Platon
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Si Platon ( /ˈpleɪtoʊ/; Griyego: Πλάτων, Plátōn, "malawak", "malapad", "maluwang", "pangkalahatan";[2] 424/423 BCE[a] – 348/347 BCE) ay isang klasikong Griyegong pilosopo, matematiko, mag-aaral ni Sokrates, manunulat ng mga pilosopikal na dialogo, at tagapagtatag ng Akademyang Platoniko sa Atenas na unang institusyon ng mas mataas na pagkatuto sa Kanluraning daigdig. Kasama ng kanyang tagapagturong si Sokrates, at kanyang mag-aaral si Aristoteles, si Platon ay tumulong sa paglalagay ng mga sandigan at haligi ng pilosopiyang Kanluranin at agham.[3] Ang tinaguriang Neoplatonismo o Bagong Platonismo ng mga pilosopo katulad tulad nila ni Plotinus at Porphyry ay nakaimpluwensya kay Agustin ng Hipona at sa gayon, sa Kristiyanismo. Nabanggit ni Alfred North Whitehead: "ang pinakaligtas na pangkalahatang pagkakilala sa pilosopikal na tradisyon ng Europa ay na ito ay binubuo ng iisang serye ng mga talababa kay Platon."[4]
Ang sopistikasyon ni Platon bilang isang manunulat ay hayag sa kanyang mga dialogong Sokratiko: 36 mga dialogo at 13 na mga liham na kinikinalang kanya.
[5] Ang mga dialogo ni Platon ay ginamit upang ituro ang isang saklaw ng mga paksa kabilang ang pilosopiya, lohika, retorika, at matematika. Si Platon ang isa sa pinakamahalagang tagapagtatag na pigura ng pilosopiyang Kanluranin.
Kasama ang kanyang guro, Sokrates, at ang kanyang bantog na mag-aaral, Aristoteless, itinatag ni Plato ang pundasyon ng Kanluraning Pilosopiya at ng agham. Maliban sa pagiging pundasyonal na pigura sa Kanluraning agham, pilosopiya, at matematika, si Platon ay malimit na binabanggit bilang isa sa tagapagtatag ng Kanluraning pananampalataya at pananalig.
Si Platon ang nagsimula ng pagsusulat sa diyalogo at diyalektikong porma sa pilosopiya. Lubalabas na si Plato ang tagapagtatag ng Kanluraning pilosopiyang politikal, sa kanyang Republika, at Mga Batas na ilan lamang sa mga diyalogo na kanyang naisulat, na nagbibigay sa ilan sa mga pinakauna at pinakamaagang pagtalakay ng mga katanungang politikal mula sa isang pilosopikal na pananaw. Ang mga pinakatiyak na nakapagimpluwensiya kay Platon ay sina Sokrates, Parmenides, Heraklitus and Pythagoras, subalit kaunti lamang ng mga naisulat ng mga pilosopo na nauna sa kanya ang natitira, at marami sa mga nalalaman natin ngayon tungol sa mga pilosopong ito ay nagmula mismo kay Platon.
Ang kanyang mga pinaka-mahalagang impluwensyang pilososopikal ay sina Sokrates, Pythagoras, Heraklitus at Parmenides, kahit na kaunti lamang sa mga gawang naisulat ng mga naunang pilosopo sa kanya ang nananatili ngayon, at marami sa nalalaman natin tungkol sa kanila ay nagmula sa mga naisulat ni Platon mismo."[6] Hindi katulad ng mga naisulat ng halos lahat ng kanyang mga kapanahon na mga pilosopo, ang lahat ng mga naisulat ni Plato ay pinaniniwalaang nakaligtas nang buo sa loob ng mahigit sa 2,400 na taon.[7] Bagamat ang kanilang pagiging popular ay nagpabagu-bago sa paglipas ng mga taon, ang mga naisulat ni Platon ay hindi kailanman nawalan ng mga mambabasa simula sa panahon ng kanilang pagkasulat.[8]
Talambuhay
[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]Kabataan
[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]Kapanganakan at Pamilya
[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Diogenes_Laertius.jpg/180px-Diogenes_Laertius.jpg)
Dahil sa kakulangan ng mga nakaligtas na salaysay, kaunti lamang ang nalalaman tungkol sa kabataan at edukasyon ni Platon. Si Platon ay nagmula sa isang aristokratiko at maimpluwensyang pamilya. Ayon sa isang pinagtatalunang tradisyon, iniulat ng mananalaysay na si Diogenes Laërtius ang ama ni Platon na si Ariston ay tinalunton ang kanyang lipi mula sa hari ng Atenas, si Kodrus, at ang hari ng Messenia, si Melanthus.[9]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Solon.jpg/160px-Solon.jpg)
Ang ina ni Platon ay si Periktione, na ang pamilya ay ipinagmamalaki ang relasyon sa bantog na mambabatas na taga-Atenas at lirikong makata na si Solon, isa sa mga Pitong Pantas ng Gresya, na pinawalang-bisa ang mga batas ni Drako (maliban sa parusang kamatayan para sa pagpatay).[10] Si Perictione ay kapatid ni Charmides at pamangkin ni Kritias, kapwa kilala bilang kabilang ng Tatlumpung Maniniil, na kilala bilang Ang Tatlumpu, isang maikling rehimeng oligarkiya (404–403 BC), na sumunod sa pagbagsak ng Atenas sa pagtatapos ng Digmaang Peloponnesian noong (431 –404 BC).[11] Ayon sa ilang mga talaan, sinubukan ni Ariston na pilitin ang kanyang sarili kay Perictione, ngunit nabigo sa kanyang layunin; sapagkat lumitaw ang diyos na si Apollo sa kanya sa isang pangitain, at bilang isang resulta, iniwan ni Ariston si Perictione na hindi nagambala.[12]
Hindi alam ang eksaktong oras at lugar ng kapanganakan ni Platon. Batay sa mga sinaunang mapagkukunan, ang karamihan sa mga modernong iskolar ay naniniwala na siya ay ipinanganak sa Atenas o Aegina [a] sa gitna ng 429 and 423 BC, hindi matagal pagkatapos ng simula ng Digmaang Peloponnesian.[b] Ang tradisyonal na araw ng kapanganakan ni Platon, sa panahon ng ika-87 o ika-88 na Olympiad, 428 or 427 BC, ay base sa hindi mapagkakatiwalaan na interpretasyon ni Diogenes Laërtius, na nagsabi, "Nang namatay si Sokrates, si Platon ay sumali kay Kratylus na maka-Heraklito at kay Hermogenes, na nagpilosopo sa parehong paraan ni Parmenides.Pagkatapos, sa edad na dalawamput-walo, ayon kay Hermodorus, ai Platon ay pumunta kay Euclid sa Megara." Gayunpaman, sa pagtatalo ni Debra Nails, ang teksto ay hinsi nagsasabi na pumunta kaagad si Platon patungo sa Megara pagkatapos sa pagsali kay Kratylus at Hermogenes.[22] Sa kanyang Ikapitong Liham,nabanggit ni Platon na ang kanyang pagbibinata ay nagkataon sa pagkuha ng kapangyarihan sa lungsod ng Atenas ng Ang Tatlumpu, at sinabing, "Ngunit ang isang kabataan sa ilalim ng dalawampung taong gulang ay gumawa ng kanyang sarili bilang isang katawa-tawa kung sinubukan niyang pasukin ang arena sa politika." Sa gayon, inilalagay ni Nails ang petsa ng kapanganakan ni Platon sa 424/423.[23]
Ayon kay Neanthes ng Cyzicus,si Platon ay anim na taon na mas bata sa retoriko na si Isokrates, at samakatuwiday naipanganak sa parehong taon na na ang tanyag na taga-Atenas na estadista na si Perikles ay namatay (429 BC).[24] Jonathan Barnes ay itinuturing ang 428 BC bilang taon ng kapanganakan ni Platon.[20][21] Ang tagabalarila na si Apollodorus ng Atenas sa kanyang Mga Salaysay ay nagsasabi na si Platon ay naipanganak sa ika-88 na Olympiad.[17] Pareho ang Suda at si Ginoong Thomas Browne ay nagpahayag na naipanganak siya sa ika-88 na Olympiad.[16][25] Ang isa pang alamat na may kaugnayan na, noong si Platon ay isang sanggol, may mga bubuyog na pumatong sa kanyang mga labi habang siya ay natulog: isang propesiya ng tamis ng panitikang estilo sa kanyang pakikipag-usap tungkol sa pilosopiya.[26]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Speusippus_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg/160px-Speusippus_in_Thomas_Stanley_History_of_Philosophy.jpg)
Mga sanggunian
[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]- ↑ St-Andrews.ac.uk, St. Andrews University
- ↑ Diogenes Laertius 3.4; p. 21, David Sedley, Plato's Cratylus, Cambridge University Press 2003; Seneca, Epistulae, VI, 58, 30: illi nomen latitudo pectoris fecerat.
- ↑ "Plato". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2002.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ A. N. Whitehead:
The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. I do not mean the systematic scheme of thought which scholars have doubtfully extracted from his writings. I allude to the wealth of general ideas scattered through them. Process and Reality p. 39
- ↑ Irwin, T. H., "The Platonic Corpus" in Fine, G. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Plato (Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 63–64 and 68–70.
- ↑ Brickhouse & Smith.
- ↑ Cooper, John M.; Hutchinson, D.S., eds. (1997): "Introduction".
- ↑ Cooper 1997, p. vii.
- ↑ Diogenes Laërtius, Life of Plato, III
• Nails 2002, p. 53
• Wilamowitz-Moellendorff 2005, p. 46 - ↑ Diogenes Laërtius, Life of Plato, I
- ↑ Guthrie 1986, p. 10
• Taylor 2001, p. xiv
• Wilamowitz-Moellendorff 2005, p. 47 - ↑ Apuleius, De Dogmate Platonis, 1
• Diogenes Laërtius, Life of Plato, I
• "Plato". Suda. - ↑ Diogenes Laërtius, Life of Plato, III
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Nails 2002, p. 54.
- ↑ Thucydides, 5.18
• Thucydides, 8.92 - ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Plato". Suda.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Diogenes Laërtius, Life of Plato, II
- ↑ Nails 2006, p. 1.
- ↑ Wilamowitz-Moellendorff 2005, p. 46.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Platon sa Encyclopædia Britannica
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Plato". Encyclopaedic Dictionary The Helios Volume V (in Greek). 1952.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Nails 2002, p. 247.
- ↑ Nails 2002, p. 246.
- ↑ Nietzsche 1967, p. 32.
- ↑ Browne 1672.
- ↑ Cicero, De Divinatione, I, 36
Mga gawa na nabanggit
[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]Primary sources (Greek and Roman)
- Apuleius, De Dogmate Platonis, I. See original text in Latin Library.
- Aristophanes, The Wasps. See original text in Perseus program.
- Aristotle, Metaphysics. See original text in Perseus program.
- Cicero, De Divinatione, I. See original text in Latin library.
- Padron:Cite LotEP
- Plato. Jowett, Benjamin – sa pamamagitan ni/ng Wikisource. See original text in Perseus program. . Sinalin ni
- Plato. Jowett Benjamin – sa pamamagitan ni/ng Wikisource. See original text in Perseus program. . Sinalin ni
- Plato (1903). Parmenides. Sinalin ni Burnet, John. Oxford University.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) republished by: Crane, Gregory (pat.). "Perseus Digital Library Project". - Plato. Jowett Benjamin – sa pamamagitan ni/ng Wikisource. See original text in Perseus program. . Sinalin ni
- Plutarch (1683) [written in the late 1st century]. . Lives. Sinalin ni Dryden, John – sa pamamagitan ni/ng Wikisource.
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) See original text in Perseus program. - Seneca the Younger. . Sinalin ni Richard Mott Gummere – sa pamamagitan ni/ng Wikisource. See original text in Latin Library.
- Thucydides. . Sinalin ni Crawley, Richard – sa pamamagitan ni/ng Wikisource., V, VIII. See original text in Perseus program.
- Xenophon, Memorabilia. See original text in Perseus program.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Albert, Karl (1996). Einführung in die philosophische Mystik. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Allen, Michael J.B. (1975). "Introduction". Marsilio Ficino: The Philebus Commentary. University of California Press. pp. 1–58.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Baird, Forrest E.; Kaufmann, Walter, mga pat. (2008). Philosophic Classics: From Plato to Derrida (ika-Fifth (na) edisyon). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-158591-1.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Bloom, Harold (1982). Agon. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Blössner, Norbert (2007). "The City-Soul Analogy". Sa Ferrari, G.R.F. (pat.). The Cambridge Companion to Plato's Republic. Translated from the German by G.R.F. Ferrari. Cambridge University Press.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Borody, W.A. (1998). "Figuring the Phallogocentric Argument with Respect to the Classical Greek Philosophical Tradition". Nebula, A Netzine of the Arts and Science. 13: 1–27.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Boyer, Carl B. (1991). Merzbach, Uta C. (pat.). A History of Mathematics (ika-Second (na) edisyon). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-54397-8.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Brandwood, Leonard (1990). The Chronology of Plato's Dialogues. Cambridge University Press.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Brickhouse, Thomas; Smith, Nicholas D. Fieser, James; Dowden, Bradley (mga pat.). "Plato". The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Nakuha noong 3 Abril 2014.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Browne, Sir Thomas (1672). "XII". Pseudodoxia Epidemica. Bol. IV (ika-6th (na) edisyon).
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Brumbaugh, Robert S.; Wells, Rulon S. (Oktubre 1989). "Completing Yale's Microfilm Project". The Yale University Library Gazette. 64 (1/2): 73–75. JSTOR 40858970.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Burnet, John (1911). Plato's Phaedo. Oxford University Press.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Burnet, John (1928a). Greek Philosophy: Part I: Thales to Plato. MacMillan.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Burnet, John (1928b). Platonism. University of California Press.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Cairns, Huntington (1961). "Introduction". Sa Hamilton, Edith; Cairns, Huntington (mga pat.). The Collected Dialogues of Plato, Including the Letters. Princeton University Press.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Burrell, David (1998). "Platonism in Islamic Philosophy". Sa Craig, Edward (pat.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Bol. 7. Routledge. pp. 429–430.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Cooper, John M.; Hutchinson, D.S., mga pat. (1997). Plato: Complete Works. Hackett Publishing.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Dodds, E.R. (1959). Plato Gorgias. Oxford University Press.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Dodds, E.R. (2004) [1951]. The Greeks and the Irrational. University of California Press.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Dorter, Kenneth (2006). The Transformation of Plato's Republic. Lexington Books.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Einstein, Albert (1949). "Remarks to the Essays Appearing in this Collective Volume". Sa Schilpp (pat.). Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist. The Library of Living Philosophers. Bol. 7. MJF Books. pp. 663–688.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Fine, Gail (Hulyo 1979). "Knowledge and Logos in the Theaetetus". Philosophical Review. 88 (3): 366–397. doi:10.2307/2184956. JSTOR 2184956.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) Reprinted in Fine 2003. - Fine, Gail (1999a). "Selected Bibliography". Plato 1: Metaphysics and Epistemology. Oxford University Press. pp. 481–494.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Fine, Gail (1999b). "Introduction". Plato 2: Ethics, Politics, Religion, and the Soul. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–33.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Fine, Gail (2003). "Introduction". Plato on Knowledge and Forms: Selected Essays. Oxford University Press.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Gadamer, Hans-Georg (1980) [1968]. "Plato's Unwritten Dialectic". Dialogue and Dialectic. Yale University Press. pp. 124–155.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Gadamer, Hans-Georg (1997). "Introduzione". Sa Girgenti, Giuseppe (pat.). La nuova interpretazione di Platone. Milan: Rusconi Libri.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Gaiser, Konrad (1980). "Plato's Enigmatic Lecture 'On the Good'". Phronesis. 25 (1): 5–37. doi:10.1163/156852880x00025.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Gaiser, Konrad (1998). Reale, Giovanni (pat.). Testimonia Platonica: Le antiche testimonianze sulle dottrine non scritte di Platone. Milan: Vita e Pensiero.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) First published as "Testimonia Platonica. Quellentexte zur Schule und mündlichen Lehre Platons" as an appendix to Gaiser's Platons Ungeschriebene Lehre, Stuttgart, 1963. - Gomperz, H. (1931). "Plato's System of Philosophy". Sa Ryle, G. (pat.). Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Philosophy. London. pp. 426–431.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Reprinted in Gomperz, H. (1953). Philosophical Studies. Boston: Christopher Publishing House 1953, pp. 119–124. - Grondin, Jean (2010). "Gadamer and the Tübingen School". Sa Gill, Christopher; Renaud, François (mga pat.). Hermeneutic Philosophy and Plato: Gadamer's Response to the Philebus. Academia Verlag. pp. 139–156.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Guthrie, W.K.C. (1986). A History of Greek Philosophy: Volume 4, Plato: The Man and His Dialogues: Earlier Period. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-31101-4.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Hasse, Dag Nikolaus (2002). "Plato Arabico-latinus". Sa Gersh; Hoenen (mga pat.). The Platonic Tradition in the Middle Ages: A Doxographic Approach. De Gruyter. pp. 33–66.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Irwin, T.H. (1979). Plato: Gorgias. Oxford University Press.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Irwin, T.H. (2011). "The Platonic Corpus". Sa Fine, G. (pat.). The Oxford Handbook of Plato. Oxford University Press.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Jones, Daniel (2006). Roach, Peter; Hartman, James; Setter, Jane (mga pat.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (ika-17 (na) edisyon). Cambridge University Press.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Kahn, Charles H. (1996). Plato and the Socratic Dialogue: The Philosophical Use of a Literary Form. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64830-1.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Kierkegaard, Søren (1992). "Plato". The Concept of Irony. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02072-3.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Krämer, Hans Joachim (1990). Catan, John R. (pat.). Plato and the Foundations of Metaphysics: A Work on the Theory of the Principles and Unwritten Doctrines of Plato with a Collection of the Fundamental Documents. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-0433-1.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Lee, M.-K. (2011). "The Theaetetus". Sa Fine, G. (pat.). The Oxford Handbook of Plato. Oxford University Press. pp. 411–436.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Kraut, Richard (11 Setyembre 2013). Zalta, Edward N. (pat.). "Plato". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. Nakuha noong 3 Abril 2014.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Lackner, D. F. (2001). "The Camaldolese Academy: Ambrogio Traversari, Marsilio Ficino and the Christian Platonic Tradition". Sa Allen; Rees (mga pat.). Marsilio Ficino: His Theology, His Philosophy, His Legacy. Brill.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Meinwald, Constance Chu (1991). Plato's Parmenides. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - McDowell, J. (1973). Plato: Theaetetus. Oxford University Press.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - McEvoy, James (1984). "Plato and The Wisdom of Egypt". Irish Philosophical Journal. 1 (2): 1–24. doi:10.5840/irishphil1984125. ISSN 0266-9080. Inarkibo mula sa ang orihinal noong 5 Disyembre 2007. Nakuha noong 3 Disyembre 2007.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Montoriola, Karl Markgraf von (1926). Briefe Des Mediceerkreises Aus Marsilio Ficino's Epistolarium. Berlin: Juncker.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Nails, Debra (2002). The People of Plato: A Prosopography of Plato and Other Socratics. Hackett Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87220-564-2.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Nails, Debra (2006). "The Life of Plato of Athens". Sa Benson, Hugh H. (pat.). A Companion to Plato. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-1521-6.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1967). "Vorlesungsaufzeichnungen". Werke: Kritische Gesamtausgabe (in German). Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-013912-9.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Notopoulos, A. (Abril 1939). "The Name of Plato". Classical Philology. 34 (2): 135–145. doi:10.1086/362227.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Penner, Terry (1992). "Socrates and the Early Dialogues". Sa Kraut, Richard (pat.). The Cambridge Companion to Plato. Cambridge University Press. pp. 121–169.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Platon sa Encyclopædia Britannica
- "Plato". Encyclopaedic Dictionary The Helios Volume XVI (in Greek). 1952.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - "Plato". Suda. 10th century. Inarkibo mula sa ang orihinal noong 2018-08-19. Nakuha noong 2020-08-28.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - Popper, K. (1962). The Open Society and its Enemies. Bol. 1. London: Routledge.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Press, Gerald Alan (2000). "Introduction". Sa Press, Gerald Alan (pat.). Who Speaks for Plato?: Studies in Platonic Anonymity. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 1–14.
{{cite ensiklopedya}}
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Reale, Giovanni (1990). Catan, John R. (pat.). Plato and Aristotle. A History of Ancient Philosophy. Bol. 2. State University of New York Press.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Reale, Giovanni (1997). Toward a New Interpretation of Plato. Washington, DC: CUA Press.
{{cite book}}
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Riginos, Alice (1976). Platonica : the anecdotes concerning the life and writings of Plato. Leiden: E.J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-04565-1.
{{cite book}}
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Robinson, John (1827). Archæologica Græca (ika-Second (na) edisyon). London: A. J. Valpy. Inarkibo mula sa ang orihinal noong 1 Hulyo 2014. Nakuha noong 4 Pebrero 2017.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Rodriguez-Grandjean, Pablo (1998). Philosophy and Dialogue: Plato's Unwritten Doctrines from a Hermeneutical Point of View. Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy. Boston.
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suggested) (tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Rowe, Christopher (2006). "Interpreting Plato". Sa Benson, Hugh H. (pat.). A Companion to Plato. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 13–24.
{{cite ensiklopedya}}
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Schall, James V. (Tag-init 1996). "On the Death of Plato". The American Scholar. 65. Inarkibo mula sa ang orihinal noong 2020-08-06. Nakuha noong 2020-08-28.
{{cite journal}}
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Schofield, Malcolm (23 Agosto 2002). Craig, Edward (pat.). "Plato". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge. Inarkibo mula sa ang orihinal noong 10 Oktubre 2008. Nakuha noong 3 Abril 2014.
{{cite web}}
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Sedley, David (2003). Plato's Cratylus. Cambridge University Press.
{{cite book}}
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Slings, S.R. (1987). "Remarks on Some Recent Papyri of the Politeia". Mnemosyne. Fourth. 40 (1/2): 27–34. doi:10.1163/156852587x00030.
{{cite journal}}
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Slings, S.R. (2003). Platonis Rempublicam. Oxford University Press.
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(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Smith, William (1870). "Plato". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Inarkibo mula sa ang orihinal noong 2015-01-24. Nakuha noong 2020-08-28.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Strauss, Leo (1964). The City and the Man. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Suzanne, Bernard (8 Marso 2009). "The Stephanus edition". Plato and his dialogues. Nakuha noong 3 Abril 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Szlezak, Thomas A. (1999). Reading Plato. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-18984-2.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Tarán, Leonardo (1981). Speusippus of Athens. Brill Publishers.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Tarán, Leonardo (2001). "Plato's Alleged Epitaph". Collected Papers 1962–1999. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-12304-5.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Taylor, Alfred Edward (2001) [1937]. Plato: The Man and His Work. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-41605-2.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Taylor, C.C.W. (2011). "Plato's Epistemology". Sa Fine, G. (pat.). The Oxford Handbook of Plato. Oxford University Press. pp. 165–190.
{{cite ensiklopedya}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Vlastos, Gregory (1991). Socrates: Ironist and Moral Philosopher. Cambridge University Press.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Whitehead, Alfred North (1978). Process and Reality. New York: The Free Press.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(tulong)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Ulrich von (2005) [1917]. Plato: His Life and Work (translated in Greek by Xenophon Armyros). Kaktos. ISBN 978-960-382-664-4.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
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Karagdagang pagbabasa
[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]- Alican, Necip Fikri (2012). Rethinking Plato: A Cartesian Quest for the Real Plato. Amsterdam and New York: Editions Rodopi B.V. ISBN 978-90-420-3537-9.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Allen, R.E. (1965). Studies in Plato's Metaphysics II. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-7100-3626-4
- Ambuel, David (2007). Image and Paradigm in Plato's Sophist. Parmenides Publishing. ISBN 978-1-930972-04-9
- Anderson, Mark; Osborn, Ginger (2009). Approaching Plato: A Guide to the Early and Middle Dialogues (PDF). Nashville: Belmont University.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Arieti, James A. Interpreting Plato: The Dialogues as Drama, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-8476-7662-5
- Bakalis, Nikolaos (2005). Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics Analysis and Fragments, Trafford Publishing ISBN 1-4120-4843-5
- Barrow, Robin (2007). Plato: Continuum Library of Educational Thought. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-8408-6.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Cadame, Claude (1999). Indigenous and Modern Perspectives on Tribal Initiation Rites: Education According to Plato, pp. 278–312, in Padilla, Mark William (editor), "Rites of Passage in Ancient Greece: Literature, Religion, Society", Bucknell University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8387-5418-X
- Cooper, John M.; Hutchinson, D.S., mga pat. (1997). Plato: Complete Works. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-87220-349-5.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Corlett, J. Angelo (2005). Interpreting Plato's Dialogues. Parmenides Publishing. ISBN 978-1-930972-02-5
- Durant, Will (1926). The Story of Philosophy. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-69500-2.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Derrida, Jacques (1972). La dissémination, Paris: Seuil. (esp. cap.: La Pharmacie de Platon, 69–199) ISBN 2-02-001958-2
- Field, G.C. (1969). The Philosophy of Plato (ika-2nd ed. with an appendix by Cross, R.C. (na) edisyon). London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-888040-0.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Fine, Gail (2000). Plato 1: Metaphysics and Epistemology Oxford University Press, US, ISBN 0-19-875206-7
- Finley, M.I. (1969). Aspects of antiquity: Discoveries and Controversies The Viking Press, Inc., US
- Garvey, James (2006). Twenty Greatest Philosophy Books. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-9053-7.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Guthrie, W.K.C. (1986). A History of Greek Philosophy (Plato – The Man & His Dialogues – Earlier Period), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-31101-2
- Guthrie, W.K.C. (1986). A History of Greek Philosophy (Later Plato & the Academy) Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-31102-0
- Havelock, Eric (2005). Preface to Plato (History of the Greek Mind), Belknap Press, ISBN 0-674-69906-8
- Hamilton, Edith; Cairns, Huntington, mga pat. (1961). The Collected Dialogues of Plato, Including the Letters. Princeton Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-691-09718-3.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Harvard University Press publishes the hardbound series Loeb Classical Library, containing Plato's works in Greek, with English translations on facing pages.
- Irvine, Andrew David (2008). Socrates on Trial: A play based on Aristophanes' Clouds and Plato's Apology, Crito, and Phaedo, adapted for modern performance. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) ISBN 978-0-8020-9783-5, 978-0-8020-9538-1 - Hermann, Arnold (2010). Plato's Parmenides: Text, Translation & Introductory Essay, Parmenides Publishing, ISBN 978-1-930972-71-1
- Irwin, Terence (1995). Plato's Ethics, Oxford University Press, US, ISBN 0-19-508645-7
- Jackson, Roy (2001). Plato: A Beginner's Guide. London: Hoder & Stroughton. ISBN 978-0-340-80385-1.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Jowett, Benjamin (1892). [The Dialogues of Plato. Translated into English with analyses and introductions by B. Jowett.], Oxford Clarendon Press, UK, UIN:BLL01002931898
- Kochin, Michael S. (2002). Gender and Rhetoric in Plato's Political Thought. Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80852-1.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Kraut, Richard, pat. (1993). The Cambridge Companion to Plato. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43610-6.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Lilar, Suzanne (1954), Journal de l'analogiste, Paris, Éditions Julliard; Reedited 1979, Paris, Grasset. Foreword by Julien Gracq
- Lilar, Suzanne (1963), Le couple, Paris, Grasset. Translated as Aspects of Love in Western Society in 1965, with a foreword by Jonathan Griffin London, Thames and Hudson.
- Lilar, Suzanne (1967) A propos de Sartre et de l'amour , Paris, Grasset.
- Lundberg, Phillip (2005). Tallyho – The Hunt for Virtue: Beauty, Truth and Goodness Nine Dialogues by Plato: Pheadrus, Lysis, Protagoras, Charmides, Parmenides, Gorgias, Theaetetus, Meno & Sophist. Authorhouse. ISBN 978-1-4184-4977-3.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Márquez, Xavier (2012) A Stranger's Knowledge: Statesmanship, Philosophy & Law in Plato's Statesman, Parmenides Publishing. ISBN 978-1-930972-79-7
- Melchert, Norman (2002). The Great Conversation: A Historical Introduction to Philosophy. McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-19-517510-3.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Miller, Mitchell (2004). The Philosopher in Plato's Statesman. Parmenides Publishing. ISBN 978-1-930972-16-2
- Mohr, Richard D. (2006). God and Forms in Plato – and other Essays in Plato's Metaphysics. Parmenides Publishing. ISBN 978-1-930972-01-8
- Mohr, Richard D. (Ed.), Sattler, Barbara M. (Ed.) (2010) One Book, The Whole Universe: Plato's Timaeus Today, Parmenides Publishing. ISBN 978-1-930972-32-2
- Moore, Edward (2007). Plato. Philosophy Insights Series. Tirril, Humanities-Ebooks. ISBN 978-1-84760-047-9
- Nightingale, Andrea Wilson. (1995). "Genres in Dialogue: Plato and the Construct of Philosophy", Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-48264-X
- Oxford University Press publishes scholarly editions of Plato's Greek texts in the Oxford Classical Texts series, and some translations in the Clarendon Plato Series.
- Patterson, Richard (Ed.), Karasmanis, Vassilis (Ed.), Hermann, Arnold (Ed.) (2013) Presocratics & Plato: Festschrift at Delphi in Honor of Charles Kahn, Parmenides Publishing. ISBN 978-1-930972-75-9
- Piechowiak, Marek (2019). Plato's Conception of Justice and the Question of Human Dignity. Peter Lang: Berlin. ISBN 978-3-631-65970-0.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Sallis, John (1996). Being and Logos: Reading the Platonic Dialogues. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21071-5.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Sallis, John (1999). Chorology: On Beginning in Plato's "Timaeus". Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21308-2.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Sayre, Kenneth M. (2005). Plato's Late Ontology: A Riddle Resolved. Parmenides Publishing. ISBN 978-1-930972-09-4
- Seung, T.K. (1996). Plato Rediscovered: Human Value and Social Order. Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-8112-2
- Smith, William. (1867). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. University of Michigan/Online version.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Stewart, John. (2010). Kierkegaard and the Greek World – Socrates and Plato. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-6981-4
- Thesleff, Holger (2009). Platonic Patterns: A Collection of Studies by Holger Thesleff, Parmenides Publishing, ISBN 978-1-930972-29-2
- Thomas Taylor has translated Plato's complete works.
- Thomas Taylor (1804). The Works of Plato, viz. His Fifty-Five Dialogues and Twelve Epistles Naka-arkibo 2021-01-21 sa Wayback Machine. 5 vols
- Vlastos, Gregory (1981). Platonic Studies, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-10021-7
- Vlastos, Gregory (2006). Plato's Universe – with a new Introduction by Luc Brisson, Parmenides Publishing. ISBN 978-1-930972-13-1
- Zuckert, Catherine (2009). Plato's Philosophers: The Coherence of the Dialogues, The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-99335-5
Mga panlabas na link
[baguhin | baguhin ang wikitext]- Works available online:
- Padron:PerseusAuthor – Greek & English hyperlinked text
- Mga gawa ni Platon sa Proyektong Gutenberg
- Mga obra ni o tungkol kay Platon sa Internet Archive
- Mga obra ni Platon sa LibriVox (mga audiobook sa public domain)
- Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Other resources:
- Padron:InPho
- Platon sa PhilPapers
- Catholic Encyclopedia (sa wikang Ingles). 1913.
{{cite ensiklopedya}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) .
Ang lathalaing ito ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Maling banggit (May <ref>
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tag para rito); $2