| Prince-Bishopric of Verden Principality of Verden (Hoch)Stift Verden (1180–1648) Fürstentum Verden (1648–1807/10) |
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| State of the Holy Roman Empire (until 1806) | ||||
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| Capital | Verden (seat of chapter), Rotenburg (residence of pr.-bishops since 1195)¹ |
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| Language(s) | German, Low German | |||
| Religion | Roman Catholicism till the 1550s, then Lutheranism | |||
| Government | Principality | |||
| Ruler | ||||
| - 1395–1398 | Prince-Bishop Dietrich | |||
| - 1398–1399 | Prince-Bishop Conrad II | |||
| - 1623–29, 1635–45 | Administrator Frederick II | |||
| - 1630–1631 | Prince-Bishop Francis | |||
| - 1631–1634 | Admin. John Frederick | |||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | |||
| - Break-up of Saxony | 1180 | |||
| - Secularised as the Principality of Verden |
15 May 1648 |
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| - Disestablished | 1807/10 | |||
| - Awarded to Kingdom of Hanover |
1815 |
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| Area | ||||
| - 1806[1] | 730 km2 (282 sq mi) | |||
| Population | ||||
| - 1806[1] est. | 20,000 | |||
| Density | 27.4 /km2 (71 /sq mi) | |||
| 1: Rotenburg castle was built in 1195, this may have been when the diocese had effectively acquired territorial power as prince-bishopric. | ||||
The historic territory of Verden (German pronunciation: [ˈfeːɐ̯dən]) emerged from the secular estates of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Verden in the area of present-day central and northeastern Lower Saxony and existed as such until 1648. The territory managed by secular lords for the bishops was not identical with that of the bishopric, but was located within its boundaries and made up about a quarter of the diocesan area. The territory was referred to at the time as Stift Verden or Hochstift Verden, roughly equating to Prince-Bishopric of Verden. This territory described in local sources today incorrectly as Bistum Verden ("Bishopric of Verden") and, in 1648, was given the title Principality of Verden, sometimes referred to as the Duchy of Verden.
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Location [link]
The territory of Verden covered the eastern part of the present district of Verden (its border ran between Langwedel and Etelsen), the southern part of the district of Rotenburg (Wümme) and parts of the districts of Harburg and the Heath district (Heidekreis).
History [link]
Foundation [link]
The Diocese of Verden was founded around 800 in Verden upon Aller as a episcopal see and initially belonged to the Ecclesiastical Province of Mainz. Originally held in personal union with Amorbach Abbey in the Odenwald, by the 9th century the bishopric had become a political football for the regional nobility. For example, the Amelungs promoted their favourite monks from Corvey Abbey to the episcopal throne.
High Middle Ages [link]
In the outgoing 10th century (A.D. 985) Emperor Otto III, represented by his mother, Empress Theophanu, granted the bishop of Verden market, minting, taxation and ban privileges in the Sturmigau – as the region of the present district of Verden and the old district of Rotenburg was then called. These privileges formed the basis of a future prince-bishopric, which materialised with the carve-up of the old Duchy of Saxony in 1180. Prince-Bishop Tammo of Verden gained for about a quarter of the diocesan territory, where the see held already considerable privileges, the territorial princely power, establishing the Prince-Bishopric of Verden. In 1195 Prince-Bishop Rudolph I founded the castle of Rotenburg upon Wümme as a stronghold against the neighbouring Bremen prince-archbishops. Later the castle took on the function of a prince-episcopal Residenz.
Since the Investiture Controversy in the 11th and 12th century the cathedral chapters used to elect the Catholic bishops in the Holy Roman Empire. Thus Verden prince-bishopric was an elective monarchy of imperial immediacy within the Empire, with the monarch being the respective bishop usually elected by the chapter and confirmed by the Holy See, or exceptionally only appointed by the Holy See, which happened in increasing frequency in Verden. Papally confirmed bishops were then invested by the emperor with the princely regalia, thus the title prince-bishop.
In the early 13th century the Pope was increasingly involved by the local prince-bishops in regional affairs. From the 14th century it was hardly possible to hold out against the papal commission, which led to a strengthening of the influence of the cathedral chapter; whilst the many prince-bishops were now seen as Landfremde or alien, who lacked local support because they were not elected by the chapter but only appointed by the pope.
Since the early 16th century the prince-bishopric belonged to the Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle (colloquially: Westphalian Circle), a fiscal and military subsection of the empire. Verden sent its representatives to the diets of the empire and the Imperial Circle. At times the prince-bishops ruled in personal union the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen. In order to maintain the two seats in the diets the sees of Bremen and Verden were never formally united in a real union. The same is true for the collectively governed Duchies of Bremen and Verden which emerged in 1648 from the secularised two prince-bishoprics.
Principality of Verden [link]
In 1648 the bishopric was finally secularised as a result of the Peace of Westphalia. It became a principality and was transferred to the Swedish crown, whereby the existence of the Stift and the bishopric came to an end. It lasted from 1648 to 1712, with a break from 1675 to 1679, ruled together in personal union with the territory of the former Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen as the Duchies of Bremen and Verden (formally the Duchy of Bremen and Principality of Verden) with their capital in Stade. For the further history see: Bremen-Verden.
See also [link]
Sources [link]
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Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- Gesellschaft für die Geschichte des Bistums Verden e.V.: Bistum Verden, 770 bis 1648, Editions du Signe 2001, ISBN 2-7468-0384-4
- Bernd Kappelhoff, Thomas Vogtherr: Immunität und Landesherrschaft, Beiträge zur Geschichte des Bistums Verden, Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade 2002, ISBN 3-931879-09-7
- Thomas Vogtherr: Chronicon episcoporum Verdensium, Die Chronik der Verdener Bischöfe, Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade 1997, ISBN 3-931879-03-8
- Arend Mindermann: Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden, Band 1, Von den Anfängen bis 1300, Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade 2001, ISBN 3-931879-07-0
- Arend Mindermann: Urkundenbuch der Bischöfe und des Domkapitels von Verden, Band 2, 1300–1380, Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehemaligen Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, Stade 2004, ISBN 3-931879-15-1
References [link]
- ^ Köbler, Gerhard: "Historisches Lexikon der deutschen Länder. Die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart", Munich 1995, page 650
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https://wn.com/Verden_(state)
Verden (district)
Verden (German pronunciation: [ˈfeːɐ̯dən]) is a Kreis (district) in the centre of Lower Saxony, Germany. Adjoining it are (from the northwest clockwise) the districts of Osterholz, Rotenburg, Heidekreis, Nienburg and Diepholz, as well as the city of Bremen.
Geography
The Aller River enters the district in the east and joins the Weser in the centre of the district. In the north the Wümme River passes from west to the east across the district's territory. The western half of the district is occupied by suburbs in the Bremen metropolitan area, e.g. the town of Achim.
History
The district dates back to the two Ämter of Verden and Achim, which were created in 1852 and 1859. After the Kingdom of Hanover became part of Prussia, they were recreated as districts (Kreis), and merged in 1932. In 1939 two municipalities of the district were added to Bremen, in 1972 Thedinghausen (previously an exclave of the district of Braunschweig) was added.
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Kaka
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Nestor (genus)
The genus Nestor is one of two genera of the parrot family Nestoridae. Together with the kakapo in the family Strigopidae, they form the parrot superfamily Strigopoidea. The genus Nestor contains two extant parrot species from New Zealand and two extinct species from Norfolk Island, Australia and Chatham Island, New Zealand, respectively. All species are large stocky birds with short squarish tails. A defining characteristic of the genus is the tongue, which is tipped with a hair-like fringe. The superficial resemblance of this tongue to that of lorikeets has led some taxonomists to consider the two groups closely related, but DNA evidence shows they are not.
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All four species in the genus Nestor are thought to stem from a 'proto-kākā', dwelling in the forests of New Zealand 5 million years ago. The closest living relative of the genus is the kākāpō (Strigops habroptila). Together, they form the Strigopoidea, with comprises an ancient group that split off from all other Psittaciformes before their radiation.
Kaka (singer)
Rajabu Willer (born 19 February 1991 in Allerød), better known as Kaka (stylized KAKA; Swahili for "brother"), is a Danish reggae, dancehall and hip hop artist of Tanzanian descent. At various times, he was known as Little Kaka, Lil' Kaka and Bigg Kaka before dropping the adjectives.
In 2007, Kaka had his debut appearing on stage with Natasja Saad on her last shows in Copenhagen before she died in Jamaica. Kaka later collaborated with Lirical D'Mirical and his sound system Splif Click also being part of the Danish reggae underground scene with Youngblood Sound. In 2009, he allied himself with the producers Pharfar and Fresh-I and their sound system Donkey Sound. In 2011, he was featured in Wafande's debut single "Gi' mig et smil" (meaning Give Me a Smile). Kaka had his own first release in collaboration with Donkey Sound in the track "Mere Energi". However his biggest success came with "Bang Bang (Reggaejam)" on the newly formed label Donkey Recs (founded by Donkey Sound, producer duo Pharfar and Fresh-I and Musicall Management). The song charted in the Tracklisten, official Danish Singles Chart in 2012. He followed that up with single "En sidste sang" in 2013, also a Top 20 hit in Denmark.
Mod
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MOD (file format)
MOD is a computer file format used primarily to represent music, and was the first module file format. MOD files use the “.MOD” file extension, except on the Amiga where the original trackers instead use a “mod.” prefix scheme, e.g. “mod.echoing”. A MOD file contains a set of instruments in the form of samples, a number of patterns indicating how and when the samples are to be played, and a list of what patterns to play in what order.
History
The first version of the format was created by Karsten Obarski for use in the Ultimate Soundtracker; tracker software released for the Amiga computer in 1987. The format has since been supported by hundreds of playback programs and dozens of other trackers.
The original version of the MOD format featured four channels of simultaneous audio playback, corresponding to the capabilities of the original Amiga chipset, and up to 15 instruments.
Later variations of the format have extended this to up to 32 channels and 31 instruments.
The format was designed to be directly playable on the Amiga without additional processing: for example, samples are stored in 8-bit PCM format ready to be played on the Amiga DACs, and pattern data is not packed. Playback required very little CPU time on an Amiga, and many games used MOD files for their background music.
