Ichthyosauria: Dist vü redakamasotüls

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iIchthyosaurians

Timäd fösilik: zänoda-Triat jü fin Kretata

Ichthyosauria, Holzmaden, se Mused di Wiesbaden.

Dakipastad

Edadeadöl (fösil)

Dadiläd nolavik

Regnum:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Classis:	Sauropsida
Subclassis:	Diapsida?
Superordo:	Ichthyopterygia
Ordo:	Ichthyosauria Blainville, 1835

Families

Liktiosaurs (Vöna-Grikänapük: ιχθυς siämü „fit“ e σαυρος siämü „lasär“) äbinons melaräptuls gretik, kels äsümons ad fits e delfins atimik. Liktiosaurs älifons dü dil gretik Mesozoiga: äpubons bü yels za 230-balions, brefüpo pos pub dinosauras, ed ädadeadons bü yels za 90-balions, mö yels za 26-balions bü nepub dinosauras. Dü zänoda-Triat, liktiosaurs ävolfons de länaräptuls (no nog pedientiföls), kels ägeikons lü vat, ön mod sümik ad ut delfinas e valütas nutimikas. Äbundanons ün Yurat, jüs päplaädons ün Kretat fa plesiosaurs as yagafs disvatik veütikün. Fomons roodi: Ichthyosauria (ü Ichthyoptergia, do nem at adelo pagebon kösömiko ad nemön kladi löpikum, kel keninükon roodi: Ichthyosauria).

Bepenam

Liktiosaurs äbinon zänedo lunotü mets 2 jü 4 (do anikafs àbinons smalikum, e bids anik äglofons plu), älabons kapi sümik ad ut delfinas, e snudi lunik ä tutilabiki. Svimafs vifik, äs fits nutimik, liktiosaurs ma jin ädaivons dibiko, äs valüts anik nutimik (Motani 2000). Petaxetos, das liktiosaurs äfägons ad svimön vifotü milmets 40 a düp. Äsä elafs Cetacea nutimik (valüts, delfins), änatemons luti. Do äbinons räptuls ivolföls de nögafs, äbinons lifamotamiks, kelos no binon so bisarik äsä jinos pö logot balid: melanims lutinatemöl valik mutons u kömön sui jols ad nögön, äs tortugs e melasneks anik, u motön nimülis lifik lä vatasürfat, äs valüts e delfins. Klülädü koaps fitafomik onsik, so pötiks pro svim vifik, äbinosöv go fikulik pro liktiosaurs ad kripön sui jol e nögön.

Magods liktiosauras yela: 1863.

Ma taxets fa hiel Ryosuke Motani [1], el Stenopterygius lunotü mets 2,4 ävetoton mö milgrams 163-168, ed el Ophthalmosaurus icenicus lunotü mets 4 ävetoton mö milgrams 930-950 (toun ti bal).

Do liktiosaurs älogotons as fits, no äbinons fits. Lifavan Stephen Jay Gould äsagom, das liktiosaur äbinon sam gudikün volfama kobüköl: sümikos pö fitas e liktiosauras no sinifon, das äbinons röletafs nilöfikl; sinifons güo, das älifons dis vat, e pimütons ad völfön binodis sümik.

„volfam kobüköl fitas e liktiosauras äbinon so kuratik, das liktiosaurs ävölfons i bäkafäini e göbi kuratiko in top gudik, e labü fom pötik pro svim. Koapabinets at vedons nog küpädikums, ven memoy, das ivolfons de nos: räptuls: büafs länik onas älabons nosi su bäk u su göb okas, de kels fäins äkanonsöv volfön.“

Pö magods balid liktiosauras ibo ädefon bäkafäin, kel no älabon bomabinod düfik, jüs fösils gudikumo pidakipöl pätuvons ün 1890 in fomam di Holzmaden in Deutän, pö kels nüped bäkafäinas älogädon. Dinäds balik ädälons kipedi at nüpedotas koapadilas molik.

Liktiosaurs älabons limis fäinafomik, kels ba pägebons ad stirön e lüodükön svimi, ab ne ad müfön nimi: atosi ädunon göb, sümik ad ut jakas nutimik. Göb älabon dilis tel; dil donik pästüton fa bäkabom, kel äblegon donio.

Flanü süm ad fits, liktiosaurs ävölfons patis anik, kels änilöfükons onis ad delfins. Sekü atos liktiosaurs e delfins älabons logoti sümik, kelos tikodükon, das älabons lifamodis sümik.

Liktiosaurs fitafomik mödik äfidons nenvirebafis melik (a. s. Cephalopoda, soäs elafs Belemnoidea). Liktiosaurs primöfik anik älabons tutis pötik pro troiv koanas; too luveratiko äfidons ledino fitis. Bids gretikum anik älabons maxülis vetik e tutis, kels tikodükons, das äfidons räptulis smalikum. Liktiosaurs ädifons so vemo de ods tefü gretot, ed älailifons so lunüpiko, das luveratiko äyagons nimis go distöfikis. Liktiosaurs patedik älabons logis vemo gretikis, kels päjelons dub bomalin, kelos tikodükon, das ba äyagons neito.

Jenotem tüvas

El genus: Ichthyosaur päbepenon balidnaedo ün 1699 stabü fösilabrekots in Velsän pitüvöls.

Virebs fösilik balid päpübons telna ün 1708 as blöfs füsüdik Tuvatama Valemik. Liktiosaur fösilik lölöfik balid pätuvon ün 1811 fa Mary Anning in Lyme Regis in top, kel anu panemon Jurasic Coast (Jol Yuratik). Poso ätüvof bidis difik kil.

Ün 1905, „Vestigatäv Lasärik“ yela: 1905, cifü hiel John C. Merriam se Niver di California e pefinenöl fa jiel Annie Alexander, ätuvon bomemis 25 in zänoda-Nevada, kel ün Triat äbinon mel nedibik. Ans bomemas at binons anu dil konleta Museda Fösilavik Nivera di California. Bomems votik binons nog in klif e kanons palogön in Tatalegad: Berlin-Ichthyosaur State Park in komot: Nye, in tat Lamerikänik: Nevada. Ün 1977, liktiosaur triatik: Shonisaurus ävedom fösil calöfik tata: Nevada. Ibo Nevada binon tat teik, kel dalabon bomemi lölöfik (lunotü mets 17) melaräptula at. Ün 1992, fitavan Kanadänik: jidokan: Elizabeth Nicholls (kälan calöfik melaräptulas Museda Regik: Tyrrell) ätüvof fösilabomemi gretikün, lunotü mets 23.

Jenotem volfamik

Liktiosaurs balid, kels äsümons buikumo ad lasärs fäinilabik, kas ad fits u delfins, sevädons se klifajüds Triatik (Olenekian ed Anisian) Kanadäna, Tsyinäna, Yapäna e Norgäna (su nisuls: Spitsbergen). Nims primöfik at ädutons lü els genera: Chahosaurus, Grippia e Utatsusaurus. Ruliktiosaurs balid at, kels anu padadilädons as els Ichthyopterygia (no as liktiosaurs jenöfik; l. Motani 1997, Motani et al. 1998), ädavedükons liktiosauris jenöfik ün zänoda-Triat. Liktiosaurs at poso ädistöfikons ad foms e bids mödik, keninükamü melasneks äs elaf Cymbospondylus (lunotü mets 10), äsi foms smalikum patedikum äs elaf Mixosaurus. Finü Triat, liktiosaurs ya äbinädons me elafs Shastasauria klatädik ed i bids ävolfölum „delfinafomikum“ Euichthyosauria (a. s. elafs Californosaurus, Toretocnemus e r.) e Parvipelvia (elafs Hudsonelpidia, Macgowania, e r.). Jäfüdisevans no baicedons tefü rölet nimas at: anans kredons, das valikafs fomons volfalieni te bali, ma kel els Shastosauria äbinons büafs bidas fitafomikum (Maisch e Matzke 2000), du votans lesagons, das els Shastosauria e liktiosaurs votik äfomons grupis nesekidik tel, kels ivolfons de büaf kobädik primöfikum (Nicholls e Manabe 2001).

Dü periods: Carnian e Norian, els Shastosauria ärivons gretotis gianagretik. Elaf Shonisaurus popularis, kel sevädon stabü bomems mödik in tat Lamerikänik: Nevada pätuvöls, älabon lunoti mö mets 15. Els Shonisaurus perioda: Norian sevädons stabü bobems se flans bofik Pasifeana. Elafs Himalayasaurus tibetensis e Tibetosaurus (luveratiko nim ot) petuvons in Tibetän. Liktiosaurs gretik at (lunotü mets 10-15) bo dutons lü el genus ot, lü kel duton i el Shonisaurus (Motani et al. 1999; Lucas 2001, pads: 117-119). Elaf Shonisaurus sikanniensis gianagretik, kela fösils pätuvons in fomam di Pardonet in provin Kanadänik: British Columbia fa jiel Elizabeth Nicholls, äkanon rivön lunoti mö mets plu 21: melaräptul gretikün jünu sevädik.

Giananims at (kobü i röletafs smalikum oksik) jiniko änepubons finü period: Norian. Liktiosaurs perioda: Rhaetian (ün fin Triata) sevädons se Linglän, e ya äsümons vemo ad liktiosaurs prima Yurata. Äs dinosaurs, liktiosaurs e timakompenafs oksik: plesiosaurs älailifons pos dadeadamajenot fina Triata, e sunädo ädistöfikons ad fulükön pladis vagik ün prim Yurata.

Prim Yurata, äs fin Triata, äbinon gloratim liktiosauras, kels äfomons ettimo famülis fol labü mödot gretik bidas lunotü mets 1 jü 10. Els genera timäda at äbinons: Eurhinosaurus, Ichthyosaurus, Leptonectes, Stenopterygius, e yagaf gretik: Temnodontosaurus, kobü el Suevoleviathan primöfikum, nemödiko ivotiköl leigodü büafs Triatik onik. Nims valik at äbinons delfinafomiks, do bids primöfikum äbinons ba lunikum, ka elafs Stenopterygius e Ichthyosaurus ävolfölums.

Liktiosaurs äbundanons ün zänoda-Yurat, ab distöf onsik iläsikon. Valikafs ädutons lü grup te bal: Ophthalmosauria. Äsümons vemo ad el Ichthyosaura (a. s. el Ophthalmosaurus lunotü mets 4), ed älabons fomi „drenatofa“ vemo pötiki pro svim. Logs ela Ophthalmosaurus äbinons legretiks; luveratiko nims at äyagons in vat dibik ä nenlutik.

Liktiosaurs ävedons ma jin ainog läs distöfiks du Kretat. El genus te bal se Kretat sevädon: elaf Platypterygius; do pätuvon zi vol lölik, bids te nemödiks ädabinons. El genus liktiosaurik lätik at äbinon viktim dadeadamajenota ün zänoda-Kretat (periods: Cenomanian-Turonian), soäs i pliosaurs legretik anik. Lekofiko, nims läs duinafägiks soäs mosasaurs ed i plesiosaurs labü särvigs lunik älailifons ed ämödikons. Ma jin, liktiosaurs ävedons viktims volfamalüoda oksik: no äfagons ad mätedön ko fits nulik grupa: Teleostea, kels äsvimons vifikumo e so päfanons fikulikumo fa liktiosaurs; mosasaurs, votaflano, ägebons yagamodis votik pötikum pro fitifan (a.s. lük; l. Lingham-Soliar 1999).

Dadiläd

Ordo ICHTHYOSAURIA
Familia Mixosauridae
Subordo Merriamosauriformes
- Guanlingsaurus
- (nen leod) Merriamosauria
  - Familia Shastasauridae
  - Infraordo Euichthyosauria ("true ichthyosaurs")
    - Familia Teretocnemidae
    - Californosaurus
    - (nen leod) Parvipelvia ("small pelves")
      - Macgovania
      - Hudsonelpidia
      - Suevoleviathan
      - Temnodontosaurus
      - Familia Leptonectidae
      - Infraordo Thunnosauria ("tuna lizards")
        Familia Stenopterygiidae
        
        Familia Ichthyosauridae
        
        Familia Ophthalmosauridae

In kuliv pöpedik

El Ichthyosaurus binon balaf nimas rujenavik, kelis hiel Jules Verne ämäniotom in buk okik ''Journée au Centre de la Terre'' (Täv lü Zänod Tala), in kel äbefeiton plesiosauri. In buk at ye päbepenon as vemo gretikum, kas jenöfo äbinon. Lekofiko, in buk at liktiosaur ävikodon, ab jenöfo plesiosaurs äplaädons liktiosauris as yagafs veutikün ün Kretat. I plesiosaur päbepenon in buk ela Verne as gianagretik, ab jenöfo äbinon lunotü mets 3-5.
In nünömapledasoköd: Half-Life, dabinon nim disvatik „liktiosaur“ panemöl (ab binon bid plödatalik).
In televidabiomagodem: The Land Before Time IX: Journey to Big Water (Län bü Tim IX: Täv lü Vat Gretik), dabinon liktiosaur labü nem: Mo.

Literat

Ellis, Richard. 2003. Sea Dragons - Predators of the Prehistoric Oceans. University Press of Kansas ISBN 0-7006-1269-6

Stephen Jay Gould. "Bent out of Shape" in Eight Little Piggies.

Lingham-Soliar, T. 1999. A functional analysis of the skull of Goronyosaurus nigeriensis (Squamata: Mosasauridae) and Its Bearing on the Predatory Behavior and Evolution of the Enigmatic Taxon. N. Jb. Geol. Palaeont. Abh. toum: 2134, nüm: 3, pads: 355-74

Maisch, M. W. & Matzke, A. T. 2000. The Ichthyosauria. Stuttgarter Beitraege zur Naturkunde. Serie B. Geologie und Palaeontologie. Nüm: 298, pads: 1-159.

McGowan, Christopher. 1992. Dinosaurs, Spitfires and Sea Dragons. Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-20770-€X

McGowan, Christopher & Motani, Ryosuke. 2003. Ichthyopterygia. In: Handbook of Paleoherpetology, Part 8, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil.

Motani, R. 1997. Temporal and spatial distribution of tooth implantation in ichthyosaurs. In: J. M. Callaway ed E. L. Nicholls (red.), Ancient Marine Reptiles, pads: 81-103. Academic Press.

Motani, R. 2000. Rulers of the Jurassic Seas. Scientific American toum: 283, nüm: 6.

Motani, R., Minoura, N. & Ando, T. 1998. Ichthyosaurian relationships illuminated by new primitive skeletons from Japan. Nature toum: 393, pads: 255-257.

Motani, R., Manabe, M., e Dong, Z.-M. 1999. The status of Himalayasaurus tibetensis (Ichthyopterygia). Paludicola2, nüm: 2, pads: 174-181. (Vödem rigädik (pdf).)

Nicholls, E. L. & Manabe, M. 2001. A new genus of ichthyosaur from the Late Triassic Pardonet Formation of British Columbia: bridging the Triassic-Jurassic gap. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences toum: 38, pads: 983-1002.

Yüms plödik

Commons

Kobädikos
labon ragivis tefü:

Category:Ichthyosauria

In Linglänapük:

Nüdugot lü liktiosaurs nivera di Berkeley.
Lomapad hiela Ryosuke Motani labü nüns mödik tefü liktiosaurs, keninükamü magods liföfik.
Elafs Eureptilia: Ichthyosauria.
Ichthyosauria - cladogram (Mikko's Phylogeny Archive)
Hauff Museum, Germany - exhibiting the finds of Holzmaden

@@ Lien 55: / Lien 55: @@
 Ün [[1905]], „Vestigatäv Lasärik“ yela: 1905, cifü hiel [[John C. Merriam]] se Niver di [[California]] e pefinenöl fa jiel [[Annie Alexander]], ätuvon bomemis 25 in zänoda-[[Nevada]], kel ün [[Triat]] äbinon mel nedibik. Ans bomemas at binons anu dil konleta Museda Fösilavik Nivera di California. Bomems votik binons nog in klif e kanons palogön in Tatalegad: ''Berlin-Ichthyosaur State Park'' in komot: Nye, in tat Lamerikänik: [[Nevada]]. Ün 1977, liktiosaur triatik: ''[[Shonisaurus]]'' ävedom fösil calöfik tata: Nevada. Ibo Nevada binon tat teik, kel dalabon bomemi lölöfik (lunotü mets 17) melaräptula at. Ün 1992, fitavan Kanadänik: jidokan: Elizabeth Nicholls (kälan calöfik melaräptulas Museda Regik: Tyrrell) ätüvof fösilabomemi gretikün, lunotü mets 23.
-== Evolutionary history ==
+== Jenotem volfamik ==
-The [[Ichthyopterygia|earliest ichthyosaurs]], looking more like finned lizards than the familiar fish or dolphin forms, are known from the Early and Early-Middle ([[Olenekian]] and [[Anisian]]) [[Triassic]] strata of [[Canada]], [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[Spitsbergen]] in [[Norway]].  These primitive forms included the genera ''Chaohusaurus'', ''Grippia'', and ''Utatsusaurus''. These very early proto-ichthyosaurs, which are now classified as [[Ichthyopterygia]] rather than as ichthyosaurs proper (Motani 1997, Motani et al. 1998), quickly gave rise to true ichthyosaurs sometime in the latest Early Triassic or earliest Middle Triassic.  These later diversified into a variety of forms, including the sea-serpent like ''[[Cymbospondylus]]'', which reached 10 meters, and smaller more typical forms like ''[[Mixosaurus]]''.  By the [[Late Triassic]], ichthyosaurs consisted of both classic Shastasauria and more advanced, "dolphin"-like Euichthyosauria (''Californosaurus'', ''Toretocnemus'') and Parvipelvia (''Hudsonelpidia'', ''Macgowania'').  Experts disagree over whether these represent an evolutionary continum, with the less specialised shastosaurs a [[paraphyletic]] grade that was evolving into the more advanced forms (Maisch and Matzke 2000), or whether the two were separate [[clade]]s that evolved from a common ancestor earlier on (Nicholls and Manabe 2001).
+Liktiosaurs balid, kels äsümons buikumo ad lasärs fäinilabik, kas ad fits u delfins, sevädons se klifajüds [[Triat]]ik ([[Olenekian]] ed [[Anisian]]) [[Kanadän]]a, [[Tsyinän]]a, [[Yapän]]a e [[Norgän]]a (su nisuls: [[Spitsbergen]]). Nims primöfik at ädutons lü els ''genera'': ''[[Chahosaurus]]'', ''[[Grippia]]'' e ''[[Utatsusaurus]]''. Ruliktiosaurs balid at, kels anu padadilädons as els ''[[Ichthyopterygia]]'' (no as liktiosaurs jenöfik; l. Motani 1997, Motani ''et al.'' 1998), ädavedükons liktiosauris jenöfik ün zänoda-Triat. Liktiosaurs at poso ädistöfikons ad foms e bids mödik, keninükamü melasneks äs elaf ''[[Cymbospondylus]]'' (lunotü mets 10), äsi foms smalikum patedikum äs elaf ''[[Mixosaurus]]''. Finü [[Triat]], liktiosaurs ya äbinädons me elafs ''[[Shastasauria]]'' klatädik ed i bids ävolfölum „delfinafomikum“ ''[[Euichthyosauria]]'' (a. s. elafs ''[[Californosaurus]]'', ''[[Toretocnemus]]'' e r.) e ''[[Parvipelvia]]'' (elafs ''[[Hudsonelpidia]]'', ''[[Macgowania]]'', e r.). Jäfüdisevans no baicedons tefü rölet nimas at: anans kredons, das valikafs fomons volfalieni te bali, ma kel els ''[[Shastosauria]]'' äbinons büafs bidas fitafomikum (Maisch e Matzke 2000), du votans lesagons, das els ''[[Shastosauria]]'' e liktiosaurs votik äfomons grupis nesekidik tel, kels ivolfons de büaf kobädik primöfikum (Nicholls e Manabe 2001).
-During the [[Carnian]] and [[Norian]], shastosaurs reached huge sizes. ''[[Shonisaurus popularis]]'', known from a number of specimens from the Carnian of Nevada, was 15 meters long.  Norian shonisaurs are known from both sides of the Pacific.  ''Himalayasaurus tibetensis'' and ''Tibetosaurus'' (probably a synonym) have been found in [[Tibet]]. These large (10 to 15 meters long) ichthyosaurs probably belong to the same genus as ''Shonisaurus'' (Motani ''et al'', 1999; Lucas, 2001, pp.117-119).  While the gigantic ''Shonisaurus sikanniensis'', whose remains were found in the Pardonet formation of British Columbia by Elizabeth Nicholls, reached as much as 21 meters in length - the largest marine reptile known to date.
+Dü periods: [[Carnian]] e [[Norian]], els ''[[Shastosauria]]'' ärivons gretotis gianagretik. Elaf ''[[Shonisaurus]] popularis'', kel sevädon stabü bomems mödik in tat Lamerikänik: [[Nevada]] pätuvöls, älabon lunoti mö mets 15. Els ''[[Shonisaurus]]'' perioda: [[Norian]] sevädons stabü bobems se flans bofik Pasifeana. Elafs ''Himalayasaurus tibetensis'' e ''Tibetosaurus'' (luveratiko nim ot) petuvons in [[Tibetän]]. Liktiosaurs gretik at (lunotü mets 10-15) bo dutons lü el ''genus'' ot, lü kel duton i el ''[[Shonisaurus]]'' (Motani ''et al.'' 1999; Lucas 2001, pads: 117-119). Elaf ''Shonisaurus sikanniensis'' gianagretik, kela fösils pätuvons in fomam di Pardonet in provin Kanadänik: [[British Columbia]] fa jiel Elizabeth Nicholls, äkanon rivön lunoti mö mets plu 21: melaräptul gretikün jünu sevädik.
+Giananims at (kobü i röletafs smalikum oksik) jiniko änepubons finü period: [[Norian]]. Liktiosaurs perioda: [[Rhaetian]] (ün fin [[Triat]]a) sevädons se Linglän, e ya äsümons vemo ad liktiosaurs prima [[Yurat]]a. Äs dinosaurs, liktiosaurs e timakompenafs oksik: [[plesiosaurs]] älailifons pos dadeadamajenot fina Triata, e sunädo ädistöfikons ad fulükön pladis vagik ün prim Yurata.
-These giants (along with their smaller cousins) seemed to have disappeared at the end of the Norian.  [[Rhaetian]] (latest Triassic) ichthyosaurs are known from England, and these are very similar to those of the [[Early Jurassic]].  Like the dinosaurs, the ichthyosaurs and their contemporaries the plesiosaurs survived the end-Triassic extinction event, and immediately diversified to fill the vacant ecological niches of the earliest Jurassic.
-[[Image:Ichthyosaurus_h_harder.jpg|thumb|400px|An historical restoration of ''Ichthyosaurus'' by Heinrich Harder.]]
+[[Image:Ichthyosaurus_h_harder.jpg|thumb|400px|Magod ela ''Ichthyosaurus'' fa hiel Heinrich Harder.]]
-[[Image:Platypterigius longmani DB.jpg|thumb|200px|Platypterigius longmani]]
+[[Image:Platypterigius longmani DB.jpg|thumb|200px|Elaf ''Platypterigius longmani''.]]
-The Early Jurassic, like the Late Triassic, was the heyday of the ichthyosaurs, which are represented by four families and a variety of species, ranging from one to ten meters in length.  Genera include ''Eurhinosaurus'', ''[[Ichthyosaurus]]'', ''Leptonectes'', ''Stenopterygius'', and the large predator ''[[Temnodontosaurus]]'', along with the persistently primitive ''Suevoleviathan'', which was little changed from its Norian ancestors.  All these animals were streamlined, dolphin-like forms, although the more primitive animals were perhaps more elongated than the advanced and compact ''[[Stenopterygius]]'' and ''[[Ichthyosaurus]]''.
+Prim Yurata, äs fin Triata, äbinon gloratim liktiosauras, kels äfomons ettimo famülis fol labü mödot gretik bidas lunotü mets 1 jü 10. Els ''genera'' timäda at äbinons: ''[[Eurhinosaurus]]'', ''[[Ichthyosaurus]]'', ''[[Leptonectes]]'', ''[[Stenopterygius]]'', e yagaf gretik: ''[[Temnodontosaurus]]'', kobü el ''[[Suevoleviathan]]'' primöfikum, nemödiko ivotiköl leigodü büafs Triatik onik. Nims valik at äbinons delfinafomiks, do bids primöfikum äbinons ba lunikum, ka elafs ''[[Stenopterygius]]'' e ''[[Ichthyosaurus]]'' ävolfölums.
+Liktiosaurs äbundanons ün zänoda-Yurat, ab distöf onsik iläsikon. Valikafs ädutons lü grup te bal: ''[[Ophthalmosauria]]''. Äsümons vemo ad el ''[[Ichthyosaura]]'' (a. s. el ''[[Ophthalmosaurus]]'' lunotü mets 4), ed älabons fomi „drenatofa“ vemo pötiki pro svim. Logs ela ''Ophthalmosaurus'' äbinons legretiks; luveratiko nims at äyagons in vat dibik ä nenlutik.
-Ichthyosaurs were still common in the [[Middle Jurassic]], but had now decreased in diversity.  All belonged to the single clade Ophthalmosauria.  Represented by the 4 meter long ''[[Ophthalmosaurus]]'' and related genera, they were very similar to ''Ichthyosaurus'', and had attained a perfect "tear-drop" streamlined form.   The eyes of ''Ophthalmosaurus'' were huge, and it is likely that these animals hunted in dim and deep water (Motani 2000).
+Liktiosaurs ävedons ma jin ainog läs distöfiks du [[Kretat]]. El ''genus'' te bal se Kretat sevädon: elaf ''[[Platypterygius]]''; do pätuvon zi vol lölik, bids te nemödiks ädabinons. El ''genus'' liktiosaurik lätik at äbinon viktim dadeadamajenota ün zänoda-Kretat (periods: [[Cenomanian]]-[[Turonian]]), soäs i pliosaurs legretik anik. Lekofiko, nims läs duinafägiks soäs [[mosasaur]]s ed i [[plesiosaur]]s labü särvigs lunik älailifons ed ämödikons. Ma jin, liktiosaurs ävedons viktims volfamalüoda oksik: no äfagons ad mätedön ko fits nulik grupa: ''[[Teleostea]]'', kels äsvimons vifikumo e so päfanons fikulikumo fa liktiosaurs; mosasaurs, votaflano, ägebons yagamodis votik pötikum pro fitifan (a.s. lük; l. Lingham-Soliar 1999).
-Ichthyosaurs seemed to decrease in diversity even further with the [[Cretaceous]].  Only a single genus is known, ''Platypterygius'', and although it had a worldwide distribution, there was little diversity species-wise.  This last ichthyosaur genus fell victim to the mid-Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) extinction event (as did some of the giant pliosaurs), although ironically less hydrodynamically efficient animals like [[mosasaur]]s and long-necked [[plesiosaur]]s flourished. It seems that the ichthyosaurs became the victim of their own overspecialisation and were unable to keep up with the fast swimming and highly evasive new [[teleost]] fishes, which were becoming dominant at this time and against which the sit-and-wait ambush strategies of the mosasaurs proved superior (Lingham-Soliar 1999).
 == Dadiläd ==
 * '''Ordo ICHTHYOSAURIA'''
-* Familia  [[Mixosauridae]]
+* Familia [[Mixosauridae]]
 * Subordo [[Merriamosauriformes]]
 ** ''[[Guanlingsaurus]]''
@@ Lien 93: / Lien 93: @@
 == In kuliv pöpedik ==
-* El ''Ichthyosaurus'' binon balaf nimas rujenavik, kelis hiel [[Jules Verne]] ämäniotom in buk okik: ''Journée au Centre de la Terre'' (Täv lü Zänod Tala), in kel äbefeiton [[plesiosaur]]i. In buk at ye päbepenon as vemo gretikum, kas jenöfo äbinon. Lekofiko, in buk at liktiosaur ävikodon, ab jenöfo plesiosaurs äplaädons liktiosauris as yagafs veutikün ün [[Kretat]]. I plesiosaur päbepenon in buk ela Verne as gianagretik, ab jenöfo äbinon lunotü mets 3-5.
+* El ''Ichthyosaurus'' binon balaf nimas rujenavik, kelis hiel [[Jules Verne]] ämäniotom in buk okik [[''Journée au Centre de la Terre'']] (Täv lü Zänod Tala), in kel äbefeiton [[plesiosaur]]i. In buk at ye päbepenon as vemo gretikum, kas jenöfo äbinon. Lekofiko, in buk at liktiosaur ävikodon, ab jenöfo plesiosaurs äplaädons liktiosauris as yagafs veutikün ün [[Kretat]]. I plesiosaur päbepenon in buk ela Verne as gianagretik, ab jenöfo äbinon lunotü mets 3-5.
 * In nünömapledasoköd: ''Half-Life'', dabinon nim disvatik „liktiosaur“ panemöl (ab binon bid plödatalik).
 * In televidabiomagodem: ''The Land Before Time IX: Journey to Big Water'' (Län bü Tim IX: Täv lü Vat Gretik), dabinon liktiosaur labü nem: Mo.
@@ Lien 99: / Lien 99: @@
 == Literat ==
 <references/>
-* Ellis, Richard. 2003. ''Sea Dragons - Predators of the Prehistoric Oceans''.  University Press of Kansas ISBN 0-7006-1269-6
+* Ellis, Richard. 2003. ''Sea Dragons - Predators of the Prehistoric Oceans''. University Press of Kansas ISBN 0-7006-1269-6
 * Stephen Jay Gould. "Bent out of Shape" in ''Eight Little Piggies.''
@@ Lien 117: / Lien 117: @@
 * Motani, R., Minoura, N. & Ando, T. 1998. Ichthyosaurian relationships illuminated by new primitive skeletons from Japan. ''Nature'' toum: 393, pads: 255-257.
-* Motani, R.,  Manabe, M., e Dong, Z.-M. 1999. The status of  ''Himalayasaurus tibetensis'' (Ichthyopterygia). ''Paludicola2'', nüm: 2, pads: 174-181. ([http://www.uoregon.edu/~rmotani/pdf/sMotanietal1999a.pdf Vödem rigädik (pdf).])
+* Motani, R., Manabe, M., e Dong, Z.-M. 1999. The status of ''Himalayasaurus tibetensis'' (Ichthyopterygia). ''Paludicola2'', nüm: 2, pads: 174-181. ([http://www.uoregon.edu/~rmotani/pdf/sMotanietal1999a.pdf Vödem rigädik (pdf).])
 * Nicholls, E. L. & Manabe, M. 2001. A new genus of ichthyosaur from the Late Triassic Pardonet Formation of British Columbia: bridging the Triassic-Jurassic gap. ''Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences'' toum: 38, pads: 983-1002.
 == Yüms plödik ==
-{{Kobädikos|Ichthyosauria}}
+{{Kobädikos|Category:Ichthyosauria}}
 In Linglänapük:
 *[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/ichthyosauria.html Nüdugot lü liktiosaurs nivera di Berkeley.]
@@ Lien 128: / Lien 128: @@
 *[http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/210Eureptilia/300.html Elafs ''Eureptilia'': ''Ichthyosauria''.]
 *[http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Reptilia/Ichthyosauromorpha/Ichthyosauria.htm Ichthyosauria - cladogram] (Mikko's Phylogeny Archive)
-*[http://www.urweltmuseum.de/Englisch/museum_eng/museum_eng.htm Hauff Museum, Germany - exhibiting the finds of Holzmaden]
+*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060512094816/http://www.urweltmuseum.de/Englisch/museum_eng/museum_eng.htm Hauff Museum, Germany - exhibiting the finds of Holzmaden]
 [[Klad:Liktiosauragrups]]
-[[Klad:Yegeds no pefipenöls]]
+{{Yeged gudik}}
-[[bg:Ихтиозавър]]
-[[ca:Ictiosaure]]
-[[de:Ichthyosaurier]]
-[[en:Ichthyosauria]]
-[[es:Ichthyosauria]]
-[[eo:Fiŝosaŭroj]]
-[[fr:Ichthyosaure]]
-[[it:Ichthyosauria]]
-[[he:איכתיוזאוריה]]
-[[lb:Fëschsaurier]]
-[[nl:Ichthyosaurus]]
-[[ja:魚竜]]
-[[no:Fiskeøgler]]
-[[oc:Ichthyosauria]]
-[[pl:Ichtiozaury]]
-[[pt:Icitiossauro]]
-[[ru:Ихтиозавры]]
-[[sk:Ichtyosaury]]
-[[zh:鱼龙]]