Visa källa för Användare:Sethyntis/sandlåda

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https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mall:%C3%96versatt

{{Other uses}} {{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}} {{short description|Substans som har en effekt på kroppen.}}
[[Fil:A_small_cup_of_coffee.JPG|miniatyr|[[Koffein]], som påträffas i [[kaffe]] och andra drycker, är den mest använda [[Psykoaktiva droger|psykoaktiva drogen]] i världen.<ref name="abc.net">{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/poison/caffeine/caffeine.htm|title=What's your poison: caffeine|author=Geoffrey Burchfield|access-date=15 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726194701/http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/poison/caffeine/caffeine.htm#|archive-date=26 July 2009|url-status=dead|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|year=1997|editor=Meredith Hopes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> 90% av [[Nordamerika]]s vuxna befolkning intar koffein dagligen.<ref name="New Scientist: Coffee: The demon drink?">{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18725181.700|title=Coffee: The demon drink?|accessdate=2014-05-01|author=Richard Lovett|date=24 September 2005|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411074104/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18725181.700|archivedate=11 April 2014|df=}}</ref>]]
[[Fil:Aspirine_macro_shot.jpg|miniatyr|En [[Aspirin|aspirintablett]], som innehåller cirka 90% acetylsalicylsyra (aktivt ämne), tillsammans med en mindre mängd fyllnads- och bindningsämne. Aspirin är ett [[läkemedel]] som ofta används för att behandla [[smärta]], [[feber]], och [[Inflammation|inflammationer]].]]
En '''drog''' är en [[Kemisk substans|substans]] som orsakar en [[fysiologi|kroppslig]] och/eller [[Psyke|psykisk]] förändring hos en organism vid intag.<ref name="diccom">{{cite dictionary|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/drug|contribution=Drug|work=Dictionary.com Unabridged|version=v 1.1|publisher=[[Random House]]|via=Dictionary.com|date=20 September 2007|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914072701/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/drug|archivedate=14 September 2007|df=}}</ref><ref name="drugs.com: Drug Definition">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/dict/drug.html|title=Drug Definition|work=Stedman's Medical Dictionary|via=Drugs.com|accessdate=2014-05-01|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502070849/http://www.drugs.com/dict/drug.html|archivedate=2014-05-02|df=}}</ref> Droger särskiljs vanligen från [[mat]] och andra substanser som har ett näringsvärde. Intag av en drog kan ske genom [[inandning]], [[injektion]], [[rökning]], genom [[matsmältningssystemet]], [[absorption]] genom [[huden]] eller [[sublingualt]], det vill säga genom att lösa upp substansen under tungan. 

Inom [[farmakologi]]n är en drog en kemisk substans, oftast med en känd molekylstruktur, som via administrering till en levande organism producerar en biologisk effekt. a drug is a chemical substance, typically of known structure, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect.<ref>{{cite book|last1=H.P.|title=Rang & Dale's pharmacology|chapter=What is Pharmacology|edition=7th|page=1|isbn=978-0-7020-3471-8|location=Edinburgh|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|date=2011|first5=Henderson|first1=Rang|last5=G.|first4=Flower|last4=R.J.|first3=Ritter|last3=J.M.|first2=Dale|last2=M.M|quote=a drug can be defined as a chemical substance of known structure, other than a nutrient of an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect}}</ref> Ett [[läkemedel]], eller medicin, är en kemisk substans som används för att behandla, [[Botemedel|bota]], förebygga, eller diagnostisera en [[sjukdom]] eller för att främja välmående.<ref name="diccom" /> Traditionally drugs were obtained through extraction from [[medicinal plants]], but more recently also by [[organic synthesis]].<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Atanasov AG, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Linder T, Wawrosch C, Uhrin P, Temml V, Wang L, Schwaiger S, Heiss EH, Rollinger JM, Schuster D, Breuss JM, Bochkov V, Mihovilovic MD, Kopp B, Bauer R, Dirsch VM, Stuppner H|url=|title=Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review|journal=Biotechnol Adv|date=December 2015|volume=33|issue=8|pages=1582–614|doi=10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001|pmid=26281720|pmc=4748402}}</ref> Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for [[Chronic (medicine)|chronic disorders]].<ref name="ahsci">{{cite dictionary|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/drug|entry=Drug|dictionary=The American Heritage Science Dictionary|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Company]]|via=dictionary.com|accessdate=20 September 2007|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914072701/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/drug|archivedate=14 September 2007|df=}}</ref>

Läkemedel är ofta klassade inom olika kategorier, tillsammans med andra droger som har liknande egenskaper. ##### Pharmaceutical drugs are often classified into [[Drug class|drug classes]]—groups of related drugs that have similar [[Chemical structure|chemical structures]], the same [[mechanism of action]] (binding to the same [[biological target]]), a related [[mode of action]], and that are used to treat the same disease.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|vauthors=Mahoney A, Evans J|title=Comparing drug classification systems|journal=AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings|date=6 November 2008|pages=1039|pmid=18999016}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book|author=World Health Organization|title=Introduction to drug utilization research|date=2003|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-156234-8|page=33|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s4876e/s4876e.pdf|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122115651/http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s4876e/s4876e.pdf|archivedate=2016-01-22|df=}}</ref> The [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System]] (ATC), the most widely used drug classification system, assigns drugs a unique [[ATC code]], which is an alphanumeric code that assigns it to specific drug classes within the ATC system. Another major classification system is the [[Biopharmaceutics Classification System]]. This classifies drugs according to their solubility and permeability or [[Absorption (pharmacokinetics)|absorption]] properties.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite journal|last1=Bergström|first5=A|pmid=24075971|pages=224–31|volume=57|date=16 June 2014|journal=European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences|title=Is the full potential of the biopharmaceutics classification system reached?|last5=Lindahl|first1=CA|first4=G|last4=Ragnarsson|first3=JH|last3=Fagerberg|first2=SB|last2=Andersson|doi=10.1016/j.ejps.2013.09.010}}</ref>

[[Psychoactive drug|Psychoactive drugs]] are chemical substances that affect the function of the [[central nervous system]], altering [[perception]], [[Mood (psychology)|mood]] or [[consciousness]].<ref name="bushbook">{{cite web|url=http://www.nt.gov.au/health/healthdev/health_promotion/bushbook/volume2/chap1/sect1.htm|title=An overview of alcohol and other drug issues|accessdate=2015-03-16|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328060739/http://www.nt.gov.au/health/healthdev/health_promotion/bushbook/volume2/chap1/sect1.htm|archivedate=2015-03-28|df=}}</ref> These drugs are divided into different groups like: [[Stimulant|stimulants]], [[Depressant|depressants]], [[Antidepressant|antidepressants]], [[Anxiolytic|anxiolytics]], [[Antipsychotic|antipsychotics]], and [[Hallucinogen|hallucinogens]]. These psychoactive drugs have been proven useful in treating wide range of [[medical conditions]] including [[Mental disorder|mental disorders]] around the world. The most widely used drugs in the world include [[caffeine]], [[nicotine]] and [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]],<ref>{{cite journal|author=Crocq MA|title=Alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, and mental disorders|journal=Dialogues Clin. Neurosci.|date=June 2003|volume=5|issue=2|pages=175–185|pmc=3181622|pmid=22033899}}</ref> which are also considered [[Recreational drug use|recreational drugs]], since they are used for pleasure rather than medicinal purposes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Recreational Drug|url=http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Recreational+drug+use|website=The Free Dictionary|accessdate=16 March 2015}}</ref> Abuse of several psychoactive drugs can cause psychological or physical [[Drug addiction|addiction]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fox|first1=Thomas Peter|last2=Oliver|first2=Govind|last3=Ellis|first3=Sophie Marie|title=The Destructive Capacity of Drug Abuse: An Overview Exploring the Harmful Potential of Drug Abuse Both to the Individual and to Society|journal=ISRN Addiction|date=2013|volume=2013|doi=10.1155/2013/450348|pmid=25938116|pmc=4392977|pages=450348}}</ref> It's worth noting that all drugs can have potential [[Side effect|side effects]].<ref name="MHRA Side Effects of Medicines">[http://www.mhra.gov.uk/Safetyinformation/Generalsafetyinformationandadvice/Adviceandinformationforconsumers/Sideeffectsofmedicines/ "MHRA Side Effects of Medicines."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502083323/http://www.mhra.gov.uk/Safetyinformation/Generalsafetyinformationandadvice/Adviceandinformationforconsumers/Sideeffectsofmedicines/|date=2014-05-02}} ''MHRA Side Effects of Medicines'',</ref> Excessive use of stimulants can promote [[stimulant psychosis]]. Many recreational drugs are [[Illegal drug trade|illicit]] and international treaties such as the [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs]] exist for the purpose of their [[Prohibition of drugs|prohibition]].

== Etymology ==
In English, the noun "drug" is thought to originate from Old French "drogue", possibly deriving from "droge (vate)" from Middle Dutch meaning "dry (barrels)", referring to medicinal plants preserved as dry matter in barrels.<ref name="etymonline-drug">{{OEtymD|drug}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Tupper KW|date=2012|title=Psychoactive substances and the English language: "Drugs," discourses, and public policy.|journal=Contemporary Drug Problems|volume=39|issue=3|pages=461–492|doi=10.1177/009145091203900306}}</ref>

== Medication ==
[[Fil:Nexium_(esomeprazole_magnesium)_pills.JPG|höger|miniatyr|[[Nexium]] (Esomeprazole) is a [[proton-pump inhibitor]]. It is used to reduce the production of stomach acid.]]
{{Main|Pharmaceutical drug|Drug class}}A ''medication'' or ''medicine'' is a [[Pharmaceutical drug|drug]] taken to cure or ameliorate any symptoms of an [[illness]] or medical condition. The use may also be as [[preventive medicine]] that has future benefits but does not treat any existing or pre-existing diseases or symptoms. Dispensing of medication is often regulated by [[Government|governments]] into three categories—''[[Over-the-counter drug|over-the-counter]]'' medications, which are available in [[Pharmacy|pharmacies]] and supermarkets without special restrictions; ''[[behind-the-counter]]'' medicines, which are dispensed by a [[pharmacist]] without needing a doctor's prescription, and ''[[Prescription medication|prescription only medicines]]'', which must be prescribed by a licensed [[medical professional]], usually a [[physician]].<ref name="HPC">{{cite web|url=http://www.hpc-uk.org/aboutregistration/medicinesandprescribing/|title=About Registration: Medicines and Prescribing|publisher=[[Health and Care Professions Council]]|accessdate=22 January 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113121019/http://www.hpc-uk.org/aboutregistration/medicinesandprescribing/|archivedate=2016-01-13|df=}}</ref>

In the United Kingdom, behind-the-counter medicines are called [[Pharmacy medicine|pharmacy medicines]] which can only be sold in registered pharmacies, by or under the supervision of a pharmacist. These medications are designated by the letter P on the label.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mhra.gov.uk/SearchHelp/Glossary/GlossaryP|title=Glossary of MHRA terms – P|publisher=U.K. [[Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency]]|accessdate=2008-11-05|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081114160603/http://www.mhra.gov.uk/SearchHelp/Glossary/GlossaryP|archivedate=2008-11-14|df=}}</ref> The range of medicines available without a prescription varies from country to country. Medications are typically produced by [[Pharmaceutical industry|pharmaceutical companies]] and are often [[Patent|patented]] to give the developer exclusive rights to produce them. Those that are not patented (or with expired patents) are called [[Generic drug|generic drugs]] since they can be produced by other companies without restrictions or licenses from the patent holder.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/SmallBusinessAssistance/ucm127615.pdf|title="Generic Drugs", Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration|website=Fda.gov|accessdate=11 October 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829011611/https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/SmallBusinessAssistance/ucm127615.pdf|archivedate=29 August 2017|df=}}</ref>

Pharmaceutical drugs are usually categorised into [[Drug class|drug classes]]. A group of drugs will share a similar [[chemical structure]], or have the same [[mechanism of action]], the same related [[mode of action]] or target the same illness or related illnesses.<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="auto" /> The [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System]] (ATC), the most widely used drug classification system, assigns drugs a unique [[ATC code]], which is an alphanumeric code that assigns it to specific drug classes within the ATC system. Another major classification system is the [[Biopharmaceutics Classification System]]. This groups drugs according to their solubility and permeability or [[Absorption (pharmacokinetics)|absorption]] properties.<ref name="ReferenceB" />

== Spiritual and religious use ==
{{Main|Entheogen}}
[[Fil:Chaman Amazonie 5 06.jpg|vänster|miniatyr|An [[Shamanism#Amazonia|Amazonian shaman]]]]
[[Fil:Flowering_San_Pedro_cactus.jpg|miniatyr|[[Echinopsis pachanoi|San Pedro]], a psychoactive cactus]]
Some religions, particularly [[Ethnic religion|ethnic religions]] are based completely on the use of certain drugs, known as [[entheogens]], which are mostly [[Hallucinogen|hallucinogens]],—[[Psychedelic drug|psychedelics]], [[Dissociative|dissociatives]], or [[Deliriant|deliriants]]. Some drugs used as entheogens include [[kava]] which can act as a [[stimulant]], a [[sedative]], a [[euphoriant]] and an [[anesthetic]]. The roots of the kava plant are used to produce a drink which is consumed throughout the cultures of the [[Pacific Ocean]].

Some [[Shamanism|shamans]] from different cultures use entheogens, defined as "generating the divine within"<ref>{{citation|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/entheogen|title=Entheogen|publisher=[dictionary.com]|accessdate=2012-03-13|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213200629/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/entheogen|archivedate=2012-02-13|df=}}</ref> to achieve [[religious ecstasy]]. Amazonian shamans use [[ayahuasca]] (yagé) a hallucinogenic brew for this purpose. [[Mazatec shamans]] have a long and continuous tradition of religious use of ''[[Salvia divinorum]]'' a [[psychoactive]] plant. Its use is to facilitate [[Altered state of consciousness|visionary states of consciousness]] during spiritual healing sessions.<ref name="Valdés1983p287">[[Användare:Sethyntis/sandlåda#refValdes1983|Valdés, Díaz & Paul 1983]], p.&nbsp;287.</ref>

[[Silene undulata]] is regarded by the [[Xhosa people]] as a sacred plant and used as an entheogen. Its roots are traditionally used to induce vivid (and according to the Xhosa, prophetic) [[Lucid dreaming|lucid dreams]] during the initiation process of [[shamans]], classifying it a naturally occurring [[oneirogen]] similar to the more well-known dream herb ''[[Calea ternifolia]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sobiecki|first1=Jean-Francois|title=Psychoactive Spiritual Medicines and Healing Dynamics in the Initiation Process of Southern Bantu Diviners|journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs|date=July 2012|volume=44|issue=3|pages=216–223|doi=10.1080/02791072.2012.703101|pmid=23061321}}</ref>

[[Peyote]] a small spineless [[cactus]] has been a major source of psychedelic [[mescaline]] and has probably been used by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] for at least five thousand years.<ref name="prehistoric">{{cite journal|vauthors=El-Seedi HR, De Smet PA, Beck O, Possnert G, Bruhn JG|title=Prehistoric peyote use: alkaloid analysis and radiocarbon dating of archaeological specimens of Lophophora from Texas|journal=J Ethnopharmacol|volume=101|issue=1–3|pages=238–42|date=October 2005|pmid=15990261|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.022|url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mescaline.com/sanpedro/|title=A Brief History of the San Pedro Cactus|website=Mescaline.com|accessdate=11 October 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928090832/http://www.mescaline.com/sanpedro/|archivedate=28 September 2016|df=}}</ref> Most mescaline is now obtained from a few species of columnar cacti in particular from [[Echinopsis pachanoi|San Pedro]] and not from the vulnerable peyote.<ref>{{cite iucn|author=Terry M|date=2013|title=Lophophora williamsii|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T151962A581420.en|access-date=2018-10-29}}</ref>

The [[entheogenic use of cannabis]] has also been widely practised <ref>{{cite journal|title=Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology – Jurema-Preta (Mimosa tenuiflora [Willd.] Poir.): a review of its traditional use, phytochemistry and pharmacology|archivedate=2009-03-07|first2=Ulysses Paulino de|last2=Albuquerque|first1=Júlio Marcelino|last1=Monteiro|doi=10.1590/S1516-89132008000500010|df=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307071317/http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132008000500010&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en|journal=Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology|url-status=live|accessdate=2009-01-14|url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132008000500010&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en|publisher=scielo.br|pages=937–947|issue=5|volume=51|doi-access=free}}</ref> for centuries.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bloomquist|first=Edward|title=Marijuana: The Second Trip|year=1971|publisher=Glencoe|location=California}}</ref> [[Rastafari]] use [[Cannabis (drug)|marijuana]] (ganja) as a [[sacrament]] in their [[Abrahamic religion|religious ceremonies]].

Psychedelic mushrooms ([[Psilocybin mushroom|psilocybin mushrooms]]), commonly called ''magic mushrooms'' or ''shrooms'' have also long been used as entheogens.

== Smart drugs and designer drugs ==
{{Main|Nootropic|Designer drug}}[[Nootropic|Nootropics]], also commonly referred to as "smart drugs", are drugs that are claimed to improve human [[Cognition|cognitive abilities]]. Nootropics are used to improve memory, concentration, thought, mood, and learning. An increasingly used nootropic among students, also known as a ''study drug'',  is [[methylphenidate]] branded commonly as ''Ritalin'' and used for the treatment of [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD) and [[narcolepsy]].<ref name="Abelman">{{Cite journal|last=Abelman|first=D|date=6 October 2017|title=Mitigating risks of students use of study drugs through understanding motivations for use and applying harm reduction theory: a literature review|url=|journal=Harm Reduct J|volume=14|issue=1|pages=68|pmid=28985738|pmc=5639593|doi=10.1186/s12954-017-0194-6}}</ref> At high doses methylphenidate [[Methylphenidate#Biochemocal mechanisms|can become highly addictive]].<ref name="Smith">{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=M|last2=Farah|first2=M|date=September 2011|title=Are prescription stimulants "smart pills"? The epidemiology and cognitive neuroscience of prescription stimulant use by normal healthy individuals.|url=|journal=Psychol. Bull.|volume=137|issue=5|pages=717–41|doi=10.1037/a0023825|pmid=21859174|pmc=3591814}}</ref> Serious addiction can lead to [[psychosis]], [[anxiety]] and heart problems, and the use of this drug is related to a rise in suicides, and overdoses. Evidence for use outside of student settings is limited but suggests that it is commonplace.<ref name="Abelman" /><ref name="Smith" /> Intravenous use of methylphenidate can lead to [[Pneumatosis#Pulmonary emphysema|emphysematous]] damage to the lungs, known as ''[[Ritalin lung]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/ritalin-lung?lang=gb|title=Ritalin lung|last=Sharma|first=R|date=|website=Radiopedia.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=1 July 2019}}</ref>

Other drugs known as [[Designer drug|designer drugs]] are produced. An early example of what today would be labelled a 'designer drug' was [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]], which was synthesised from [[ergot]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chemistryhall.com/probably-not-know-discovery-synthesis-lsd/|title=Discovery And Synthesis Of LSD: What You Probably Did Not Know About It - Chemistry Hall|date=2017-06-13|access-date=2017-06-13|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613040001/http://chemistryhall.com/probably-not-know-discovery-synthesis-lsd/|archivedate=2017-06-13}}</ref> Other examples include analogs of [[performance-enhancing drugs]] such as designer [[steroids]] taken to improve physical capabilities and these are sometimes used (legally or not) for this purpose, often by professional athletes.<ref name="pmid22191595">{{cite journal|vauthors=Teale P, Scarth J, Hudson S|title=Impact of the emergence of designer drugs upon sports doping testing|journal=Bioanalysis|volume=4|issue=1|pages=71–88|year=2012|pmid=22191595|doi=10.4155/bio.11.291}}</ref> Other designer drugs mimic the effects of psychoactive drugs. Since the late 1990s there has been the identification of many of these synthesised drugs. In Japan and the United Kingdom this has spurred the addition of many designer drugs into a newer class of controlled substances known as a [[temporary class drug]].

[[Synthetic cannabinoid|Synthetic cannabinoids]] have been produced for a longer period of time and are used in the designer drug [[synthetic cannabis]].

== Recreational drug use ==
[[Fil:Macro_cannabis_bud.jpg|höger|miniatyr|[[Cannabis (drug)|Cannabis]] is a commonly used [[recreational drug]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Lingeman|title=Drugs from A–Z: A Dictionary|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-7139-0136-8}}</ref>]]
{{Main|Recreational drug use}}{{Further|Prohibition of drugs}} [[Recreational drug use]] is the use of a drug (legal, controlled, or illegal) with the primary intention of [[Altered state of consciousness|altering the state of consciousness]] through alteration of the central nervous system in order to create positive emotions and feelings. The hallucinogen [[LSD]] is a psychoactive drug commonly used as a recreational drug.<ref>{{cite web|title=DrugFacts: Hallucinogens - LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, and PCP|url=http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/hallucinogens-lsd-peyote-psilocybin-pcp|publisher=National Institute on Drug Abuse|accessdate=February 17, 2015|date=December 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216030833/http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/hallucinogens-lsd-peyote-psilocybin-pcp|archivedate=February 16, 2015|df=}}</ref>

[[Drug laws|Some national laws]] prohibit the use of different recreational drugs; and medicinal drugs that have the potential for recreational use are often heavily regulated. However, there are many recreational drugs that are [[Drug liberalization#Around the world|legal in many jurisdictions]] and widely culturally accepted. [[Cannabis (drug)|Cannabis]] is the most commonly consumed controlled recreational drug in the world (as of 2012).<ref name="WDR 2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2012/WDR_2012_web_small.pdf|title=World Drug Report 2012|publisher=[[UNODC]]|date=2012|accessdate=9 December 2016|pages=69|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713201545/http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2012/WDR_2012_web_small.pdf|archivedate=13 July 2012|df=}}</ref> Its use in many countries is illegal but is [[Legality of cannabis|legally used]] in several countries usually with the proviso that it can only be used for personal use.  It can be used in the ''leaf'' form of [[marijuana]] ''(grass)'', or in the resin form of [[hashish]]. Marijuana is a more mild form of cannabis than hashish.

There may be an age restriction on the consumption and purchase of legal recreational drugs. Some recreational drugs that are legal and accepted in many places include [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol]], [[tobacco]], [[betel nut]], and [[caffeine]] products, and in some areas of the world the legal use of drugs such as [[khat]] is common.<ref name="Kciy">{{cite journal|last=Al-Mugahed|pmid=18949206|archivedate=10 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310045753/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-188738635/khat-chewing-in-yemen-turning-over-a-new-leaf-khat|url-status=live|doi=10.2471/BLT.08.011008|pmc=2649518|year=2008|pages=741–2|first=Leen|accessdate=22 January 2016|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-188738635/khat-chewing-in-yemen-turning-over-a-new-leaf-khat|issue=10|volume=86|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|title=Khat Chewing in Yemen: Turning over a New Leaf: Khat Chewing Is on the Rise in Yemen, Raising Concerns about the Health and Social Consequences|df=}}</ref>

There are a number of legal intoxicants commonly called ''legal highs'' that are used recreationally. The most widely used of these is alcohol.

== Administration of drugs ==
{{main|Route of administration}}All drugs, can be [[Drug delivery|administered]] via a number of [[Route of administration|routes]], and many can be administered by more than one.{{Columns-list|* [[Bolus (medicine)|Bolus]] is the administration of a medication, drug or other compound that is given to raise its concentration in blood to an effective level. The administration can be given intravenously, by intramuscular, intrathecal or subcutaneous injection.
* [[Inhalation|Inhaled]], (breathed into the lungs), as an [[aerosol]] or dry powder. (This includes smoking a substance)
* [[Route of administration#Injection|Injection]] as a [[solution]], [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]] or [[emulsion]] either: [[intramuscular]], [[intravenous]], [[intraperitoneal]], [[intraosseous]].
* [[Insufflation (medicine)|Insufflation]], or snorted into the nose.
* [[Oral administration|Orally]], as a liquid or solid, that is absorbed through the [[intestine]]s.
* [[Rectum|Rectally]] as a [[suppository]], that is absorbed by the rectum or colon.
* [[Sublingual administration|Sublingually]], diffusing into the blood through tissues under the tongue.
* [[Topical]]ly, usually as a [[cream]] or [[ointment]]. A drug administered in this manner may be given to act locally or systemically.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice-clinical-research/the-administration-of-medicine/288560.article |title=The administration of medicines |date=19 November 2007 |work=Nursing Times |publisher=EMAP Publishing Limited |accessdate=11 January 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617174030/http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice-clinical-research/the-administration-of-medicine/288560.article |archivedate=17 June 2010 |df= }}</ref>
* [[Vagina]]lly as a [[Pessary#Pharmaceutical pessaries|pessary]], primarily to treat vaginal infections.}}

== Control of drugs ==
There are numerous governmental offices in many countries that deal with the control and oversee of drug manufacture and use, and the implementation of various drug laws. The [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs]] is an international [[treaty]] brought about in 1961 to prohibit the use of narcotics save for those used in [[medical research]] and treatment. In 1971, a second treaty the [[Convention on Psychotropic Substances]] had to be introduced to deal with newer recreational psychoactive and psychedelic drugs.

The [[legal status of Salvia divinorum]] varies in many countries and even in [[Legal status of Salvia divinorum in the United States|states within the United States]]. Where it is legislated against the degree of prohibition also varies.

The [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) in the United States is a [[List of United States federal agencies|federal agency]] responsible for protecting and promoting [[public health]] through the [[regulation]] and supervision of [[food safety]], [[tobacco products]], [[Dietary supplement|dietary supplements]], [[Prescription drug|prescription]] and [[Over-the-counter drug|over-the-counter]] [[Pharmaceutical drug|medications]], [[Vaccine|vaccines]], [[Biopharmaceutical|biopharmaceuticals]], [[Blood transfusion|blood transfusions]], [[Medical device|medical devices]], [[electromagnetic radiation]] emitting devices, [[cosmetics]], [[Animal Feed|animal foods]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/Products/AnimalFoodFeeds/default.htm|title=Animal Food & Feeds|website=Fda.gov|accessdate=14 March 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322105837/https://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/Products/AnimalFoodFeeds/default.htm|archivedate=22 March 2015|df=}}</ref> and [[Veterinary medicine|veterinary drugs]].

== See also ==
{{Portal|Pharmacy and Pharmacology}}{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Controlled Substances Act]]
* [[Drug checking]]
* [[Drug development]]
* [[Inverse benefit law]]
* [[Lifestyle drug]]
* [[Medical cannabis]]
* [[Pharmacognosy]]
* [[Placebo]]
* [[Prodrug]]
* [[Specialty drugs (United States)]]
* [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]]
{{div col end}}

=== Lists of drugs ===

* [[List of drugs]]
* [[List of pharmaceutical companies]]
* [[List of psychoactive plants]]
* [[List of Schedule I drugs (US)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book|author=Richard J. Miller|title=Drugged: the science and culture behind psychotropic drugs|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2014|isbn=978-0-19-995797-2}}

== External links ==

* [http://drugbank.ca/ DrugBank], a database of 13,400 drugs and 5,100 protein drug targets
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00548fh "Drugs"], BBC Radio 4 discussion with Richard Davenport-Hines, Sadie Plant and Mike Jay (''In Our Time'', May 23, 2002)
{{commons category|Drugs}}
{{Major drug groups}} {{Recreational drug use}} {{Receptor/signaling modulators}} {{pharmacomodulation}}