Zeeman Effect For Lab

210 PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co.
KG D-37070 Gttingen Laboratory Experiments Physics

Physical Structure of Matter Physics of the Electron
5.1.10-05 Zeeman effect
Principle:
The Zeeman effect is the splitting
up of the spectral lines of atoms
within a magnetic field. The simplest
is the splitting up of one spectral line
into three components called the
normal Zeeman effect. The normal
Zeeman effect is studied using a
cadmium spectral lamp as a speci-
men. The cadmium lamp is submitted
to different magnetic flux densities
and the splitting up of the red cad-
mium line (643.8 nm) is investigated
using a Fabry-Perot interferometer.
The evaluation of the results leads to
a fairly precise value for Bohrs
magneton.
Tasks:
1. Using the Fabry-Perot interferom-
eter and a selfmade telescope the
splitting up of the central line into
two -lines is measured in wave
numbers as a function of the
magnetic flux density.
Screenshot of software used to measure the diameters of the interference
rings as captured by the CCD-Camera.
2. From the results of point 1. a value
for Bohrs magneton is evaluated.
3. The light emitted within the direc-
tion of the magnetic field is qual-
itatively investigated.
Fabry-Perot interferometer 09050.02 1
Cadmium lamp for Zeeman effect 09050.01 1
Electromagnet without pole shoes 06480.01 1
Pole pieces, drilled, conical 06480.03 1
Rotating table for heavy loads 02077.00 1
Power supply for spectral lamps 13662.97 1
Variable transformer, 25 V AC/20 V DC, 12 A 13531.93 1
Capacitor, electrolytic, 22000 F 06211.00 1
Digital multimeter 07134.00 1
Optical profile-bench, l = 1000 mm 08282.00 1
Base for opt. profile-bench, adjust. 08284.00 2
Slide mount for opt. profile-bench, h = 30 mm 08286.01 5
Slide mount for opt. profile-bench, h = 80 mm* 08286.02 2
Lens holder 08012.00 4
Lens, mounted, f = +50 mm 08020.01 2
Lens, mounted, f = +300 mm 08023.01 1
Iris diaphragm 08045.00 1
Polarising filter, on stem 08610.00 1
Polarization specimen, mica 08664.00 1
Connecting cord, l = 25 cm, 32 A, red 07360.01 1
Connecting cord, l = 25 cm, 32 A, blue 07360.04 1
CDC-Camera for PC incl. measurement software* 88037.00 1
PC with USB interface, Windows 98SE/Windows Me/
Windows 2000/Windows XP
*Alternative to CCD-Camera incl. measurement software, two slide mounts,
h = 80 mm for classical version of the Zeeman Effect:
Slide mount for optical profile-bench, 08286.00 1
Sliding device, horizontal 08713.00 1
What you need:
What you can learn about
Bohrs atomic model
Quantisation of energy levels
Electron spin
Bohrs magneton
Interference of
electromagnetic waves
Fabry-Perot interferometer
Swinging arm 08256.00 1
Plate holder with tension spring 08288.00 1
Screen, with aperture and scale 08340.00 1
Complete Equipment Set, Manual on CD-ROM included
Zeeman effect P2511005
LEP
5.1.10
-05
Zeeman Effect with CCD-Camera
PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen 25110-05 1
Related topics
Bohrs atomic model, quantisation of energy levels, electron
spin, Bohrs magneton, interference of electromagnetic
waves, Fabry-Perot interferometer.
Principle
The Zeeman effect is the splitting up of the spectral lines of
atoms within a magnetic field. The simplest is the splitting up
of one spectral line into three components called the normal
Zeeman effect. The normal Zeeman effect is studied using a
cadmium spectral lamp as a specimen. The cadmium lamp is
submitted to different magnetic flux densities and the splitting
up of the red cadmium line (643.8 nm) is investigated using a
Fabry-Perot interferometer. The evaluation of the results leads
to a fairly precise value for Bohrs magneton.
Equipment
Fabry-Perot interferometer 09050.02 1
Cadmium lamp for Zeeman effect 09050.01 1
Electromagnet without pole shoes 06480.01 1
Pole pieces, drilled, conical 06480.03 1
Rotating table for heavy loads 02077.00 1
Power supply for spectral lamps 13662.97 1
Variable transformer, 25 V AC/20 V DC, 12 A 13531.93 1
Capacitor, electrolytic, 22000 mF 06211.00 1
Digital multimeter 07134.00 1
Optical profile-bench, l = 1000 mm 08282.00 1
Base for opt. profile-bench, adjust. 08284.00 2
Slide mount for opt. profile-bench, h = 80 mm* 08286.02 2
Lens holder 08012.00 4
Lens, mounted, f = +50 mm 08020.01 2
Lens, mounted, f = +300 mm 08023.01 1
Iris diaphragm 08045.00 1
Polarising filter, on stem 08610.00 1
Polarization specimen, mica 08664.00 1
CDC-Camera for PC
incl. measurement software* 88037.00 1
PC with USB interface, Windows 98SE/Windows Me/Win-
dows 2000/Windows XP
*Alternative to CCD-Camera incl. measurement software, two
slide mounts, h = 80 mm for classical version of the Zeeman
Effect:
Slide mount for optical profile-bench, 08286.00 1
Sliding device, horizontal 08713.00 1
Swinging arm 08256.00 1
Plate holder with tension spring 08288.00 1
Screen, with aperture and scale 08340.00 1
Tasks
1. Using the Fabry-Perot interferometer, a self-made tele-
scope, a CCD-camera and measurement software, the
splitting up of the central line into two s-lines is measured
in wave numbers as a function of the magnetic flux density.
In the classical version where the CCD-Camera is not avail-
able, a screen with scale and a sliding device are used to
measure the splitting.
Fig.1: Experimental set-up for the Zeeman effect.
LEP
5.1.10
-05
25110-05 PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen 2
2. From the results of point 1. a value for Bohrs magneton is
evaluated.
3. The light emitted within the direction of the magnetic field is
qualitatively investigated.
Set-up
The electromagnet is put on the rotating table for heavy loads
and mounted with the two pole-shoes with holes in such a
way that a gap large enough for the Cd-lamp (9-11 mm)
remains for the Cd-lamp. The pole-shoes have to be well
tightened in such a way that they cannot move later on when
the magnetic flux is established. The Cd-lamp is inserted into
the gap without touching the pole-shoes and connected to the
power supply for spectral lamps. The coils of the electromag-
net are connected in parallel and via an ammeter connected
to the variable power supply of up to 20 VDC, 12 A. A capac-
itor of 22000 mF is in parallel to the power output to smooth-
en the DC-voltage.
The optical bench for investigation of the line splitting carries
the following elements (their approximate position in cm is
given in brackets):
(80) CDC-Camera
(73) L
3
= +50 mm
(68) Screen with scale (only in classical version)
(45) Analyser
(39) L
2
= +300 mm
(33) Fabry-Perot Etalon
(25) L
1
= +50 mm
(20) Iris diaphragm
(20) Drilled pole-shoes
Cd-spectral lamp on rotating table
The iris diaphragm is eliminated for initial adjustment and for
the observation of the longitudinal Zeeman effect. During
observation of the transverse Zeeman effect the iris dia-
phragm is illuminated by the Cd-lamp and such it acts as the
light source. The lens L
1
and a lens of f = 100 mm, incorpo-
rated in the talon, create a nearly parallel light beam which
the Fabry-Perot talon needs for a proper interference pattern.
The etalon contains a removable colour filter that lets the red
cadmium line at 643.8 nm pass. The lens L
2
produces an
interference pattern of rings which can be observed through
L
3
. The ring diameters can be measured using the CCD-cam-
era and the software supplied with it. In the classical version
the interference pattern is produced within the plane of the
screen with a scale mounted on a slide mount which can lat-
terally be displaced with a precision of 1/100
th
of a millimeter.
The measurement here can be done for instance, by system-
atic displacement of the slash representing the 0 of the
scale.
The initial adjustment is done in the following way:
The rotating table with electromagnet, pole-shoes and Cd-
lamp already mounted is adjusted so that the center of the
holes in the pole-shoes lies about 28 cm above the table. The
optical bench with all elements (except iris diaphragm and
CCD-camera) mounted, is then moved closer to the electro-
magnet in such a way that one of the outlet holes of the pole-
shoes coincides with the previous position of the iris
diaphragm. L
1
is then adjusted so that the outlet hole is with-
in the focal plane of it. All other optical elements of Fig. 2. are
subsequently readjusted with respect to their height corre-
Fig. 2: Arrangement of the optical components.
Fig.1b: Set-up for the classical version of the experiment.
LEP
5.1.10
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spondingly. The current of the coils is set for some time to 8 A
(increase in light intensity of the Cd-lamp !) and the ring inter-
ference pattern in axial direction is observed through L
3
by the
eye. The pattern must be centered and sharp which is even-
tually achieved by a last, slight movement of the talon (to the
right or to the left) and by displacement of L
2
(vertically and
horizontally).
Finally the CCD-camera with the 8 mm lens attached is
mounted to the optical bench and adjusted in horizontal and
vertical position as well as in tilt and focus until a clear picture
of the ring pattern is visible on the computer screen. For
installation and use of the camera and software please refer to
the manual supplied with the camera.
In the classical version the screen with scale is shifted in a way
that the slash representing the 0 of the scale is clearly seen
coinciding, for instance, with the center of the fairly bright
inner ring. The scale itself must be able to move horizontally
along the diameter of the ring pattern. (set-up see Fig. 1b)
Hint: best results are achieved when the experiment is carried
out in a darkened room.
The electromagnet is now turned by 90, the iris diaphragm is
inserted and the analyzer turned until the -line (explanation
follows) disappears completely and the two s-lines appear
clearly visible.
Remark: For later evaluations the calibration curve of the mag-
netic flux density versus the coil current has to be
traced previously. This can be done if a teslameter is
available. Otherwise the results of Fig. 3 must be
used. The curve of Fig. 3 was traced by measuring
the flux density in the center of the gap in the
absence of the Cd-lamp. For the evaluations these
center-values were increased by 3.5% to account for
the non-uniform flux distribution within the gap.
Fig. 3: Magnetic flux density B in the center of gap without the
Cd-lamp (gap width: 9 mm) as a function of twice the
coil current.
Theory
As early as 1862, Faraday investigated whether the spectrum
of coloured flames changes under the influence of a magnet-
ic field, but without success. It was not until 1885 that Fievez
from Belgium was able to demonstrate an effect, but it was
forgotten and only rediscovered 11 years later by the
Dutchman Zeeman, who studied it together with Lorentz.
This experiment, which was of importance to the development
of the theory of the atomic shell, can now be carried out with
modern equipment in the students experiment laboratory.
The splitting of the Cd-spectral line l = 643.8 nm into three
lines, the so-called Lorentz triplets, occurs since the Cd-atom
represents a singlet system of total spin S = 0. In the absence
of a magnetic field there is only one possible D P transition
of 643.8 nm, as indicated by Fig. 4.
In the presence of a magnetic field the associated energy lev-
els split into 2 L + 1 components. Radiating transitions
between these components are possible, provided that the
selection rules
M
L
= +1; M
L
= 0; M
L
= 1
are taken into account. In this case, therefore, there are a total
of nine permitted transitions. These nine transitions can be
grouped into three groups of three transitions each, where all
transitions in a group have the same energy and hence the
same wavelength. Therefore, only three lines will be visible.
Fig. 4: Splitting up of the components in the magnetic field
and permitted transitions.
The first group where M
L
= 1 gives a s-line the light of
which is polarized vertically to the magnetic field. The middle
group M
L
= 0 gives a p-line. This light is polarized parallel to
the direction of the field. The last group where M
L
= +1 gives
a s-line the light of which is again polarized vertically to the
magnetic field.
LEP
5.1.10
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Zeeman Effect CCD-Camera
In the absence of the analyser all three lines can be seen
simultaneously. Each ring which was observed in the absence
of a magnetic field is split into three rings when a magnetic
field is applied. Inserting the analyser the two s-lines can be
observed exclusively if the analyser is in the vertical position,
while only the p-line appears if the analyser is turned into its
horizontal position (transverse Zeeman effect). Turning the
electromagnet by 90 the light coming from the spectral lamp
parallel to the direction of the field can also be studied since
the pole-shoes have been drilled. It can be shown that this
light is circular polarized light. Whatever the position of the
analyser may be, each of the rings seen without a magnetic
field is now permanently split into two rings in the presence of
a magnetic field (longitudinal Zeeman effect). Fig. 5 summariz-
es the facts.
Fig. 5: Longitudinal and transvese Zeeman effet.
Turning the electromagnet back for the observation of the two
s-lines of the transverse Zeeman effect it is easy to see that
the size of the splitting increases with increasing magnetic
field strength. For a quantitative measurement of this splitting
in terms of number of wavelengths, a Fabry-Perot interferome-
ter is used, the functioning of which may briefly be explained.
The Fabry-Perot talon has a resolution of approximately
300000. That means that a wavelength change of approxi-
mately 0.002 nm can still be detected.
Fig. 6: Reflected and transmitted rays at the parallel surfaces
(1) and (2) of the talon. The talon spacing is t.
The talon consists of two parallel flat glass plates coated on
the inner surface with a partially reflecting layer. Let us consid-
er the two partially transmitting surfaces (1) and (2) in Fig. 6
seperated by a distance t. An incoming ray forming an angle
with the normal to the plates will be split into the rays AB, CD,
EF, etc. the path difference between the wave fronts of two
adjacent rays (for example, AB and CD) is
= BC + CK
where, obviously, BK is normal to CD. With
CK = BC cos 2 and BC cos = t
we obtain
= BCK = BC (1 + cos 2)
= 2 BC cos
2
= 2 t cos
and for a constructive interference to occur one must
demand:
nl = 2 t cos
where n is an integer. If the refractive index of the medium
between the plates is m 1, the equation still has to be modi-
fied in the following way:
nl = 2 mt cos (1)
Equation (1) is the basic interferometer equation. Let the par-
allel rays B, D, F, etc. be brought to a focus by the use of a lens
of focal length f as shown in Fig. 7.
Fig. 7: Focusing of the light emerging from a Fabry-Perot
talon. Light entering the talon at an angle is
focused onto a ring of radius r = f where is the focal
length of the lens.
Then, when fulfills equation (1), bright rings will appear in
the focal plane, their radius being given by
r
n
= ftan
n

n
(2)
for small values
n
, e.g. rays nearly parallel to the optical axis.
LEP
5.1.10
-05
Since
cos
n
= n
0
cos
0
with
we finally obtain
or (3)
If
n
is to correspond to a brigth fringe, n must be an integer.
However, n
0
, which gives the interference at the center (cos
= 1 or = 0 in equation [1] ), is in general not an integer. If n
1
is the interference order of the first ring, clearly n
1
< n
0
since
n
1
= n
0
cos
n
1
. We then let
n
1
= n
0
; 0 < < 1
where n
1
is the closest integer to n
0
(smaller than N
0
). Thus,
we have in general for the p-th ring of the pattern, as meas-
ured from the center out,
n
p
= (n
0
) (p 1) (4)
Combining equation (4) with equations (2) and (3), we obtain
for the radii of the rings, substituting r
p
for r
n
p
,
(5)
we note that the difference between the squares of the radii of
adjacent rings is a constant:
(6)
can be determined graphically plotting r
2
p
versus p and
extrapolating to r
2
p
= 0.
Now, if there are two components of a spectral line (splitting
of one central line into two components) with wavelengths l
a
and l
b
, which are very close to one another, they will have
fractional orders at the center e
a
and e
b
:
where n
1,a
, n
1,b
is the interference order of the first ring. Hence,
if the rings do not overlap by a whole order n
1,a
= n
1,b
and the
difference in wave numbers between the two components is
simply
(7)
Furthermore, using equations (5) and (6), we get
(8)
Applying equation (8) to the components a and b, yields
and
By substituting these fractional orders into equation (7), we
get for the difference of the wave numbers:
(9)
From equation (6) it is clear that the difference between the
squares of the radii of component a,
is equal to (within a very small part) the same difference for
component b
Hence,
whatever the value of p may be. Similarly, all values
must be equal, regardless of p and their average can be taken
as may be done for the different -values. With and as
average values we get for the difference of the wave numbers
of the components a and b, anticipating m = 1,
(10)
Equation (10)* gives evidence of the fact that
does not
depend on the dimensions used in measuring the radii of the
ring system nor on the amplification of the interference pat-
tern.
n
S
1
2t

d
d
a,b
p1,p
r
p1,a
2
r
p1,b
2
a
p1,p

b
p1,p
b
p1,p
r
p1,b
2
r
p,b
2
2f
2
n
0,b
a
p1,p
r
p1,a
2
r
p,a
2
2f
2
n
0,a
n
1
2mt
a
r
p1,a
2
r
2
p1,a
r
2
p,a
r
p1,b
2
r
2
p1,b
r
2
p,b
b
r
p1,b
2
r
2
p1,b
r
2
p,b
p e
b
r
p1,a
2
r
2
p1,a
r
2
p,a
p e
a
r
p1,a
2
r
2
p1
r
p
2
p e
n n
a
n
b

e
a
e
b
2mt
e
b

2mt
l
a
n
1,b
2mt n
b
n
1,b
e
a

2mt
l
a
n
1,a
2mt n
a
n
1,a
r
p1
2
r
p
2
2f
2
n
0
r
p

B
2f
2
n
0
21p 12 e
n

B
2 1n
0
n2
n
0
n n
0
a 1
n
2
2
b
n
0

2 mt
l
n
0
a 1 2 sin
2

n
2
b
n
2mt
l
* Melissinos, Adv. Exp. in modern Physics
LEP
5.1.10
-05
Measurement and Evaluation
1. Provided the ring pattern has been properly established as
explained in the section set-up above, the radii of the rings
have to be measured at different magnetic flux densities. Then
it is possible by using equation (10) to determine the corre-
sponding difference in wave numbers n.
We proceed in two steps: first we take pictures of the ring pat-
terns at different coil currents/magnetic field intensities. Then
in a second step the ring diameters in these pictures are mea-
sured.
To get a life picture from the camera go to the <File> menu
and chose the entry <Capture Window>. In the capture win-
dow the settings regarding e.g. contrast, brightness and satu-
ration of the image can be optimized via the menu you get to
when choosing <Video Capture Filter> from the <Option>
menu.
When satisfied with the image quality and a certain coil cur-
rent (magnetic field) is established, the picture is captured by
choosing <Still Image> from the <Capture> menu. This
action also closes the capture window and the picture
appears in the main window of the application. At this stage it
is advisable to write the value of the coil current at which the
picture was taken into it by using the <Text> tool. This pre-
vents a mix-up later on.
The above procedure is repeated using different magnetic
fields for instance, with coil currents of 5 A, 6 A, 8 A and 10 A.
Once these pictures have been collected, we proceed to mea-
sure the radii of the rings choosing <Circle> from the
<Measure> menu. By dragging the mouse across the picture,
a circle is drawn. Fit this circle in size and position as good as
possible to the innermost ring. You will see that radius, area
and perimeter of the circle will be displayed in a little box and
in a table below the picture (compare Fig. 8). What we are
mainly interested in is the radius of the circle, this is r
1,a
. Note
that the units (mm, mm, cm) are of no importance in this exper-
iment, that means no calibration of the camera has to be per-
formed. Proceed to draw and fit circles to as many sets of
rings as are visible in the picture, this will give you; r
1,b
; r
2,a
;
r
2,b
; r
3,a
. Do the same with the other pictures captured.
In the classical version without the CCD-camera a set of radii
of rings is determined in the following way:
The slash of the scale 0 is shifted horizontally along a diam-
eter through the ring pattern until it coincides, for instance,
with the fourth ring to the left. A magnetic field corresponding
to a coil current of lets say 4 A is established and the splitting
of the rings observed. The analyzer is put into the vertical
position so that only the two s-lines appear. The 0 slash is
now adjusted to coincide perfectly with the outer ring of the
two rings, into which the fourth ring has split. The first reading
on the socket of the sliding mount is taken. The 0 slash is
then moved from left to right through all the rings. The last
reading is taken when the 0 slash coincides with the outer
ring of the fourth ring to the right. The last reading minus the
first reading divided by two then provides the radius r
4,b
.
Evaluating the previous readings in a similar way leads to the
following radii:
I = 4 [A]: r
4,b
; r
4,a
; r
3,b
; r
3,a
; r
2,b
; r
2,a
; r
1,b
; r
1,a
Further sets of radii are received when repeating the proce-
dure, for instance, for coil currents of 5 A, 6 A, 8 A and 10 A.
Using the slide mount, all readings are done in mm with a
precision of 1/100
th
of a mm. Still, the dimension used is not
significant since it cancels out when evaluating due to
equation (10).
Now the following square array can be formed for each set of
radii measured, regardless if they are measured with the CCD-
camera and the software or the classical way:
The mean values and are calculated here in the following
way:
*
The talon spacing is t = 3 10
-3
[m].
Equation (10) was used to calculate the difference in wave
numbers of the two s-lines as a function of the magnetic flux
density and the coil current respectively. The following table
summarizes the results:
d
1
4

a
4
p1
d
a,b
p

1
4

a
2
p1
1
a
2p,2p1

b
2p,2p1
2
component ring number
1 2 3 4
a r
2
1,a

a
2,1
r
2
2,a

a
3,2
r
2
3,a

a
4,3
r
2
4,a
a
1
,b

a
2
,b

a
3
,b

a
4
,b
b r
2
1,b

b
2,1
r
2
2,b

b
3,2
r
2
3,b

b
4,3
r
2
4,b
n
Fig. 8: Screenshot of software used to measure the radii of the
interference rings.
I [A] B [mT]
[m
-1
]
4 417 43.0
5 527 52.2
6 638 59.0
8 810 75.4
10 911 83.6
* Note that not every available -value can be used. Only alternate ones avoid
loss of inormation.
LEP
5.1.10
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2. The difference in wave numbers of one of the -lines with
respect to the central lines is
/2. For the radiating electrons

this means, for instance, a change in energy of
E = E
L,M
L
E
L1,M
L
1
= (11)
On the other hand the change in energy E is proportional to
the magnetic flux density B. The factor of proportionality
between E and B is m
B
, Bohrs magneton.
E = m
B
B (12)
Combining equations (11) and (12) results in an expression
for m
B
:
m
B
= (13)
In Fig. 9
/2 was plotted versus the magnetic flux density B.

From the regression-line we find a mean value for
and its standard deviation. Hence,
m
B
=
= (9.06 0.46) 10
-24
The literature value for Bohrs magneton is:
m
B,Lit.
= (9.273) 10
-24
3. The electromagnet is turned by 90 to observe the longitu-
dinal Zeeman effect. In the presence of a magnetic field (a coil
current of 8 A is recommended) each of the rings is always
split up into two, whatever the position of the analyser may be.
A l/4-plate is generally used to convert linear into elliptical
polarized light. In this experiment the l/4-plate is used in the
opposite way. Namely, by means of the l/4-plate, inserted
manually between L
2
and the analyser, the light of the longitu-
dinal Zeeman effect is investigated. If the optic axis of the l/4-
plate coincides with the vertical, it is observed that one ring
disappears if the analyser includes an angle of +45 with the
vertical while the other ring disappears for a position of 45.
That means that the light of the longitudinal Zeeman effect is
polarized in a circular (opposed way).
J
T
J
T
hc a
n
2B
b

n
2B
hc
n
2B
hc
n
2
Fig. 9: Zeeman splitting of spectral line l = 643.8 nm as a function of Flux density B.
LEP
5.1.10
-05

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Zeeman Effect For Lab

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210 PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co.

KG D-37070 Gttingen Laboratory Experiments Physics

/2. For the radiating electrons

/2 was plotted versus the magnetic flux density B.

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