 195.14 kg
33



C1 Value(3) 0.716344593

C2 Value(3) 0.8941324

34

C3 Value(3) 0.91295624


3. Area of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14186.469 ft2
4. Value of Area of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.098 $MM

COUNTRY

E-114

FACTOR
Aniline
___ SHUTDOWN
35
140 oF (60 oC)
Factor Factor
Range Used(1)
Base Factor ………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00
E. Access 0.25 to 0.35 0.00
Base Factor …………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00

G. Quantity of Flammable/Unstable Material: Quantity 2250 lb
HC =15000 BTU/lb or kcal/kg


36

C1 Value(3) 0.687977347

C2 Value(3) 0.8941324

C3 Value(3) 0.91295624

37

4. Value of Area of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.08 $MM

COUNTRY

E-115

FACTOR
Aniline
___ SHUTDOWN
140 oF (60 oC)
Factor Factor
Range Used(1)
Base Factor …………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00
E. Access 0.25 to 0.35 0.00
38

Base Factor ……………………………………………………………………………. 1 1.00

C1 Value(3) 0.716344593
39

C2 Value(3) 0.8941324

C3 Value(3) 0.91295624

4. Value of Area of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.14 $MM
40

COUNTRY

E-116

FACTOR
Aniline
___ SHUTDOWN
140 oF (60 oC)
Factor Factor
Range Used(1)
Base Factor …………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00
E. Access 0.25 to 0.35 0.00
Base Factor ……………………………………………………………… 1 1.00
E. Pressure (See Figure 2) Operating Pressure ___10__ kPa gauge 0.16
41


C1 Value(3) 0.687977347
C2 Value(3) 0.8941324
C3 Value(3) 0.91295624
42

4. Value of Area of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.11 $MM

COUNTRY
E-117

FACTOR
Aniline
___ SHUTDOWN
140 oF (60 oC)
Factor Factor
Range Used(1)
Base Factor ……………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00
E. Access 0.25 to 0.35 0.00
43
Base Factor ……………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00


G. Quantity of Flammable/Unstable Material: Quantity 2277.6
lb


g. Operating
C1 Value(3) 0.702017701
44

C2 Value(3) 0.8941324

C3 Value(3) 0.91295624

4. Value of Area of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.08 $MM

COUNTRY
45

Reactor-101
D. Ashby

FACTOR
Ammonia
___ SHUTDOWN
140 oF (60 oC)
Factor Factor
Range Used(1)
Base Factor …………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00
E. Access 0.25 to 0.35 0.00
Base Factor …………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00
HC =8000 BTU/lb
46


g. Operating
C1 Value(3) 0.6742178
C2 Value(3) 0.8941324

Feature Factor Factor Feature Factor Factor
47
Range Used(2) Range Used(2)
C3 Value(3) 0.91295624


COUNTRY

Tower-101
W. Baker Allen

FACTOR
Ammonia
___ SHUTDOWN
140 oF (60 oC)
48

Factor Factor
Range Used(1)
Base Factor ……………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00
E. Access 0.25 to 0.35 0.00
Base Factor …………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00
G. Quantity of Flammable/Unstable Material: Quantity 993.3.0 kg

49

C1 Value(3) 0.702017701

C2 Value(3) 0.8941324
C3 Value(3) 0.91295624
4. Value of Area of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.28 $MM

COUNTRY
50

Tower-102
W. Baker Allen

FACTOR
Aniline
___ SHUTDOWN
140 oF (60 oC)
Factor Factor
Range Used(1)
Base Factor 1 1.00
…………………………………………………………………………………….
E. Access 0.25 to 0.35 0.00
Base Factor ……………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00
51


C1 Value(3) 0.702017701

C2 Value(3) 0.8941324

52

C3 Value(3) 0.91295624

4. Value of Area of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0.12 $MM

COUNTRY

Tower-103
W. Baker Allen

Phenol/Ammonia/Aniline
FACTOR
Aniline
___ SHUTDOWN
140 oF (60 oC)
53

Factor Factor
Range Used(1)
Base Factor ………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00
E. Access 0.25 to 0.35 0.00
Base Factor …………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00


54

C1 Value(3) 0.702017701
C2 Value(3) 0.8941324
C3 Value(3) 0.91295624

4. Value of Area of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.08 $MM
COUNTRY
55

V-101
Pedro Augusto S O Costa

FACTOR
Ammonia
___ SHUTDOWN
140 oF (60 oC)
Factor Factor
Range Used(1)
Base Factor …………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00
E. Access 0.25 to 0.35 0.00
Base Factor …………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00
56


C1 Value(3) 0.702017701

C2 Value(3) 0.8941324

57

C3 Value(3) 0.91295624

4. Value of Area of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.121 $MM

COUNTRY

V-102

FACTOR
Aniline
___ SHUTDOWN
140 oF (60 oC)
58

Factor Factor
Range Used(1)
Base Factor ……………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00
E. Access 0.25 to 0.35 0.00
Base Factor ……………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00
E. Pressure (See Figure 2) Operating Pressure __108.9____ psig or kPa gauge 0.21
Relief Setting __175____ psig or kPa gauge



59

g. Operating
C1 Value(3) 0.702017701

C2 Value(3) 0.8941324

C3 Value(3) 0.91295624

60


COUNTRY

V-103

FACTOR
Aniline
___ SHUTDOWN
140 oF (60 oC)
Factor Factor
Range Used(1)
Base Factor ………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00
E. Access 0.25 to 0.35 0.00
61
Base Factor ………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00

HC =15,000 BTU/lb

g. Operating
h. Reactive Chemical
c. Explosion Control 0.84 to 0.98 1.00 Review 0.91 to 0.98 0.91
i. Other Process Hazard
d. Emergency Shutdown 0.96 to 0.99 0.98 Analysis 0.91 to 0.98 0.91
C1 Value(3) 0.702017701
62

C2 Value(3) 0.8941324
Credit Credit
h. Hand
c. Fire Water Supply 0.94 to 0.97 0.97 Extinguishers/Monitors 0.93 to 0.98 1.00
C3 Value(3) 0.91295624

4. Value of Area of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.017 $MM

COUNTRY
63

Vessel-104
A. Tipton

Ammonia/ Water/ Phenol/ Aniline
FACTOR
Aniline
___ SHUTDOWN
140 oF (60 oC)
Factor Factor
Range Used(1)
Base Factor ………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00
E. Access 0.25 to 0.35 0.00
F. Drainage and Spill Control ____1155.1___ gal 0.25 to 0.50 0.50
Base Factor ………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.00
E. Pressure (See Figure 2) Operating Pressure __105___kPa gauge 0.21
HC =15,000 BTU/lb
64


C1 Value(3) 0.702017701
C2 Value(3) 0.8941324
C3 Value(3) 0.91295624

65

4. Value of Area of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 0.02 $MM
66
6 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
6.1 BASIS FOR EQUIPMENT COSTS
6.1.1 Methodology
Estimation of the cost of equipment is based on the CAPCOST method.

CAPCOST is a computerized cost estimation program that is commonly used to
determine the cost for each piece of equipment in the proposed facility, as well as utility
costs and time adjusted profitability. As such, the economic calculation methodology in
this report reflects these values.
The CAPCOST estimation of manufacturing costs (COM) can be broken down
into three separate categories: direct costs (DMC), fixed costs (FMC) and general
expenses (GE). The resulting overall COM equation shown below reflects the weighted
sum of items in these three categories. In order to estimate each of these three categories,
correlations have been developed as multipliers for five key calculations. These five key
calculations are the fixed capital investment (FCI), cost of operating labor (COL), cost of
utilities (CUT), cost of waste treatment (CWT) and cost of raw materials (CRW). By
determining these five values, the overall COM may be calculated by combining the
multipliers applied to each into a single equation. In equations 1 and 2 below, the first
(COM) include a depreciation allowance and the second (COMd) does not.
‫ ܯܱܥ‬ൌ ͲǤʹͺͲ‫ ܫܥܨ‬൅ ʹǤ͹͵‫ܥ‬ை௅ ൅ ͳǤʹ͵ሺ‫ܥ‬௎் ൅ ‫ܥ‬ௐ் ൅ ‫ܥ‬ோெ ሻ (1)

(With depreciation allowance)
‫ܯܱܥ‬ௗ ൌ ͲǤͳͺͲ‫ ܫܥܨ‬൅ ʹǤ͹͵‫ܥ‬ை௅ ൅ ͳǤʹ͵ሺ‫ܥ‬௎் ൅ ‫ܥ‬ௐ் ൅ ‫ܥ‬ோெ ሻ (2)

(Without depreciation allowance)
6.1.2 Chemical Engineering Plant Cost Index
The Chemical Engineering Plant Cost Index (CEPCI) is an annual index that
approximates the increase in cost of equipment due to inflationary pressure relative to the
cost of the same equipment in a different year. This method of cost adjustment has a
long, established history of use in the chemical engineering community and is considered
by this report to be the most accurate method available for making such cost estimations.
As such, the equipment costs reflected by this report have been adjusted using the most
recent CEPCI index value for 2014 (576.1).13
67
6.2 BASIS FOR MANUFACTURING COSTS
6.2.1 Chemical Costs
ICIS chemical pricing was used to determine the appropriate cost for each of the raw
materials.
For ammonia, the price estimate was from mid-October 2007 which was the most up to
date, accurate data available at the time.
For phenol, the price estimate was from January 2009 which was the most accurate, up to
date data available at the time.
For aniline, the price estimate was from November 2006 which was the most accurate
data available.
There pricing was not available through ICIS for water or the undesirable reaction
products.
Chemical Pricing Table

Chemical Cost/kg Cost/mol
Ammonia14 0.80 0.014
Phenol15 0.30 0.028
Aniline16 1.37 0.127
Material Name Classification Price ($/kg) Flowrate (kg/h) Annual Cost ($)
Ammonia Raw Material 0.80 1795.81 11,955,811
Phenol Raw Material 0.30 10121.60 25,269,587
Aniline Product (1.37) 9511.74 (108,128,087)
6.2.2 Utility Costs

Utilities Cost ($/GJ)
Electricity (110V - 440V) 16.8
Cooling Water (30°C to 45°C) 0.354
Refrigerated Water (15°C to 25°C) 4.43
Low Pressure (5 barg, 160°C) 13.28
Medium Pressure (10 barg, 184°C) 14.19
High Pressure (41 barg, 254°C) 17.7
Note: Parentheses indicate that the utility is making the plant money.
68
6.2.2.1 Heat Exchangers

Name Total Module Grass Roots Utility Used Actual Usage Annual Utility
Cost ($) Cost ($) (MJ/h) Cost ($)
E-101 110,546 156,000 Low-Pressure 2640 291,500
Steam
E-102 117,000 165,000 Medium- 580 68,500
Pressure Steam
E-103 124,000 172,000 High-Pressure 1710 251,700
Steam
E-104 115,000 162,000 Low-Pressure 2890 319,300
Steam
E-105 1,225,000 1,730,000 Low-Pressure 4610 509,500
Steam
E-106 1,320,000 1,870,000 Medium- 2220 262,600
Pressure Steam
E-107 1,510,000 2,100,000 High-Pressure 6270 924,000
Steam
E-108 2,600,000 3,610,000 High-Pressure -11700 (1,723,403)
Steam
E-109 2,200,000 3,130,000 Medium- -7470 (882,126)
Pressure Steam
E-110 2,260,000 3,210,000 Low-Pressure -2800 (309,445)
Steam
E-111 1,099,765 1,560,000 Cooling Water 12300 36,000
E-112 1,609,836 2,290,000 Cooling Water 12200 36,000
E-113 140,000 203,000 Medium- 6030 712,100
Pressure Steam
E-114 120,000 170,000 Cooling Water 8030 23,700
E-115 201,000 280,000 High-Pressure 1340 197,400
Steam
E-116 155,000 220,000 Low-Pressure -4410 (487,376)
Steam
E-117 121,000 169,000 High-Pressure 3750 552,400
Steam
6.2.2.2 Pumps
Name Total Grass Utility Efficiency Actual Annual

Module Roots Used Usage Utility
Cost ($) Cost ($) (kW) Cost ($)
P-101 37,500 53,400 Electricity 0.65 6.04 3,040
P-102 28,800 41,000 Electricity 0.65 1.70 860
P-103 27,500 39,100 Electricity 0.65 1.00 503
P-104 28,500 40,600 Electricity 0.65 1.58 800
69

P-105 28,200 40,100 Electricity 0.65 1.39 700
P-106 30,400 43,200 Electricity 0.65 2.43 1,220
6.2.2.3 Compressors and Expanders

C-101 1,850,000 2,630,000 NA* 0.65 NA* NA*
C-102 840,000 1,200,000 Electricity 0.35 571 (287,000)
C-103 237,000 338,000 Electricity 0.35 100 (50,300)
D-101 345,000 492,000 Electricity 0.65 1190 599,000
*Compressor powered by D-101.
6.2.2.4 Fired Heaters
Name Total Grass Utility Used Efficiency Actual Annual

Module Roots Usage Utility
Cost ($) Cost ($) (MJ/h) Cost ($)
H-101 1,850,000 2,640,000 Natural Gas 0.9 18400 1,700,000
6.2.3 Labor Costs
ܰை௅ ൌ ሺ͸Ǥʹͻ ൅ ͵ͳǤ͹ܲଶ ൅ ͲǤʹ͵ܰ௡௣ ሻ଴Ǥହ (3)
Equipment
# Nnp
Type
Compressors 1 1
Expanders 2 2
Exchangers 17 17
Heaters** 1 1
Pumps* 6 0
Reactors 1 1
Towers 3 3
Vessels* 4 0
Total 25
*not included in OL cost
**1 heater with 2 sets of piping, so it
counts as 1 piece of equipment
70
P is the number of process steps involving the handling of solid particulate. For the
current process, P is valued at zero.
Using Eqn.1, the number of operators per shift was determined to be 3.47.
It is assumed that a single operator works 49 weeks per year and 5 eight-hour shifts per
week, yielding a total of 245 shifts per operator per year.
It is also assumed that the chemical plant operates 24 hours a day, 365 days per year,
yielding 1095 operating shifts per year.
Multiplying the NOL by 4.5 operators’ yields 15.6, or 16, operators needed to operator the
entire aniline plant.
Also, the yearly salary was based on the 2010 Gulf Coast average of $59,580 per year.
Finally, the cost of operating labor was found by multiplying the yearly salary by the
number of operators needed for the aniline plant. The cost of operating labor was
$953,280 per year.
6.2.4 Waste Treatment Costs
Material Name Classification Price ($/kg) Flowrate (kg/h) Annual Cost ($)
Hazardous Waste Hazardous 0.20 9.47 15,764
Streams 22 Waste
Waste Water Hazardous 0.20 2176.47 3,622,522
Stream 23 Waste
Hazardous Waste Hazardous 0.20 109.57 182,373
Streams 30 Waste
6.2.5 Reactor Catalyst Costs
Name Classification Price ($/kg) Flowrate (kg/h) Annual Cost ($)

Silica Alumina Catalyst Raw Material 1.00 75.94 632,000
71
6.3 PROFITABILITY
6.3.1 Value Added Calculation
Raw Material Cost:
Material Flow rate [kg/h] Price [$/kg] Yearly Cost [$/yr]

Ammonia 1795.81 0.80 11,955,811
Phenol 10121.60 0.30 25,269,587
Catalyst 75.94 1.00 632,000
Totals 11,993 2.10 37,857,398
Product Value:
Material Flow rate [kg/hr] Price [$/kg] Yearly Profit [$/yr]

Aniline 9511.74 1.37 108,128,087
ܸ݈ܽ‫ ݀݁݀݀ܽ݁ݑ‬ൌ ܻ݁ܽ‫ ݐ݂݅݋ݎܲݕ݈ݎ‬െ ܻ݁ܽ‫ݏݐܿݑ݀݋ݎ݌݂݋ݐݏ݋ܿݕ݈ݎ‬ (4)
Value added $ 70,270,689
6.3.2 Capital Cost
Cost of Land $ 1,250,000

Working Capital $ 7,520,000
72
6.3.3 Manufacturing Cost
Fixed Capital Investment FCIL $ 36,400,000

Raw Materials Cost CRM $ 37,857,398
Utility Cost CUT $ 2,750,000
Waste Treatment Cost CWT $ 3,820,658
Operating Labor Cost COL $ 953,280
‫ ݁ݎݑݐܿܽݑ݊ܽܯ݂݋ݐݏ݋ܥ‬ൌ ͲǤͳͺ ‫ܫܥܨ כ‬௅ ൅ ʹǤ͹͸ ‫ܥ כ‬ை௅ ൅ ͳǤʹ͵ ‫ כ‬ሺ‫ܥ‬௎் ൅ ‫ܥ‬ௐ் ൅ ‫ܥ‬ோெ ሻ (5)
Cost of Manufacture Comd $ 63,829,562
6.3.4 Return on Investment
Rate of Return on Investment 65.37%
6.3.5 Payout Period
Discounted Payback Period (years) 1.5

Non-Discounted Payback Period (years) 1.3
6.3.6 Discounted Cash Flow Rate of Return
49.07%
6.4 RECOMMENDATION
While the above economic analysis yields a very promising result, any
recommendation regarding the financing and construction of such a process must first
carefully weigh additional concerns intrinsic to the phenol process for production of
aniline. Two important areas for more in depth study have been identified, and the
recommendation made in this report is subject to the outcome of this research. These two
areas are the material of construction for process equipment and the current market
pricing of raw materials and products.
Equipment cost estimates in this report are made based on carbon steel material of
construction throughout. The chemical composition of process fluid, particularly the
phenol, it is evident that significant amount of corrosion would occur. Heuristic
guidelines suggest that a process which includes phenol should utilize a corrosion
resistant material such as stainless steel or Monel to handle the process fluid, however,
utilizing these materials of construction throughout would reduce the overall profitability
of the process. To confirm this result, a CAPCOST analysis was performed using
stainless steel as the material of construction for all equipment (except for the shell side
73
of heat exchangers, which have no contact with corrosive process fluid). The results are
summarized as follows:
Carbon Steel MOC Stainless Steel MOC

Total Bare Module Cost $ 21,161,300 $40,329,700
Rate of Return 65.37% 30.79%
Net Present Value $ 104,360,000 $ 72,650,000
As the above table illustrates, utilizing a corrosion resistant material of construction

would approximately double the initial equipment cost, significantly reducing the rate of
return. On the other hand, the equipment maintenance and replacement costs due to
corrosion of carbon steel are unknown at this time, may result in a reduced overall
profitability. Therefore, it is the recommendation of the authors that further study be
done on the corrosive effects of the phenol process before a final determination may be
made as to the optimal materials of construction.
In addition to the cost of equipment, special attention must be paid to chemical
pricing. The market price for ammonia, aniline and phenol used in this report reflect the
best available information on the subject from ICIS chemical pricing.14, 15, 16 This
reference provides a broad range of market prices, presumably covering different locality
and logistical estimations. To guard against overestimation, the most conservative prices
from those ranges were used in the calculation of economic data in this report. However,
despite this conservative approach, the seemingly excessively high profitability
calculated for this project would tend to suggest that further, careful review of current
market conditions must be done before a final decision is made.
This report has found that the phenol process for the synthesis of aniline is both
relatively simple and, subject to the aforementioned disclaimers, economically feasible.
A CAPCOST analysis of this process representing the worst case scenario, in which all
process equipment is made from corrosion resistant stainless steel is significantly
profitable in spite of its rather costly construction. Furthermore, the market price of
chemicals that form the basis of the economic analysis reflect the most conservative
prices available to the authors at this time, and while verification is essential to final
decision making, their validity will be assumed for the purposes of this recommendation.
Therefore, it is the recommendation of the authors of this project report that the industrial
scale production of aniline using the phenol method represents a profitable operation, and
that further in-depth investigation would be appropriate at this time.
74
7 REFERENCES
1. Aniline. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 5th ed.; Wiley: New

York, 2007; Vol. 2, pp
2. Aniline. Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th ed.; Wiley: New York,
1993; Vol. A2, pp 303-
3. Sigma-Aldrich. Aniline.
http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sial/242284?lang=en&region=US
(accessed Feb. 10, 2015).
4. Ammonia; MSDS No. 7664-41-7 [Online]; Sigma-Aldrich: St. Louis, MO, December
16, 2014.
http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/294993?lang=en&region=US
5. Sigma-Aldrich. Phenol.
http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/fluka/77613?lang=en&region=US
6. DuPont. DuPont Aniline. http://www2.dupont.com/Aniline/en_US/index.html
7. NIST Chemistry WebBook. http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/ (accessed Feb. 1,
2015).
8. Prausnitz, J.M.; Lichtenthaer, R.N.; Azevedo, E.G. Molecular Thermodynamics of
Fluid-Phase Equilibria, 3rd ed.; Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 1999.
9. Physical Properties: Part 5. Critical Properties of Organic Compounds. In
Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design; McKetta Jr., J.J., Ed.; Marcel
Dekker, Inc.: New York, 1991; Vol. 36, pp 98-109.
10. Yaws, C.L. Critical Properties and Acentric Factors – Organic Compounds. In
Thermophysical Properties of Chemicals and Hydrocarbons, 2nd ed.; Elsevier: MA,
2014.
11. Becker, M.; Khoobiar, S. (Halcon International, Inc.). Process for the Production of
Organic Amines. US Patent 3,860,650, January 14, 1975.
12. Choo, C.Y. (Halcon International, Inc.). Reduced Pressure Distillation Process for
Recovering Aniline from Phenol-Aniline Mixtures. US Patent 3,682,782, August 8,
1972.
13. Turton, R.; Bailie, R.C.; Whiting, W.B.; Shaeiwitz, J.A.; Bhattacharyya, D. Analysis,
Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes, 4th ed.; Prentice Hall: New Jersey,
2012.
75
14. ICIS. Chemical Profile: Ammonia.

http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2008/10/27/9166031/chemical-profile-ammonia/
15. ICIS. US Chemical Profile: Phenol.
http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2010/01/25/9328264/us-chemical-profile-
phenol/ (accessed Feb. 20, 2015).
16. ICIS. Chemical Profile: Aniline.
http://www.icis.com/resources/news/2008/01/07/9089893/chemical-profile-aniline/
76
APPENDIX I. STEADY STATE SIMULATION REPORT

77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
APPENDIX II. DETAILED CALCULATIONS

APPENDIX II.1 ∆T log mean calculations
∆T1-∆T2
∆TLM =
ln(∆T1/∆T2)
Heat T1 T1 T2 T2 -
∆Tlm
Exchanger # (tube) (shell) (tube) (shell)
101 26.22 158.9 153 158 -132.7 -5.0 -127.68 3.28 38.94
102 153 184.1 178 183 -31.1 -5.0 -26.10 1.83 14.28
103 178 253.2 247 252 -75.2 -5.0 -70.20 2.71 25.90
104 -32.58 158.9 100 158 -191.5 -58.0 -133.48 1.19 111.76
105 100.6 158.9 153 158 -58.3 -5.0 -53.30 2.46 21.70
106 153 184.1 178 183 -31.1 -5.0 -26.10 1.83 14.28
107 178 253.2 247 252 -75.2 -5.0 -70.20 2.71 25.90
108 359.4 253.2 258 254 106.2 4.0 102.20 3.28 31.17
109 258 158.9 189 160 99.1 29.0 70.10 1.23 57.05
110 189 95 163 96 94.0 67.0 27.00 0.34 79.74
111 163 30 100 40 133.0 60.0 73.00 0.80 91.71
112 83.24 30 39.03 40 53.2 -1.0 54.21 4.01 13.53
113 169.5 184.1 173.8 183 -14.6 -9.2 -5.40 0.46 11.69
114 154.2 30 108.7 40 124.2 68.7 55.50 0.59 93.73
115 214.6 253.2 214.8 252 -38.6 -37.2 -1.40 0.04 37.90
116 187.3 158.9 186.7 160 28.4 26.7 1.70 0.06 27.54
117 197.1 253.2 244.6 252 -56.1 -7.4 -48.70 2.03 24.04
APPENDIX II.2 Reactor Sizing Calculations
From US patent 3,680,650 example V:
LHSV = 0.025 (m3/hr liquid phenol @ STP) / (m3 catalyst)

Catalyst packing density = 53 lb/ft3 = 848.98 kg/m3
Porosity = 0.30 cm3/g = 0.0048055 ft3/lb
Other Parameters:
MW of phenol = 94.11124 kg/kmol

Density of liquid phenol @ 298K = 1072 kg/m3
Phenol flowrate into simulated reactor = 106.02 kmol/h
L/D ratio for reactor = 5
Catalyst cost ≈ $1/kg
Catalyst bed regenerations per year = 2
150
Calculations
Void Fraction:
ଷ
Ԅ ൌ ቆͲǤͲͲͶͺͲͷͷ ቇ ൬ͷ͵ ଷ ൰ ൌ ૙Ǥ ૛૞૞

Liquid hourly flow rate of phenol into reactor @ standard conditions:
ͳͲ͸ǤͲʹ ͻͶǤͳͳͳʹ ͳଷ ଷ

ൌ ൬ ൰൬ ൰ቆ ቇ ൌ ͻǤ͵Ͳ͹ͷ͵
ͳͲ͹ʹ
Catalyst /reactor volume required:
ଷ
൬ͻǤ͵Ͳ͹ͷ͵ ൰

ൌ ൌ ૜ૠ૛Ǥ ૜‫ܕ‬૜
ሺͲǤͲʹͷ ିଵ ሻ
Reactor dimensions:
Ɏ ଶ
ൌ
Ͷ
Ɏ ଷ
ൌ ൬ ൰
Ͷ
ଵൗ
ଷ
Ͷ
ൌቌ ቍ

Ɏ ‫ כ‬ቀቁ
ଵൗ
Ͷ ‫͵ כ‬͹ʹǤ͵ଷ ଷ
ൌቆ ቇ ൌ ૝Ǥ ૞૟૙‫ܕ‬
Ɏ‫כ‬ͷ
ൌ ͷ ‫ כ‬ͶǤͷ͸Ͳ ൌ ૛૛Ǥ ૡ૙‫ܕ‬
Catalyst mass required:

ൌ ሺ͵͹ʹǤ͵ଷ ሻ ൬ͺͶͺǤͻͺ ൰ ൌ ૜૚૟ǡ ૙૙૙‫ܜܛܡܔ܉ܜ܉܋܏ܓ‬
ଷ
Catalyst price:
̈́ͳǤͲͲ ͵ͳ͸ͲͲͲ ʹ

ൌ ቆ ቇ൬ ൰ ൬ ൰ ൌ ̈́૟૜૛ǡ ૙૙૙Ȁ‫ܚܡ‬

151
̈́͸͵ʹǡͲͲͲ ͳ ͳ

ൌ ቆ ቇ൬ ൰൬ ൰ ൌ ̈́ૠ૛Ǥ ૚૝૟Ȁ‫ܚܐ‬
͵͸ͷ ʹͶ
APPENDIX II.3 Fire Heater Sizing Calculations

2
Urad = 37.6 kW/m (from Table 11.11)
Uconv = 12.5 kW/m2 (from Table 11.11)
QA = 6.707E6 kJ/hr = 1863 kW
QB = 1.173E7 kJ/hr = 3258 kW
QA/2 = URad*ARadA
QA/2 = UConv*AConvA
QB/2 = URad*ARadB
QB/2 = UConv*AConvB
ARadA = (931.5 kW)/(37.6 kW/m2) = 24.77 m2

AConvA = (931.5 kW)/(12.5 kW/m2) = 74.52 m2
AA = 99.29 m2
ARadB = (1629 kW)/(37.6 kW/m2) = 43.33 m2

AConvB = (1629 kW)/(12.5 kW/m2) = 130.33 m2
AB = 173.7 m2
152
APPENDIX III. MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS

153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
APPENDIX IV. CAPCOST PROFITABILITY

ANALYSIS
APPENDIX IV.1 Columns
Purchased Bare
Tower Height Diameter Tower Pressure
Towers Equipment Module
Description (meters) (meters) MOC (barg)
Cost ($) Cost ($)
3.20 meters
T-101 10 2.29 CS 8.93 67,000 345,000
of Ceramic
5 Carbon
T-102 Steel Valve 10 1.52 CS 1.13 46,900 152,000
Trays
6 Carbon
T-103 Steel Valve 10 1.07 CS 0.13 33,000 100,000
Trays
APPENDIX IV.2 Heat Exchangers
Shell Tube Purchased Bare

Exchanger Area
Exchangers Pressure Pressure MOC Equipment Module
Type (m2)
(barg) (barg) Cost ($) Cost ($)
Floating
E-101 5.01 15.9 CS/CS 35.4 27,500 92,700
Head
Floating
E-102 10 15.9 CS/CS 48.3 29,000 98,000
Head
Floating
E-103 41 15.9 CS/CS 48.3 29,000 104,000
Head
Floating
E-104 5.01 15.9 CS/CS 10.6 28,500 96,300
Head
Floating 1,030,00
E-105 5.01 15.9 CS/CS 1510 304,000
Head 0
Floating 1,110,00
E-106 10 15.9 CS/CS 1630 328,000
Head 0
Floating 1,270,00
E-107 41 15.9 CS/CS 1750 354,000
Head 0
Floating 2,180,00
E-108 41 8.95 CS/CS 3020 609,000
Head 0
Floating 1,850,00
E-109 10 8.94 CS/CS 2750 557,000
Head 0
Floating 1,900,00
E-110 5.01 8.93 CS/CS 2830 573,000
Head 0
Floating
E-111 8.91 4 CS/CS 1380 279,000 923,000
Head
203
Shell Tube Purchased Bare

Exchanger Area
Exchangers Pressure Pressure MOC Equipment Module
Type (m2)
(barg) (barg) Cost ($) Cost ($)
Floating 1,350,00
E-112 4 8.89 CS/CS 2020 409,000
Head 0
Floating
E-113 10 8.43 CS/CS 95.8 36,100 120,000
Head
Floating
E-114 4 1.09 CS/CS 58.8 30,500 100,000
Head
Floating
E-115 41 1.1 CS/CS 166 47,200 169,000
Head
Floating
E-116 5 0.09 CS/CS 117 39,400 130,000
Head
Floating
E-117 41 0.14 CS/CS 43.7 28,500 102,000
Head
APPENDIX IV.3 Compressors
Purchased Bare
Compressor Power #
Compressors MOC Equipment Module
Type (kilowatts) Spares
Cost ($) Cost ($)
C-101* Reciprocating 1190 0 CS 460,000 1,550,000
C-102 Radial 571 0 CS 202,000 707,000
C-103 Radial 100 0 CS 56,900 199,000
Electric -
D-101* Explosion 1190 0 NA 193,000 290,000
Proof
*Compressor C-101 utilities provided by drive D-101. Therefore, the price estimate for
the compressor must also include a price estimate for a drive.
APPENDIX IV.4 Pumps
Pumps Discharge Purchased Bare

Pump Power
(with # Spares MOC Pressure Equipment Module
Type (kW)
drives) (barg) Cost ($) Cost ($)
P-101 Centrifugal 6.04 1 Cast Iron 0.169 9,720 31,500
P-103 Centrifugal 1 1 Cast Iron 0.021 7,110 23,000
204
APPENDIX IV.5 Vessels
Length/ Purchased Bare

Diameter Pressure
Vessel Orientation Height MOC Equipment Module
(meters) (barg)
(meters) Cost ($) Cost ($)
V-101 Horizontal 6.4 1.83 CS 8.87 23,400 147,000
V-102 Horizontal 2.67 0.76 CS 1.08 5,640 17,000
V-103 Horizontal 3.2 0.91 CS 0.07 7,070 21,300
V-104 Horizontal 3.85* 1.07 CS 1.09 8,870 26,700
*To account for the additional cost of the boot in CAPCOST, the diameter of the vessel
remained the same while the length of the vessel was increased to maintain the same
overall vessel volume which is equal to the volume of the boot and the vessel.
APPENDIX IV.6 Reactor
Purchased Bare
Length/Height Diameter Pressure
Reactor Orientation MOC Equipment Module
(m) (m) (barg)
Cost ($) Cost ($)
R-101 Vertical 29.6 4 CS 15.6 333,000 4,840,000
APPENDIX IV.7 Fire Heaters
Heat Purchased Bare

Fired Pressure
Type Duty MOC Equipment Module
Heater (barg)
(MJ/h) Cost ($) Cost ($)
H-101 Process Heater 18400 CS 15.9 941,000 1,990,000
APPENDIX IV.8 CAPCOST Concerns
Tower too HE area Vessel diameter too

Can’t account for cost
short. over high. Maximum
of the boot without
Minimum 100m2. HE diameter of 5m
Equipment altering one of the
tower height of put in selected while
# overall vessel
10m selected series for adjusting height to
dimensions. See note
for cost cost keep volume
in appendix IV.5.
estimate estimate constant
E-105 X
E-106 X
E-107 X
E-108 X
E-109 X
205
Tower too HE area Vessel diameter too

Can’t account for cost
short. over high. Maximum
of the boot without
Minimum 100m2. HE diameter of 5m
Equipment altering one of the
tower height of put in selected while
# overall vessel
10m selected series for adjusting height to
dimensions. See note
for cost cost keep volume
in appendix IV.5.
estimate estimate constant
E-110 X
E-111 X
R-101 X
T-101 X
T-102 X
T-103 X
V-104 X
APPENDIX IV.9 CAPCOST Economics
Cash Flow Diagram

100.0
Project Value (millions of dollars)
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
-20.0
-40.0
-60.0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Project Life (Years)
206
APPENDIX V. NITROBENZENE TO ANILINE PROCESS

OVERVIEW
APPENDIX V.1 Process Concept Diagram
APPENDIX V.2 Process Block Flow Diagram

Aniline Production via Hydrogenation of Nitrobenzene
Benzene
Benzene Water
Nitric Acid Nitrobenzene Nitrobenzene Washing/Reactor Nitrobenzene Topping/Reactor

Reactor Separation H20
Prep Prep
Sulfuric Acid
Wastewater
Mixed Acid Nitrobenzene
Aniline
Aniline Dehydration/ Aniline Decanter/ Aniline Hydrogenation/

Separation H2
Separation Prep Separation Prep Reactor
H20 H20
Tar
APPENDIX V.3 Overall Material Balance

Heat Integration of An Aniline Production Process To Optimize Cos

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Heat Integration of An Aniline Production Process To Optimize Cos

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Heat Integration of An Aniline Production Process To Optimize Cos

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

University of South Carolina

Heat Integration of an Aniline Production Process

Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.sc.edu/senior_theses

Heat Integration of an Aniline Production Process

Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.sc.edu/senior_theses

Evaluating Alternate Designs

Examining the Heat Integrated Design

ANILINE PRODUCTION PLANT

GAMECOCK CHEMICAL COMPANY

Figure 1. The structure of Aniline.3

1.2 DESIGN BASIS

1.2.2 Process Concept Diagram

1.2.3 Overall Material Balance

1.2.4 Process Block Flow Diagram

Ammonia Feedstock H20

1.3.3 Reaction Chemistry1,2

1.3.4 Reaction Kinetics

1.4 PROCESS FLOW

1.4.2 Separation Section

1.4.3 Areas of Special Concern

1.5.4.1 Power Failure

1.5.4.2 Utility Failures

1.5.4.2.1 Steam System Failure

1.5.4.2.2 Cooling System Failure

1.5.4.3 Upstream Unit Failure

1.5.4.4 Downstream Unit Failure

BFW BFW BFW BFW

R-101 MPS BFW

P-101 A/B H-101 B V-102 V-103

3 STREAM SUMMARY TABLE

4.1 Equipment list

Towers T-101 T-102 T-103

4.3 Heat Exchangers

Heat Exchangers E-101 E-102 E-103 E-104 E-105

Heat Exchangers E-111 E-112 E-113 E-114 E-115

Compressors/Expanders C-101 C-102 C-103

P-101 P-102 P-103 P-104 P-105 P-106

Vessels V-101 V-102 V-103 V-104 V-104 Boot

4.8 Fire Heaters

Fire Heater H-101 A H-101 B

5 HAZARDS AND OPERABILITY ANALYSIS

1) General Process Hazards

Loss Control Credit Factors

1) Process Control Credit Factor (C1)

h) Reactive Chemical Review

5.2 Highest Risks to Process Operation

5.3 Business Interruption Value and Estimate of the Fraction of Total

5.4 DOW F&EI

AREA / Business group LOCATION DATE

PREPARED BY: APPROVED BY: BUILDING

5.4.2 Individual Process Units

1. Liquids or Gases in Process (See Figure 3) 0.03

1. Process Control Credit Factor (C1)

Process Unit Risk Analysis Summary

AREA / Business group LOCATION DATE

MATERIALS IN PROCESS UNIT

Base Factor 1 1.00

1. Tank Farms Storage Flammable Liquids 0.5 0.00

Relief Setting 1700__ kPa gauge

Relief Setting 1000__kPa gauge