Harbiy xizmatdagi bolalar sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

== Yevropa ==

Child Soldiers International maʼlumotlariga koʻra, [[Yevropa]]da faqat 18 yoshdan kattalarni yollash tendensiyasi mavjud, aksariyat mamlakatlar ham faqat kattalarni yollashga ruxsat beradi, 2016-yilgi maʼlumotlarga koʻra qanday qurolli guruhlar bolalardan foydalanayotgani maʼlum emas edi. 2018-yil holatiga koʻra esa bir davlat, Buyuk Britaniya 16 yoshdan bolalarni, beshtasi esa 17 yoshdan ([[Avstriya]], [[Kipr]], [[Fransiya]], [[Germaniya]] va [[Gollandiya]]) harbiy xizmatga jalb qilgan. Ulardan, Buyuk Britaniya eng koʻp bolalarni ishga oladi. [[2016-yil]]da Britaniya armiyasiga yangi chaqirilganlarning taxminan chorak qismi 18 yoshdan kichik boʻlgan.

Barcha Yevropa davlatlari bolalarni qurolli mojarolarga jalb etish toʻgʻrisidagi ixtiyoriy protokolni ratifikatsiya qilgan<ref name=":20">{{Veb manbasi|last=United Nations|year=2018|title=United Nations Treaty Collection: 11. b Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131426/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en|archive-date=6 February 2018|access-date=5 February 2018|language=EN}}</ref>, shuning uchun chaqiruv bolalar odatda balogʻatga yetgunlaricha harbiy harakatlarda foydalanilmaydi. Bolalar 1990-yillarda Birinchi Chechen urushida jangchilar sifatida ishlatilgan<ref name=":38">{{veb manbasi|url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/commission/country52/1996_13.htm|title=UN Commission on Human Rights – The situation of human rights in the Republic of Chechnya of the Russian Federation (Mar 96)|publisher=.umn.edu|access-date=12 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211102551/http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/commission/country52/1996_13.htm|archive-date=11 February 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>.

[[File:Statua Righetto.jpg|thumb|Jasur Rigetto (1851). Palazzo Littadagi katta zinapoyaning qabulxonasidagi Giovanni Strazza haykalining nusxasi. Unda 1849-yilda [[Rim]] respublikasi mudofaasi paytida bombani zararsizlntirishga urinib, 1849-yilda iti bilan halok boʻlgan 12 yoshli bola tasvirlangan.]]

=== Avstriya ===
[[Avstriya]] bolalarni ota-onalari roziligi bilan bir yil erta, 17 yoshdan boshlab harbiy xizmatni boshlashga taklif qiladi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://childsoldiersworldindex.org/view/AT|title=Child Soldiers World Index: Austria|last=Child Soldiers International|year=2018|website=childsoldiersworldindex.org|language=en|access-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329054523/http://childsoldiersworldindex.org/view/AT|archive-date=29 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>.

=== Kipr ===

[[Kipr]] bolalarni ota-onalari roziligi bilan ikki yil erta, 16 yoshdan boshlab majburiy harbiy xizmatni boshlashga taklif qiladi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://childsoldiersworldindex.org/view/CY|title=Child Soldiers World Index: Cyprus|last=Child Soldiers International|year=2018|website=childsoldiersworldindex.org|language=en|access-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329054457/http://childsoldiersworldindex.org/view/CY|archive-date=29 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>.

=== Fransiya ===

[[Fransiya]] harbiy xizmatchilarni 17 yoshdan, harbiy texnik maktab oʻquvchilarini 16 yoshdan boshlab qabul qiladi. Qurolli kuchlarning 3 % ni 18 yoshgacha boʻlgan yoshlar tashkil etadi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://childsoldiersworldindex.org/view/FR|title=Child Soldiers World Index: France|last=Child Soldiers International|year=2018|website=childsoldiersworldindex.org|language=en|access-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329054435/http://childsoldiersworldindex.org/view/FR|archive-date=29 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>.

=== Germaniya ===

[[Germaniya]] harbiy xizmatga 17 yoshdan boshlab qabul qiladi. [[2015-yil]]da qurolli kuchlarning 6 foizini 18 yoshgacha boʻlganlar tashkil etgan<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://childsoldiersworldindex.org/view/DE|title=Child Soldiers World Index: Germany|last=Child Soldiers International|year=2018|website=childsoldiersworldindex.org|language=en|access-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329054304/http://childsoldiersworldindex.org/view/DE|archive-date=29 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>.

=== Niderlandiya ===

[[Niderlandiya]] harbiy xizmatga 17 yoshdan boshlab qabul qiladi. [[2014-yil]]da uning qurolli kuchlarining 5 % 18 yoshgacha boʻlganlar boʻlgan<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://childsoldiersworldindex.org/view/NL|title=Child Soldiers World Index: Netherlands|last=Child Soldiers International|year=2018|website=childsoldiersworldindex.org|language=en|access-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329054419/http://childsoldiersworldindex.org/view/NL|archive-date=29 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>.

=== Ukraina ===

[[2014-yil]]da [[Ukraina]] sharqidagi qurolli mojaro paytida [[Donbas]]dagi tinchlik uchun adolat guruhi bolalarni qurolli tuzilmalarga jalb qilishning 41 ta holatini tasdiqlagan. Ulardan 37 tasi Ukraina nazorati ostida boʻlmagan hududdan, 4 tasi esa Ukraina nazorat hududidagi qurolli tuzilmalarda bolalarning ishtiroki bilan bogʻliq. Tasdiqlash imkoni boʻlmagan bolalarni ishga yollash haqida yana 31 ta murojaat boʻlgan<ref name=":45">{{Veb manbasi|url=https://jfp.org.ua/system/reports/files/80/en/Justice_for_peace_in_Donbas_EUCCI_Children_in_armed_formations.pdf|title=Involvement of Children in Armed Formations During the Military Conflict in Donbas|last=Eastern-Ukrainian Centre for Civil Initiatives|year=2016|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211083737/https://jfp.org.ua/system/reports/files/80/en/Justice_for_peace_in_Donbas_EUCCI_Children_in_armed_formations.pdf|archive-date=11 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>. Ukraina tomonidan nazorat qilinmagan hududda tekshirilgan 37 ta ishning 33 tasi oʻgʻil bolalar va 4 tasi qiz bolalar; 57 % 16-17 yoshda, 35 % 15 yoshgacha boʻlgan va 8 % hollarda yoshni aniqlash mumkin boʻlmagan.
=== Buyuk Britaniya ===

[[File:Junior-soldiers-at-a-graduation.jpg|thumb|Britaniya armiyasidagi 16 yoshdan katta bolalar Army Foundation kollejida paradda, Harrogate, Buyuk Britaniya]]
Britaniya qurolli kuchlari 16 yoshdan boshlab xodimlarni jalb qilib, 15 yoshu 7 oylik bolalardan arizalarni qabul qilishni boshlaydi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://apply.army.mod.uk/how-to-join/can-i-join/age|title=Age|last=British Army|year=2018|website=mod.uk|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204171209/https://apply.army.mod.uk/how-to-join/can-i-join/age|archive-date=4 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>. Roʻyxatga olishdan oldin ota-onaning roziligi talab qilinadi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|last=Mordaunt|first=P|date=4 July 2016|title=Letter to Child Soldiers International, 4 July 2016|url=https://www.child-soldiers.org/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=391f2315-a88e-47d6-b81b-5fc98b799af7|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308192244/https://www.child-soldiers.org/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=391f2315-a88e-47d6-b81b-5fc98b799af7|archive-date=8 March 2019|access-date=11 February 2018}}</ref>.

[[2022-yil]] holatiga koʻra, Britaniya qurolli kuchlari tarkibiga kirganlarning 23 foizi 18 yoshdan kichiklar edi<ref name=":54">{{Veb manbasi|title=UK armed forces biannual diversity statistics: April 2022|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uk-armed-forces-biannual-diversity-statistics-april-2022|access-date=2022-08-18|website=GOV.UK|language=en}}</ref>. Aksariyat bolalar armiyaga jalb qilingan, bu yerda 2021-2022 yillarda askarlarning 30 foizi 18 yoshgacha boʻlganlar edi; koʻproq yangi askarlar boshqa yoshdagilarga qaraganda 16 yoshda edi.

16 yoshdan 17,5 yoshgacha boʻlgan armiyaga chaqirilganlar dastlab yosh guruhiga bagʻishlangan harbiy oʻquv markazida Army Foundation kollejida oʻqitiladi<ref>{{veb manbasi|last=Ofsted|date=20 October 2021|title='Welfare and duty of care in Armed Forces initial training 2020 to 2021'|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/welfare-and-duty-of-care-in-armed-forces-initial-training/welfare-and-duty-of-care-in-armed-forces-initial-training-2020-to-2021#reports-in-date-order-regular-establishments|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020123313/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/welfare-and-duty-of-care-in-armed-forces-initial-training/welfare-and-duty-of-care-in-armed-forces-initial-training-2020-to-2021|archive-date=20 October 2021|access-date=4 November 2021|website=Gov.uk}}</ref>. 2021-yil holatiga koʻra, markaz Ofsted taʼlim inspektsiyasi tomonidan farovonlik boʻyicha „aʼlo“ deb baholangan, markazda suiisteʼmollik haqida koʻplab daʼvolar, baʼzilari isbotlangan, armiya rekordida<ref>{{Veb manbasi|last=British Army|date=13 December 2021|title=Freedom of Information request, ref. Army/PolSec/C/U/FOI2021/13445|url=https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/804174/response/1936986/attach/3/20211213%20FOI2021%2013445.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=17 August 2022|website=whatdotheyknow.com}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi|last=British Army|date=11 January 2022|title=Freedom of information request, ref. Army/Sec/C/U/FOI2021/15645|url=https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/818032/response/1952462/attach/3/20220111%20FOI2021%2015645.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=17 August 2022|website=whatdotheyknow.com}}</ref>. 2021-yilda markazda 22 nafar qizga nisbatan jinsiy huquqbuzarliklar bo‘yicha to‘qqizta tergov ochildi; bir tergovda gumon qilingan jinoyatchilarning uchtasi xodimlar boʻlgan<ref>{{Veb manbasi|last=Docherty|first=Leo|date=14 April 2022|title=Armed Forces: Offences against Children|url=https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2022-04-14/154397|url-status=live|access-date=17 August 2022|website=parliament.uk|arxivsana=2022-08-16|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816173146/https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2022-04-14/154397}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi|last=Docherty|first=Leo|date=16 May 2022|title=Armed Forces: Offences against Children|url=https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2022-05-16/2317|url-status=live|access-date=17 August 2022|website=parliament.uk|arxivsana=2022-08-16|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816173147/https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-questions/detail/2022-05-16/2317}}</ref>. Ular 2022-yil iyul oyida Vice News hisobotining mavzusi boʻlgan<ref>{{Veb manbasi|title=Teenage Girls Serving in British Army Report Record Levels of Sexual Assault|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/xgydwj/british-army-sexual-assault|access-date=2022-08-17|website=www.vice.com|language=en}}</ref>.

OPAC maʼlumotlariga koʻra, Buyuk Britaniya odatda harbiy harakatlarda qatnashish uchun bolalarni chaqirmaydi, ammo chaqirilganlarni istisno qilmaydi ham.

[[Buyuk Britaniya]] 2003-yildan 2010-yilgacha [[Iroq]] va [[Afg‘oniston]]ga 18 yoshdan kichik bo‘lgan 22 nafar xodimni beixtiyor yubordi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://www.child-soldiers.org/shop/letter-from-uk-minister-of-defence-regarding-deployment-of-under-18s-on-combat-operations-1|title=Letter from UK Minister of Defence regarding deployment of under-18s on combat operations|last=Child Soldiers International|website=Child Soldiers International|language=en|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418101630/https://www.child-soldiers.org/shop/letter-from-uk-minister-of-defence-regarding-deployment-of-under-18s-on-combat-operations-1|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Bola huquqlari boʻyicha qoʻmita Buyuk Britaniyani bolalar hech qanday sharoitda harbiy harakatlarda qatnasha olmasligini taʼminlash uchun oʻz siyosatini oʻzgartirishga chaqirdi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhsq3bGBgj7nnUgqOo%2fynBtO%2fECmRLeJYMRRb8lvcSbqdOqBHRHPeEfDShf9Gxj%2fukpq4N94ALY5Qdg0j45LrQBaPGQXGbBD6vlaVe0jP8YmSl1Fv0VQtoxAQPfw%2bSfBE8YQ%3d%3d|title=Consideration of Reports submitted by States Parties under Article 8 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict. Concluding observations: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|last=UN Committee on the Rights of the Child|year=2008|access-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024073416/http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhsq3bGBgj7nnUgqOo%2fynBtO%2fECmRLeJYMRRb8lvcSbqdOqBHRHPeEfDShf9Gxj%2fukpq4N94ALY5Qdg0j45LrQBaPGQXGbBD6vlaVe0jP8YmSl1Fv0VQtoxAQPfw%2bSfBE8YQ%3d%3d|archive-date=24 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>.

1990-yillarda OPAC boʻyicha muzokaralarda [[Buyuk Britaniya]] [[AQSh]]ga qoʻshilib, global minimal askarlik yoshi 18 boʻlishiga qarshi chiqdi. Bolalar huquqlarini himoya qiluvchi idoralar [[Buyuk Britaniya]] o‘z qurolli kuchlarini kadrlar bilan taʼminlashda bolalarga tayanishda davom etayotganini tanqid qildi<ref>{{veb manbasi|year=2016|title=Letter from UK Children's Commissioners and others to the Ministry of Defence|url=https://www.child-soldiers.org/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=47932680-1531-498c-abe1-826acab81a37|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308192243/https://www.child-soldiers.org/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=47932680-1531-498c-abe1-826acab81a37|archive-date=8 March 2019|access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{veb manbasi|last=House of Commons and House of Lords Joint Committee on Human Rights|year=2009|title=Children's Rights|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200809/jtselect/jtrights/157/157.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207084547/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200809/jtselect/jtrights/157/157.pdf|archive-date=7 December 2017|access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{veb manbasi|last=Committee on the Rights of the Child|year=2016|title=Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|url=http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC/C/GBR/CO/5&Lang=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507180512/http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fGBR%2fCO%2f5&Lang=en|archive-date=7 May 2017|access-date=6 December 2017|website=tbinternet.ohchr.org}}</ref>.