Tazama chanzo cha Marekani

{{Jedwali la nchi|jina_rasmi=Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika|jina_asili=''United States of America'' ([[Kiingereza]])|bendera=Flag_of_the_United_States_(DoS_ECA_Color_Standard).svg|nembo=Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg|wimbo="The Star-Spangled Banner"<br>[[File:Star_Spangled_Banner_instrumental.ogg]]|kaulimbiu="In God We Trust"|ramani=USA orthographic.svg|mji_mkubwa=[[New York]]|mji_mkuu=[[Washington, D.C.]]|majiranukta1={{majiranukta|38|53|N|77|1|W|type:city}}|majiranukta2={{majiranukta|40|43|N|74|0|W|type:city}}|lugha_taifa=[[Kiingereza]]|serikali=[[Jamhuri ya shirikisho]]|vyeo_viongozi={{*}}[[Rais wa Marekani|Rais]]|majina_viongozi=[[Joe Biden]]|watu_kadirio=334 914 895|pato={{ongezeko}} USD trilioni 26.950|mwaka_pato=2023|pato_kwa_mtu={{ongezeko}} USD 80 412|fedha=[[Dola ya Marekani]]}}

'''Muungano wa Madola ya Amerika''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''United States of America''), inajulikana pia kama '''Marekani''' (kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''United States'', ''US'', ''USA'' au ''America''), ni nchi inayopakana na [[Kanada]] na [[Meksiko]] katika [[Amerika ya Kaskazini]], mbali ya kuundwa pia na [[visiwa]] vya [[Hawaii]].

[[Mji mkuu]] wa Marekani ni [[Washington DC]].

== Eneo ==
=== Marekani bara ===
[[Picha:USATopographicalMap.jpg|right|thumb|600px|Picha kutoka angani ikionyesha majimbo 48 ya Marekani yanayopakana]]
Eneo la Marekani lina ukubwa wa [[kilometa mraba]] 9,826,675 na liko hasa katika [[bara]] la Amerika Kaskazini kati ya Kanada upande wa [[kaskazini]] na Meksiko upande wa [[kusini]]. 

Marekani imeunganisha upana wote wa bara kutoka [[Bahari ya Atlantiki]] hadi [[Pasifiki]], ikigawanywa kwa majimbo 48 yanayojitawala.

Eneo hilo lagawiwa katikati na [[mto]] mkubwa [[Mississippi (mto)|Mississippi]] unaoanza mpakani kwa Kanada na kuishia katika [[Ghuba ya Meksiko]].

=== Alaska ===
Jimbo la [[Alaska]] liko pia kwenye bara la Amerika Kaskazini upande wa kaskazini kutoka Kanada kuelekea [[Urusi]], lakini halipakani na jimbo lolote la Marekani. 

=== Hawaii ===
[[Funguvisiwa]] la [[Hawaii]] ni jimbo la visiwani katika bahari ya Pasifiki.  Ni jimbo la 50 na la mwisho mpaka sasa.

=== Visiwa vya ng'ambo vya Marekani ===
[[Maeneo ya ng'ambo ya Marekani]] ni visiwa kadhaa ambavyo ni maeneo ya Kimarekani ingawa si sehemu ya jimbo lolote. Zamani yalikuwa kama ma[[koloni]] hata kama Marekani ilidai kutokuwa na [[ukoloni]]. Siku hizi maeneo haya yamepata viwango mbalimbali vya kujitawala. Kwa kawaida maeneo haya huchagua pia wawakilishi kwa ajili ya [[bunge]] la Marekani lakini wawakilishi hao si wabunge wa kawaida, bali wana haki ya kusema na kushauri tu bila [[haki ya kupiga kura]].

Visiwa muhimu kati ya hivyo ni kama ifuatavyo: 
* [[Puerto Rico]] ([[Karibi]])
* [[Visiwa vya Virgin vya Marekani]] (Karibi)
* [[Visiwa vya Mariana]] ([[Pasifiki]])
* [[Guam]] (Pasifiki)

===Milima===
<sup>angalia: [[Orodha ya milima ya Marekani]]</sup>

[[Safu ya milima]] ya [[Rocky Mountains]] inavuka Marekani yote kutoka kaskazini hadi kusini upande wa magharibi.

===Mito===
<sup>angalia: [[Orodha ya mito ya Marekani]]</sup>

[[Mto]] mkubwa wa Marekani ni [[Mto Mississippi]].

== Historia ==
[[Picha:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Uenezi wa nchi hatua kwa hatua.]]
Nchi ilianza kama mkusanyiko wa makoloni ya [[Uingereza]] kwenye [[pwani]] ya [[mashariki]] ya Amerika ya Kaskazini tangu [[karne ya 17]]. Walowezi kutoka Uingereza walijipatia ardhi wakipigana na wenyeji [[Maindio|Waindio]]. 

Katika [[vita ya uhuru wa Marekani]] makoloni yalipata [[uhuru]] wao uliotangazwa mwaka [[1776]] na kukubaliwa na Uingereza baada ya [[vita]] mwaka [[1783]].

Baadaye Marekani ilipanua eneo lake hadi bahari ya Pasifiki ikatwaa ardhi ya Maindio wazalendo, ikapokea [[wahamiaji]] wengi kutoka nchi zote za [[Ulaya]] pamoja na [[watumwa]] walioletwa kutoka [[Afrika]]. 

Tangu [[karne ya 19]] wahamiaji walifika pia kutoka [[Asia]], hasa [[China]] na [[Japani]]. 

Katika vita dhidi [[Hispania]] na [[Meksiko]], Marekani ilipanua eneo lake kwenda kusini.

[[Vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Marekani]] ilipigwa kuanzia [[1861]] hadi [[1865]] kati ya majimbo ya kusini na majimbo ya kaskazini nchini Marekani. Sababu mojawapo muhimu ya vita ilikuwa [[suala]] la [[utumwa]]. Majimbo ya kaskazini yaliwahi kupiga utumwa [[marufuku]] lakini majimbo ya kusini yaliendelea na [[sheria]] zilizoruhusu utumwa na matajiri wengi wa kusini walitegemea kazi ya watumwa. Mafarakano yalianza kuhusu swali kama madola mapya yaliyoanzishwa katika Amerika Kaskazini na kujiunga Muungano yangeruhusiwa kukubali utumwa au la. Mwaka 1861 madola ya kusini-mashariki yalitangaza kujiondoa katika Muungano na kuanzisha "Shirikisho la Madola ya Amerika". Vita ilianza na kudumu miaka minne  na watu 650.000 walikufa, lakini mwishoni kaskazini ilishinda. Utumwa ulipigwa marufuku na watumwa walipewa haki za kiraia. Lakini watumwa wengi wa awali waliendelea kuwa maskini na baada ya muda, sheria mpya katika majimbo ya kusini zilinyima haki nyingi za kiraia za watu weusi waliopaswa kuishi chini mfumo wa ubaguzi wa rangi. 
[[File:New100front.jpg|right|thumb|100 Dollars]]

Katika miongo iliyofuata, Marekani ilitwaa maeneo yaliyowahi kubaki chini ya mamlaka ya Waindio wazalendo na kuyafanya maeneo yake. Katika [[Vita ya Marekani dhidi Hispania]] kwenye mwaka 1898 ilijipatia utawala juu ya [[Ufilipino]] na [[Puerto Rico]], makoloni ya awali ya Hispania, na kuwa yenyewe nchi iliyotawala makaloni. 

Wahamiaji mamilioni waliendelea kufika hasa kutoka Ulaya. Kabla ya mwaka 1880 idadi kubwa walitoka Ujerumani, Eire, Uingereza na Uskoti, pamoja na Wachina waliotafuta kazi hasa Kalifornia. Baada ya mwaka 1880 hadi Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia (1914-1918) wengi walifika kutoka Ulaya ya Kusini na Mashariki, hasa Waitalia, Wayahudi kutoka Milki ya Urusi, Wapolandi na wenyeji wa nchi nyingine za Kislavi. Wahamiaji hao walileta pia tamaduni zao na kukubali mishahara midogo kuliko wenyeji waliowahi kufika mapema; hali hiy ilileta mara kadhaa sheria zilizolenga kuweka mipaka; sheria ya 1882 ilikataa kufika kwa Wachina, sheria ya 1922 ililenga kupunguza idadi ya Waitalia, Wayahudi na watu wa Ulaya ya Mashariki kwa kutaja mipaka kwa kila nchi ya asili<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/articles/closing-the-door-on-immigration.htm Closing the door on immigration], tovuti ya national Park service, Marekani, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2020</ref>. 

Katika siasa ya nje, Marekani iliwahi kutangaza tangu mwaka 1823 kwamba ilitazama Amerika yote kama eneo ambako haikubali kuingiliwa na nchi za Ulaya; wakati ule koloni nyingi za Amerika ya Kusini zilikuwa zikifaulu kupata uhuru kutoka Hispania, na Marekani ilitaka kusisitiza isingekubali kuingia kwa mataifa mengine ya Ulaya. 

Katika miongo iliyofuata uchumi wa Marekani uliimarishwa pamoja na kukua kwa sekta ya viwanda na wafanyabiashara wa Marekani walipanua biashara yao kimataifa; mnamo 1854 manowari za Marekani ziliilazimisha [[Japani]] kukubali kufunguliwa kwa ubalozi na kupokea wafanyabiashara. Meli za wafanyabiashara wa Marekani zilifika kote duniani, tangu miaka ya 1830 hadi [[Zanzibar]] ambako ubalozi mdogo ulifunguliwa mwaka 1837<ref>Gilbert, Wesley. Our Man in Zanzibar: Richard Waters, American Consul (1837-1845), tasnifu 2011 kwenye Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/781d/d2e2510187a4c65055915b6a323a18c7419e.pdf online hapa] </ref>. Wakati wa vita dhidi ya Hispania Marekani ilihakikisha pia nafasi yake katika bishara ya [[China]] dhidi ya mipango ya mataifa ya Ulaya ya kuigawa nchi hiyo.

Mwaka 1917 Marekani iliingia katika Vita Kuu ya Kwanza upande wa Uingereza na Ufaransa; baada ya vita rais [[Woodrow Wilson]] alishawishi mataifa mengine kuanzisha [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]] lakini bunge lilizuia kuingia kwa Marekani katika umoja huo. 

[[Mdodoro mkuu]] wa mwaka 1929 ulileta matatizo makubwa kwa uchumi na hata njaa kwa raia wengi lakini ulileta pia siasa mpya ya "New Deal" chini ya rais [[ Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ambako mara ya kwanza programu za kisiasa zilitumia mapato ya serikali kwa shabaha ya kusaidia idadi kubwa ya wananchi waliokuwa bila kazi, bila nyumba na bila mapato; vijana mamilioni  waliajiriwa na serikali kwa kazi ya kujenga miundombinu (barabara, mifereji) na kuboresha hifadhi za taifa.

Mwaka 1941 Marekani iliingia katika [[Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia]] baada ya kushambuliwa na Japani na kupokea tangazo la vita kutoka Ujerumani. Uwezo wa kiuchumi wa Marekani uliwezesha ushindi wa [[mataifa ya ushirikiano]]. Uwezo wake wa kisayansi ulipanushwa na wanasayansi kama Albert Einstein waliopaswa kukimbia udiketa wa Hitler katika Ujerumani na kuiwezesha kutengeneza [[Mabomu ya nyuklia|mabomu ya kwanza ya nyuklia]] yaliyotumiwa 1945 pale [[Hiroshima]] na [[Nagasaki]].

Katika miongo ya [[vita baridi]] iliyofuata, Marekani ilikuwa taifa la kuongoza nchi zenye [[demokrasia]] na pia zile ambazo zilisimama upande wa [[ubepari]] tu bila demokrasia dhidi ya nchi za kikomunisti zilizoongozwa na [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]].

Mwanzo wa miaka ya 1960 ilishindana na Umoja wa Kisovyeti katika mbio wa kuingia katika anga-nje ikafaulu kupeleka watu wa kwanza hadi Mwezi mnamo 1969. Kutokana na ushindani wa Marekani na nchi za ukomunisti Marekani iliingia katika [[Vita ya Vietnam|vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Vietnam]] hadi kushindwa pale mwaka 1975.

Vilevile miaka ya 1960 ilikuwa kipindi cha mapambano kwa ajili ya haki za watu weusi, wajukuu wa watumwa wa awali hasa katika kusini ya Marekani. Sheria zilizotenganisha watu pamoja na matumizi ya shule, vyuo, majengo na taasisi za burudani kulingana na rangi ya ngozi, zilizozuia ndoa kati watu wa rangi tofauti na kuzuia watu maskini wasitumie haki za kiraa zilipigwa marufuku bila kuondoa tofauti katika uwezo wa kiuchumi kati ya makundi katika jamii.

Mapinduzi ya kiteknolojia ya kompyuta na intaneti yalienea hapa haraka kushinda sehemu nyingine za Dunia.

== Watu ==
Nchi ina wakazi zaidi ya milioni 333, na ina mchanganyiko mkubwa wa asili kuliko nyingine yoyote duniani. Waliojitambulisha kama Wazungu ni 61.6%, Waafrika 12.6%, Waasia 6%, Waindio 1.1%, machotara 10.2% n.k.

=== Lugha ===
Ingawa Muungano hauna [[lugha rasmi]], majimbo yake 32 yanaipa hadhi hiyo [[lugha]] ya [[Kiingereza]], iliyo [[lugha ya kwanza]] kwa wakazi 229,000,000 kati ya 308,000,000. 

Wakazi wengine wanatumia lugha nyingine nyingi, hasa kulingana na nchi ya asili ya ukoo wao. Kati ya lugha hizo, inaongoza kwa mbali ile ya [[Kihispania]] (milioni 37). Nyingine ni Kichina, Kitagalog, Kivietnam, Kifaransa, Kikorea na Kijerumani.

=== Dini ===
Nchini [[dini]] zote zina [[uhuru wa dini|uhuru]] mkubwa, tena kwa asilimia 59 ya wakazi dini ina umuhimu wa hali ya juu, tofauti na [[nchi tajiri]] nyingine duniani.

Asilimia 70 ya wakazi wanafuata [[Ukristo]] katika mojawapo ya [[madhehebu]] yake, hasa ya [[Uprotestanti]] (34%), ingawa ile kubwa zaidi ni [[Kanisa Katoliki]] (23%); Wakristo wengine ni 11% na [[Wamormoni]] 2%.  

Dini nyingine zina asilimia 6, na kati yake inaongoza ile ya [[Uyahudi]] (1.9%), ikifuatwa na [[Uislamu]] (0.9%).

== Watu maarufu ==
* [[Abraham Lincoln]]
* [[George Gershwin]]
* [[Herman Wouk]]
* [[James Kirkwood]]
* [[John Kennedy]]
* [[John Michael Talbot]]
* [[Kateri Tekakwitha]]
* [[Leo Sowerby]]
* [[Martin Luther King]]
* [[Thomas Jefferson]]
* [[William Carlos Williams]]
* [[William Saroyan]]

== Tazama pia ==
* [[Orodha ya majimbo ya Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya Marais wa Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya chaguzi za Rais wa Marekani]]
* [[Peace Corps]]
* [[Jamii:Marekani]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]

==Marejeo==
===Tanbihi===
<references/>

===Viungo vya Nje===
{{refbegin|30em}}
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* {{cite book |last=Lien, Ph.D. |first=Arnold Johnson |title=Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law, Volume 54 |ref=Lien |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co., Agents, London; [[Columbia University]], New York |year=1913 |page=604 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=UYpVAAAAYAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=Karen Woods Weierman|title=One Nation, One Blood: Interracial Marriage In American Fiction, Scandal, And Law, 1820–1870 |url=https://archive.org/details/onenationonebloo0000weie|year=2005|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|isbn=978-1-55849-483-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/onenationonebloo0000weie/page/214 214]}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=24mIQuLBuN8C&pg=PA44 Book]
* Website sources{{cite book |last=Levenstein |first=Harvey |title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionattabl0000leve_d6o6 |ref=Levenstein |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23439-1 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Mann |first1=Kaarin |year=2007 |ref=Mann |title=Interracial Marriage In Early America: Motivation and the Colonial Project |journal=Michigan Journal of History |issue=Fall |publisher=University of Michigan |url=http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515063053/http://www.umich.edu/~historyj/docs/2007-fall/Interracial_Marriage_in_Early_America_Mann.pdf |archivedate=2013-05-15 |deadurl=yes |access-date=2015-02-09 }}
* {{cite book |last=Price |first=David A. |ref=Price |title=Love and Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas, and the Start of a New Nation |publisher=Random House |year=2003}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=_EFbS_7fFcYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false eBook version]
* {{cite book |last=Quirk |first=Joel |title=The Anti-Slavery Project: From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking |url=https://archive.org/details/antislaveryproje0000quir |ref=Quirk |year=2011 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-4333-8 |page=344 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=qqxK4KlqKYMC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Ranlet |first=Philip |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |ref=Ranlet |publisher=North Eastern University Press |editor=Alden T. Vaughan |pages= |year=1999}}
* {{cite book |last=Rausch |first=David A. |title=Native American Voices |url=https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanvo0000raus |ref=Rausch |publisher=Baker Books, Grand Rapids |page=[https://archive.org/details/nativeamericanvo0000raus/page/n180 180] |year=1994 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iyZMeGMgIgEC&vq=triangle&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |title=The House: The History of the House of Representatives |url=https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi |ref=Remini |year=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |pages=[https://archive.org/details/househistoryo00remi/page/2 2]–3 }}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/The_House.html?id=CAM6J6IoQFQC Book]
* {{cite book |last=Ripper |first=Jason |title=American Stories: To 1877 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanstoriesl1877ripp |year=2008 |ref=Ripper2008 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanstoriesl1877ripp/page/n317 299] |isbn=978-0-7656-2903-6 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=vX-fYvoAeHwC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Russell |first=John Henderson |title=The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619–1865 |ref=Russell1913 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |year=1913 |page=196}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=G7AJAAAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s E'Book]
* {{cite book |last=Schneider |first= Dorothy |last2= Schneider |first2= Carl J. |title=Slavery in America |ref=Schneider |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2007 |page=554 |isbn=978-1-4381-0813-1}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=QlemwRTsY20C&vq=census&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Schultz |first=David Andrew |title=Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution |ref=Schultz |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |page=904 |isbn=978-1-4381-2677-7}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=f7m713xwK58C&vq=twenty+seven+times&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/refiguringmassco0000simo |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&pg=PA79&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Book]
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Soss |first=Joe |editor-last=Hacker |editor-first=Jacob S. |editor2-last=Mettler |editor2-first=Suzanne |ref=Soss |title=Remaking America: Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality |year=2010 |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation |isbn=978-1-61044-694-5 |pages=}}, [http://books.google.com/?id=JttyjBoyb3AC&lpg=PA12 Book]
* {{cite book |ref=Tadman |last=Tadman |first=Michael |title=The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas |journal=American Historical Review |volume=105 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |issue=5}}, [http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2652029?uid=3739560&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&purchase-type=article&accessType=RR&sid=21102125115943&showMyJstorPss=false&seq=1&showAccess=true Article]
* {{cite book |ref=Taylor |last=Taylor |first=Alan |title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America |publisher=Penguin Books, New York |editor=Eric Foner |year=2002 |isbn=0-670-87282-2}}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=NPoAQRgkrOcC&vq=1670&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite book |last=Thornton |first=Russell |title=American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492 |url=https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0 |series=Volume 186 of Civilization of the American Indian Series |year=1987 |ref=Thornton |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-2220-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0/page/49 49] }}, [http://books.google.com/?id=9iQYSQ9y60MC&lpg=PA49 Book]
* {{cite book|last=Tooze|first=Adam|authorlink=Adam Tooze|year=2006|title=[[The Wages of Destruction|The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy]]|location=London|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0-7139-9566-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Vaughan |first=Alden T. |ref=Vaughan |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |publisher=North Eastern University Press |page= |year=1999}}
* {{cite book |last=Walton |first=Gary M. |last2=Rockoff |first2=Hugh |title=History of the American Economy |year=2009 |ref=Walton |publisher=Cengage Learning}}, [http://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_the_American_Economy_With_Acc.html?id=lyhI1q_E4G0C Book]
* {{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Daniel K. |year=2012 |ref=Williams |title=Questioning Conservatism's Ascendancy: A Reexamination of the Rightward Shift in Modern American Politics; {Reviews in American History} |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=325–331 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press }}
* {{cite book | author=Winchester, Simon |title=The men who United the States |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602| year=2013|publisher=Harper Collins | isbn=978-0-06-207960-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780062079602/page/198 198], 216, 251, 253 }}
* {{cite book |last=Zinn |first=Howard |authorlink=Howard Zinn |title=[[A People's History of the United States]] |ref=Zinn |year=2005 |publisher=[[Harper Perennial|Harper Perennial Modern Classics]]|location= |isbn=0-06-083865-5 |pages=321–357}}
{{refend}}

==Viungo vya nje==
{{commons}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|us|United States}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16761057 United States], from the [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=US Key Development Forecasts for the United States] from [[International Futures]]
;Serikali
* [http://www.usa.gov/ Official U.S. Government Web Portal] Gateway to government sites
* [http://www.house.gov/ House] Official site of the United States House of Representatives
* [http://www.senate.gov/ Senate] Official site of the United States Senate
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/ White House] Official site of the President of the United States
* [{{SCOTUS URL}} Supreme Court] Official site of the Supreme Court of the United States
;Historia
* [http://www.nationalcenter.org/HistoricalDocuments.html Historical Documents] Collected by the National Center for Public Policy Research
* [http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality] {{Webarchive|url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20061212193931/http://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm |date=2006-12-12 }} Analysis by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance
* [http://www.historicalstatistics.org/index2.html USA] Collected links to historical data
;Ramani
* [http://nationalatlas.gov/ National Atlas of the United States] {{Wayback|url=http://nationalatlas.gov/ |date=20060720093336 }} Official maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior
* {{wikiatlas|the United States}}
* [http://www.measureofamerica.org/maps/ Measure of America] A variety of mapped information relating to health, education, income, and demographics for the U.S.
;Vingine
* {{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1217752.stm |title=''Country Profile: United States of America'' |ref=BBC18may |work=BBC News |location =London |date=April 22, 2008 |accessdate=May 18, 2008}}
* {{cite web |author=Cohen, Eliot A. |ref=Cohen |location=Washington D.C. |url= http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59919/eliot-a-cohen/history-and-the-hyperpower |title=''History and the Hyperpower'' |work=Foreign Affairs |date=July–August 2004 |accessdate=July 14, 2006}}
* {{cite web |title=Slavery and the Slave Trade in Rhode Island |ref=Brown |url=http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/jcbexhibit/Pages/exhibSlavery.html}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of "In God We Trust" |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |title=''Early History, Native Americans, and Early Settlers in Mercer County'' |year=427 |ref=Mercer |publisher=Mercer County Historical Society |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625185429/http://www.mchspa.org/body.htm |archivedate=2012-06-25 |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}, [http://books.google.com/books?id=2MjxPJ9W4gwC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Book]
* {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}}
* {{cite book |last=Levy |first=Peter B. |ref=Levy1996 |title=Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years |url=http://books.google.com/?id=7veohk0fkLYC&lpg=PA88 |year=1996 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn= 978-0-313-29018-3 |page=442}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wallander |first1=Celeste A. |year=2003 |ref=Wallander2003 |title=Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union |journal=[[Journal of Cold War Studies]] |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=137–177 |publisher=[[President and Fellows of Harvard College]] and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] }}
{{refend}}
{{Marekani}}
{{Amerika Kaskazini}}
{{mbegu-jio-USA}}
[[Jamii:Nchi za Amerika ya Kaskazini]]
[[Jamii:Marekani| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G7]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G8]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za G20]]