Tazama chanzo cha Kambale

{{Uainishaji
| jina = Kambale
| rangi = #D3D3A4
| picha = Clarias garie 080516 9142 tdp.jpg
| upana_wa_picha = 250px
| maelezo_ya_picha =  Kambale mumi (''Clarias gariepinus'')
| himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] (Wanyama)
| faila = [[Chordata]] (Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni)
| nusufaila = [[Vertebrata]] (Wanyama wenye uti wa mgongo)
| ngeli = [[Actinopterygii]] (Samaki walio na mapezi yenye tindi)
| oda = [[Siluriformes]] (Samaki kama [[kambale]])
| familia = [[Clariidae]]
| bingwa_wa_familia = [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1846
| subdivision = '''Jenasi 15:'''
* ''[[Bathyclarias]]'' <small>[[Peter Brian Neville Jackson|Jackson]], 1959</small>
* ''[[Channallabes]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1873</small>
* ''[[Clariallabes]]'' <small>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1900</small>
* ''[[Clarias]]'' <small>[[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli|Scopoli]], 1777</small>
* ''[[Dinotopterus]]'' <small>Boulenger, 1906</small>
* ''[[Dolichallabes]]'' <small>[[Max Poll|Poll]], 1942</small>
* ''[[Encheloclarias]]'' <small>[[Albert William Christian Theodore Herre|Herre]] & [[George Sprague Myers|Myers]], 1937</small>
* ''[[Gymnallabes]]'' <small>Günther, 1867</small>
* ''[[Heterobranchus]]'' <small>[[Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire|Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire]], 1809</small>
* ''[[Horaglanis]]'' <small>[[Ambat Gopalan Kutty Menon|Menon]], 1950</small>
* ''[[Platyallabes]]'' <small>Poll, 1977</small>
* ''[[Platyclarias]]'' <small>Poll, 1977</small>
* ''[[Tanganikallabes]]'' <small>Poll, 1943</small>
* ''[[Uegitglanis]]'' <small>[[Luisa Gianferrari|Gianferrari]], 1923</small>
* ''[[Xenoclarias]]'' <small>[[Peter Humphry Greenwood|Greenwood]], 1958</small>
}}
'''Kambale''' au '''kambare''' ni [[samaki]] wa [[maji baridi]] wa [[Familia (biolojia)|familia]] [[Clariidae]] katika [[oda]] [[Siluriformes]] ambao wana [[sharubu]] nne na wanaweza kupumua hewa. [[Spishi]] nyingine huitwa '''chimwanapumba''', '''kabwili''', '''kibabila''', '''pondo''' na '''sapua'''. Familia hii ina spishi 116 ambazo nyingi sana zinatokea [[Afrika]], lakini spishi nyingine wanatokea [[Asia]].

==Maelezo==
Kambale husifika na [[mwili]] uliorefuka, kuwepo kwa sharubu nne, [[pezimgongo]] na [[pezimkundu]] marefu na hasa na kuwepo kwa [[ogani]] juu ya [[matamvua]], zilizoundwa na miundo ifananayo na [[mti|miti]] juu ya matao ya pili na ya nne ya matamvua. Ogani hizi juu ya matamvua, zinazoitwa ogani za mzingile, zinaruhusu spishi fulani uwezo wa kusafiri umbali mfupi juu ya ardhi (kambale watembeao).

Msingi wa pezimgongo ni mrefu sana na hana [[mwiba]] mbele yake. Pezimgongo inaweza kuungana na [[pezimkia]] au la. Pezimkia lina umbo wa mviringo. Spishi kadhaa zina [[jicho|macho]] madogo na [[peziubavu|mapeziubavu]] na [[pezitumbo]] ni madogo au hayapo kwa ajili ya maisha ya kuchimba. Spishi chache ni [[kipofu|vipofu]].

Ndani ya familia ya Clariidae mwili hutofautiana kutoka kwa umbo la [[topito]] hadi umbo la [[mkunga (samaki)|mkunga]]. Spishi zikipata zaidi umbo la mkunga, seti nzima ya mabadiliko ya kiumbo imeonekana, kama vile kupunguzwa na kupoteza kwa [[pezi|mapezi]] yenye [[shahamu]], mapezi ya pekee yasiyoendelea, kupunguzwa kwa mapezi ya jozi, kupunguzwa kwa macho, kupunguzwa kwa [[mfupa|mifupa]] ya [[fuvu]] na [[msuli|misuli]] ya [[taya|mataya]] iliyokua zaidi.

==Kambale na watu==
Kambale wengi ni muhimu katika [[uvuvi]] wa kisanii. [[Kambale mumi]] ametambuliwa kama moja ya spishi yenye ahadi kubwa sana kwa ufugaji wa samaki katika Afrika.

Uwezo wa kupumua hewa wa samaki hawa umeruhusu samaki kama vile ''[[Clarias batrachus]]'' kuwa spishi ya uvamizi huko Florida.

==Spishi za Afrika ya Mashariki==
* ''Bathyclarias atribranchus'', [[Kambale Malawi Matamvua-meusi]] ([[w:Bathyclarias atribranchus|Blackgill Malawi catfish]])
* ''Bathyclarias euryodon'', [[Pwefu]] ([[w:Bathyclarias euryodon|Pwefu]])
* ''Bathyclarias filicibarbis'', [[Kambale Malawi Sharubu-nyuzi]] ([[w:Bathyclarias filicibarbis|Thread-barbel Malawi catfish]])
* ''Bathyclarias foveolatus'', [[Chimwanapumba]] ([[w:Bathyclarias foveolatus|Pitted Malawi catfish]])
* ''Bathyclarias longibarbis'', [[Kabwili]] ([[w:Bathyclarias longibarbis|Longbarbel Malawi catfish]])
* ''Bathyclarias nyasensis'', [[Sapua]] ([[w:Bathyclarias nyasensis|Malawi catfish]])
* ''Bathyclarias rotundifrons'', [[Nkomo]] ([[w:Bathyclarias rotundifrons|Round-headed Malawi catfish]])
* ''Bathyclarias worthingtoni'', [[Bombe]] ([[w:Bathyclarias worthingtoni|Giant catfish]])
* ''Clariallabes petricola'', [[Kambale-nyoka wa Viktoria]] ([[w:Clariallabes|Victoria snake catfish]])
* ''Clarias alluaudi'', [[Kambale wa Alluaud]] ([[w:Alluaud's catfish|Alluaud's catfish]])
* ''Clarias gariepinus'', [[Kambale mumi]] ([[w:Clarias gariepinus|African sharptooth catfish]])
* ''Clarias hilli'', [[Kambale wa Ziwa Albert]] ([[w:Clarias|Lake Albert catfish]])
* ''Clarias liocephalus'', [[Kambale Malagarazi]] ([[w:Clarias|Smoothhead catfish]])
* ''Clarias theodorae'', [[Kambale-nyoka]] ([[w:Clarias|Snake catfish]])
* ''Clarias werneri'', [[Male (samaki)|Male]] ([[w:Werner's catfish|Werner's catfish]])
* ''Dinotopterus cunningtoni'', [[Singa]] ([[w:Dinotopterus|Giant Lake Tanganyika catfish]])
* ''Heterobranchus longifilis'', [[Pondo]] ([[w:Vundu|Vundu]])
* ''Tanganikallabes mortiauxi'', [[Kibabila]] ([[w:Tanganikallabes mortiauxi|Lake Tanganyika catfish]])
* ''Xenoclarias eupogon'', [[Kambale wa Ziwa Viktoria]] ([[w:Lake Victoria deepwater catfish|Lake Victoria deepwater catfish]])

==Picha==
<gallery>
Bathyclarias foveolatus.jpg|Chimwamapumba
Clarias liocephalus.jpg|Kambale malagarazi
Heterobranchus longifilis.jpg|Pondo
</gallery>

==Marejeo==
* Rashid Anam & Edoardo Mostarda (2012) ''Field identification guide for the living marine resources of Kenya.'' FAO, Rome.
* Gabriella Bianchi (1985) ''Field guide to the commercial marine brackish-water species of Tanzania.'' FAO, Rome.

==Viungo vya nje==
* [https://www.fishbase.de/Summary/FamilySummary.php?ID=139 Kambale kwenye hifadhidata ya samaki] {{Wayback|url=https://www.fishbase.de/Summary/FamilySummary.php?ID=139 |date=20191025180018 }}

[[Jamii:Samaki]]