Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Kanji

{{three other uses|wangun tulisan kanji Basa Jepang|shrub Australia|bush kanji|sawala umum ngeunaan karakter Basa Cina nu dipake ogé dina basa Asia Wétan lianna|karakter Basa Cina|tipung|tipung kanji}}

{{Japanese writing}}
'''Kanji''' ([[Basa Jepang]]: {{Audio|ja-kanji.ogg|漢字}}) nyaéta [[Chinese character|tulisan Cina]] nu dipaké dina [[logogram|sistim tulisan]] [[Basa Jepang]] modérn salian ti [[hiragana]] (平仮名), [[katakana]] (片仮名), jeung [[arabic numerals|angka Arab]].

==Sajarah==

[[Image:Japanese word "Kanji" (Mincho typeface).png|frame|Karakter keur '''Kanji''', lit. "karakter Han".]]

Dina [[Basa Jepang]] watesan ''kanji'' ([[wikt:漢字|漢字]]) hartina "karakter [[Cina|Han]]". Masih kénéh jadi "perdebatan" kumaha sajarahna tulisan CIna datang ka [[Jepang]], tapi nu ilahar ditarima yén [[monk]] [[Buddhism|Buddha]]  ti Karajaan [[Baekje]] di [[Korea]] nu mawa [[text|tulisan]] dina Basa Cina ka Jepang di [[5th century|abad kalima]]. Tulisan ieu dina [[Chinese language|Basa Cina]] jeung remen dibaca unggal waktu. Ti harita, sistim ieu disebut ''[[kanbun]]'' (漢文), hal nu penting dina tulisan Cina nyaéta ''[[diacritical mark]]'' nu ngidinan  pamake Basa Jepang keur maca tulisan dumasa kana aturan [[grammar]] Basa Jepang.

Mangsa harita, Basa Jepang teu boga bentuk tulisan sorangan. Sistim nulisna disebut ''[[manyogana|man'yōgana]]'' (dipaké dina tulisan antologi sajak ''[[Manyoshu|Man'yōshū]]'') nu ngamekarkeun karakter Cina keur kaperluan sora tinimbang harti anu ditulisna.

Man'yōgana ditulis dina [[Grass script|gaya "cursive"]] jadi ''[[hiragana]]'', hiji sistim nulis nu ilahar dipaké ku awewe (nu teu bisa [[higher education|sakola luhur]]). Loba [[literature|tulisan]] dina [[Heian era|era Heian]] nu dipigawe ku awewe ditulis dina. ''[[Katakana]]'' muncul dina cara nu ampir sarua: mahasiswa [[monastery|sakola biara]] nyederhanakeun ''man'yōgana'' jadi unsur tunggal. Sanajan aya dua sistim tulisan, hiragana jeung katakana, duanana ngarujuk ka kumpulan ''[[kana]]'', nu asalna tina kanji.

Dina Basa Jepang modérn, kanji dipaké keur nulis bagéan tina basa saperti [[noun|kecap barang]], [[word stem|bagean]] [[adjective|kecap sipat]]  jeung [[word stem|bagean]] [[verb|kecap gawe]] , sedengkeun ''hiragana'' digunakeun keur nulis [[inflection|infleksi]] tungtung kecap gawe jeung sifat (''[[okurigana]]''), [[grammatical particle|partikel]], jeung kecap di mana kanji nu hésé dibaca atawa diinget. [[Katakana]] dipaké keur ngawakilan [[onomatopoeia]] jeung [[gairaigo|kecap injeuman nu lain tina-Basa Jepang]]. Pamakéan katakana keur nulis kecap injeuman mangrupa hal nu anyar sanggeus Perang Dunya Kadua. saméméhna, kecap injeuman ditulis maké kanji, sanajan dipaké keur artina (煙草 atawa 莨 ''tabako'' = "roko") atawa dieja sacara [[phonetics|fonetik]](天婦羅 atawa 天麩羅 ''[[tempura]]''). Pamakéan kanji ku cara ieu disebutna ''[[ateji]]''.

==Kamekaran lokal==
  
Sabalikna tina kanji pentingna [[hanzi]] Basa Cina keur dipaké nulis Basa Jepang, ayeuna aya dua béda nu jelas antara kanji jeung hanzi, kaasup karakter nu dijieun di Jepang, karakter ieu mibanda harti nu béda dina basa Jepang, sarta ngirim [[WWII]] keur nyederhanakeun kanji.

===Kokuji===

''Kokuji'' (国字; hartina "karakter nasional") nyaéta karakter anéh di Jepang. ''Kokuji'' ogé disebut ''wasei kanji'' (和製漢字; lit. "karakter Cina buatan Japan").  Aya ratusan ''kokuji'' (tempo {{sljfaq|kokuji|kokuji list}}). Lolobana jarang geus langka dipaké, tapi aya sababaraha nu penting dina tambahan nulis Basa Jepang.  Saperti:

* 峠 ''tōge'' ([[mountain pass|norobos gunung]])
* 榊 ''sakaki'' (tangkal ''sakaki'', genus ''[[Camellia]]'')
* 畑 ''hatake'' (jenis supa)
* 辻 ''tsuji'' (meuntas jalan)
* 働 ''dō'', ''hatara(ku)'' (digawe)

===Kokkun===

Salian ti ''kokuji'', aya kanji nu geus aya hartina dina Basa Jepaang tur béda harti jeung Basa Cina.  Kanji ieu henteu kaasup kana ''kokuji'' tapi disebutna ''kokkun'' (国訓) kaasup:

* 沖 ''oki'' (lepas pantai; Basa Cina ''chōng'' rinse)
* 森 ''mori'' ([[forest|leuweung]]; Basa Cina ''sēn'' agung, tumuwuh kalayan gancang)
* 椿 ''tsubaki'' (''[[Camellia|Camellia japonica]]''; Basa Cina ''chūn'' ''Ailantus'')

===Karakter heubeul jeung karakter anyar===

Kanji nu sarua kadangkala ditulis ku dua cara nu béda, 旧字体 (''[[Kyūjitai]]''; "gaya karakter heubeul") (舊字體 dina Kyūjitai) jeung 新字体 (''[[Shinjitai]]''; "gaya karakter anyar"). Di handap sababaraha conto Kyūjitai nu dituturkeun ku Shinjitai:

* 國 国 ''kuni'', ''koku'' (nagara)
* 號 号 ''gō'' (nomer)
* 變 変 ''hen'', ''ka(waru)'' (robah)

''[[Kyūjitai]]'' geus dipaké saméméh [[World War II|Perang Dunya Kadua]], jeung loba nu teu lengkep, sarua jeung karakter[[Traditional Chinese|tradisional Cina]].  [[Occupied Japan|Sanggeus perang]] pamaréntah ngawanohkeun ''[[Shinjitai]]'' nu disederhankaeun dina "Dapta bentuk karakter Kanji Tōyō Kanji" (''Tōyō Kanji Jitai Hyō'', 当用漢字字体表). Sababaraha nu anyar ampir sarua jeung [[Simplified Chinese character|karakter nu disederhanakeun]] nu dipaké di [[People's Republic of China|Cina]]. Saperti dina prosés nyederhanakeun di Cina, sababaraha shinjitai mibanda bentuk singgetan (略字, ''[[Ryakuji]]'') maké tulisan leungeun, tapi jelas jeung "daksa" karakter nu teu disederhanakeun (正字 ''seiji'') nu ngan bisa ditarima dina konteks sapopoé.   [http://kan-chan.stbbs.net/word/ryakuji.html Kaca ieu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008062741/http://kan-chan.stbbs.net/word/ryakuji.html |date=2006-10-08 }} némbongkeun conto tulisan leungeun singgeta, sarua jeung bentuk Shinjitai modérn, tina éra PD II.  Ieu ogé tulisan leungeun sederhana nu saruan sederhana tinimbang bentuk standarna (boh nu teu kacekel atawa katarima ngan bentuk sederhana minor sanggeus perang), contona bisa ditempo di [http://hac.cside.com/bunsho/1shou/39setu.html], tapi teu loba nu maké tur teu popular, saperti saméméh perang nu teu ditarima sacara sosial tur ngan ukur dipaké dina tulisan leungeun.

Loba tulisan Cina nu teu dipaké dina Basa Jepang.  Sacara téori, aya karakter Cina nu jadi karakter Jepang, ''[[Daikanwa Jiten]]'', salah sahiji kamus kanji nu ilahar dipakér, aya kira-kira 50,000 asupan, sanajan loba asupan nu teu dipaké dina Basa Jepang.

==Cara maca==

Sabab aya sababaraha cara ngasupkeun kanji kana Basa Jepang, hiji kanji bisa dipaké jeung nuliskeun sakecap atawa sababaraha kecap (atawa, di hal nu ilahar, [[morphemes]]). Tina pamikiran nu maca, kanji disebut boga hiji atawa leuwih cara "maca". Nangtukeun cara maca bakal gumantung kana konteks, arti, dipaké keur naon jeung iraha diana kalimah. Sababaraha kanji nu ilahar mibanda sapuluh atawa leuwih cara maca. Cara maca ieu sacara normal dipisahkeun salaku ''on'yomi'' (atawa ''on'') atawa ''kun'yomi'' (atawa ''kun'')
<ref> [[Hary gunarto]], Building [http://gunarto.org/kanji/kanji.php Kanji] Dictionary as Basic Tool for Machine Translation in Natural Language Processing Applications, Journal of Ritsumeikan Studies in Language and Culture, April 2004, 15/ 3, 177-185. </ref>.

===''On'yomi'' (cara maca Basa Cina)===

'''''On'yomi''''' (音読み), cara maca [[Sino-Basa Jepang]], Basa Jepang ngadeukeutan cara ngucapkeun karakter Basa Cina dina waktu mimiti diwanohkeun. Sababaraha kanji diwanohkeun sababaraha kali tina bagéan karakter Cina dina waktu nu béda, maka mibanda sababaraha ''on'yomi'', tur sababaraha harti oge.  ''Kanji'' nu dijieun di Jepang sacara normal teu mibanda ''on'yomi'', tapi aya sabaraha iwal saperti karakter keur 働 'digawe', nu mibanda kun'yomi ''hataraku'' jeung on'yomi ''dō'', sarta 腺 'kelenjar', nu ngan mibanda on'yomi ''sen''.

Ilaharna,  ''on'yomi'' diklasifikasikeun kana opat tipe:
*Cara maca '''[[Go-on]]''' (呉音; harti literatur ''sora Wu'') réadings, tina cara ngucapkeun di wewengkon [[Wu (region)|Wu]] (deukeut daerah [[Shanghai]]), salila [[5th century|abad kalima]] jeung [[6th century|abad kagenep]].
*Cara maca '''Kan-on''' (漢音; harti literatur ''sora Han sound''), tina cara ngucapkeun salila [[Tang Dynasty|Dinasti Tang]] mimiti [[7th century|abad katujuh]] nepi ka [[9th century|abad kasalapan]], utamana paguneman standar di ibukota, [[Chang'an]].
*Cara maca '''Tō-on''' (唐音；harti literatur ''sora Tang''), tinca cara ngucapkeun dina dinasti panungtung, saperti [[Song Dynasty|Song]] jeung [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]], ngawengku sakabéh cara ngucapkeun nu diasupkeun mimiti [[Heian era|era Heian]] nepi ka [[Edo period|periode Edo]]
*Cara maca '''Kan'yō-on''' (慣用音), nyaéta cara maca nu salah atawa robah tina kanji tur ditarima dina basa Jepang.

'''Conto'''
(cara maca nu jarang dipaké dina tanda kurung)

{| border="1" frame="box" rules="all" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
! Kanji
! Harti
! Go-on
! Kan-on
! Tō-on
! Kan'yō-on
|-
! 明
| caang
| ''myō''
| ''mei''
| (''min'')
| -
|-
! 行
| indit
| ''gyō''
| ''kō''
| (''an'')
| -
|-
! 極
| ekstrim
| ''goku''
| ''kyoku''
| -
| -
|-
! 珠
| mutiara
| ''shu''
| ''shu''
| ''ju''
| (''zu'')
|-
! 度
| tingkat
| ''do''
| (''to'')
| -
| -
|-
! 輸
| mindahkeun
| (''shu'')
| (''shu'')
| -
| ''yu''
|}

Nu ilahar dipaké dina cara maca nyaéta ''kan-on''.  Cara maca ''go-on'' hususna dipaké dina watesan [[Buddhist|Budha]] saperti ''gokuraku'' 極楽 "sorga". Cara maca ''tō-on'' aya dina sababarah kecap saperti ''isu'' "korsi" atawa ''futon''.

Dina Basa Cina, lolobana karakter pakait jeung suku kata Basa Cina tunggal. Sanajan kitu, sababaraha homographs disebut 多音字 (duo1yin1zi4) saperti 行 (Basa Cina: hang2, xing2) (Basa Jepang: ''kō'', ''gyō'') mibanda leuwih ti hiji cara maca dina Basa Cina nembongkeun harti nu béda, nu dipaké ogé dina Basa Jepang.  Tina sisi "[[Tonal language|tonality]]", lolobana suku kata dina Basa Cina (utamana di [[Middle Chinese|Cina Tengah]] nu mana ahir dina [[stop consonant|konsonan eureun]]leuwih ilahar dipaké tinimbang dina dialek modérn) teu saru persis jeung (consonant-vowel) [[phonotactics]] gedé dina Basa Jepang klasik. Lolobana ''on'yomi'' disusun ku dua [[Mora (linguistik)|mora]] (sukubata atawa gentakan), nu kadua mibanda vowel leuwih panjang dina mora mimiti (dina ''i'' dina kasus ''e'' jeung ''u'' dina kasus ''o'', dumasar kana [[drift|linguistic drift]] dina sababaraha abad), atawa dina suku kata ''ku'', ''ki'', ''tsu'', ''chi'', atawa suku kata ''n'', dipilih keur ngadeukeutan konsonal ahir di Cina Tengah. Kanyataanna, [[Yōon|konsonan samemeh vowel tinimbang ''i'']], saperti dina suku kata ''n'', nu ditambahkeun kana Basa Jepang leuwih hadé tinimbang nurutan dina Basa Cina; taya hiji ogé kajadian dina kecap Basa Jepang asli.

''On'yomi'' loba kajadian dina multi-kanji susunan kecap (熟語 ''jukugo''), loba nu hasilna diadopsi (sapanjang kanjina sorangan) kecap Basa Cina keur konsép nu euweuh dina Basa Jepang atawa teu bisa diucapkeun sacara alus maké kecap asli Jepang. prosés injeuman ieu salawasna dibandingkeun keur Basa Inggris nu nginjeum tina Basa Latin jeung Norman-Peranci, saprak watesan injeuman Cina leuwih husus, atawa dianggap keur sora nu leuwih resmi tinimbang nu aslina. Kaiwalan dina aturan ieu keur [[surnames|ngaran kulawarga]], nu ku ''kun'yomi'' asli dibaca saperti nu ilahar dipaké (tempo di handap).

===''Kun'yomi'' (cara maca Basa Jepang)===

'''''Kun'yomi''''' (訓読み), cara maca Basa Jepang, atawa '''bacaan asli''', nyaéta cara maca nu didasarkeun kana cara ngucapkeun kecap Basa Jepang asli atawa ''yamatokotoba'', nu ampir padeukeut jeung harti dina karakter Basa Cina mangsa munggaran diwanohkeun. Saperi dina on'yomi, aya sabararaha cara maca ''kun'' keur kanji nu sarua, sarta sababaraha kanji teu mibanda ''kun'yomi''.

Contona, kanji [[east|wetan]], 東, mibanda ''on'' dibaca ''tō''. Sanajan kitu, dina Basa Jepang geus aya dua harti keur kecap "wétan", nyaéta : ''higashi'' jeung ''azuma''. Mangka karakter kaji 東 mibanda cara ngucapkeun nu ditambahkeun salaku ''kun'yomi''. Kanji 寸, ngalambangkeun karakter Cina keur ukuran (ampir deukeut kana inci)), euweuh basa Jepang asli nu sarua, mangka ngan mibanda ''on'yomi'', ''panonpoé''.
<!--
''Kun'yomi'' are characterized by the strict (C)V syllable structure of ''yamatokotoba''. Most noun or adjective ''kun'yomi'' are two to three syllables long, while verb ''kun'yomi'' are more often one or two syllables in length (not counting trailing [[hiragana]] called ''[[okurigana]]'', although those are usually considered part of the reading).

In a number of cases, multiple kanji were assigned to cover a single Japanese word.  Typically when this occurs, the different kanji refer to specific shades of meaning.  For instance, the word なおす, ''naosu'', when written 治す, means "to heal an illness or sickness".  When written 直す it means "to fix or correct something" (e.g. a bicycle or a poorly written Wikipedia article).  Sometimes the differences are very clear; other times they are quite subtle.  Sometimes there are differences of opinion among reference works -- one dictionary may say the kanji are equivalent, while another dictionary may draw distinctions of use.  Because of this confusion, Japanese people may have trouble knowing which kanji to use.  One workaround is simply to write the word in hiragana, a method frequently employed with more complex cases such as もと ''moto'', which has at least five different kanji,  元, 基, 本, 下, 素, three of which have only very subtle differences.

===Other readings===

There are many kanji compounds that use a mixture of ''on'yomi'' and ''kun'yomi'', known as ''jūbako'' (重箱) or ''yutō'' (湯桶) words. The words ''jūbako'' and ''yutō'' themselves are [[autological]] examples: the first character of ''jūbako'' is read using ''on'yomi'', the second ''kun'yomi'', while it is the other way around with ''yutō''. Other examples include 金色 ''kin'iro'' "golden" (''on-kun'') and 合気道 ''aikidō'' "the martial art Aikido" (''kun-on-on'').

Some kanji also have lesser-known readings called ''[[nanori]]'', which are mostly used for people's names (often [[given name]]s), and are generally closely related to the ''kun'yomi''. Place names sometimes also use ''nanori'' (or, occasionally, unique readings not found elsewhere).

'''''[[Gikun]]''''' (義訓) are readings of kanji combinations that have no direct correspondence to the characters' individual ''on'yomi'' or ''kun'yomi'', but are instead connected by the meaning of the written and spoken phrases. For example, the compound 一寸 might naïvely be read ''issun'', meaning "one ''sun''", but it is more often used to write the indivisible word ''chotto'', "a little". ''Gikun'' also feature in some Japanese family names.

Many ''[[ateji]]'' (kanji used only for their phonetic value) have meanings derived from their usage: for example, the now-archaic 亜細亜 ''ajia'' was formerly used to write "[[Asia]]" in kanji; the character 亜 now means ''Asia'' in such compounds as 東亜 ''tōa'', "East Asia". From the written 亜米利加 ''amerika'', the second character was taken, resulting in the semi-formal coinage 米国 ''beikoku'', lit. "rice country" but meaning "[[United States of America]]".

===When to use which reading===

Words for similar concepts, such as "east" (東), "north" (北) and "northeast" (東北), can have completely different pronunciations: the ''kun'' readings ''higashi'' and ''kita'' are used for the first two, while the ''on'' reading ''tōhoku'' is used for the third.

The rule of thumb for determining the pronunciation of a particular kanji in a given context is that kanji occurring in compounds are generally read using ''on'yomi''. Such compounds are  called ''jukugo'' (熟語) in Japanese. For example,  情報 ''jōhō'' "information", 学校 ''gakkō'' "school", and 新幹線 ''shinkansen'' "bullet train" all follow this pattern.

Kanji occurring in isolation -- that is, written adjacent only to kana, not to other kanji -- are typically read using their ''kun'yomi''. Together with their [[okurigana]], if any, they generally function either as a noun or as an inflected adjective or verb: e.g. 月 ''tsuki'' "moon", 情け ''nasake'' "sympathy", 赤い ''akai'' "red" (adj), 新しい ''atarashii'' "new ", 見る ''miru'' "(to) see".

This rule of thumb has many exceptions. ''Kun'yomi'' are quite capable of forming compound words, although they are not as numerous as those with ''on'yomi''. Examples include  手紙 ''tegami'' "letter", 日傘 ''higasa'' "parasol", and the famous 神風 ''[[kamikaze]]'' "divine wind". Such compounds may also have okurigana, such as 空揚げ (also written 唐揚げ) ''karaage'' "fried food" and 折り紙 ''[[origami]]'' "artistic paper folding", although many of these can also be written with the okurigana omitted (e.g. 空揚 or 折紙).

On the other hand, some ''on'yomi'' characters can also be used as words in isolation: 愛 ''ai'' "love", 禅 ''[[Zen]]'', 点 ''ten'' "mark, dot". Most of these cases involve kanji that have no ''kun'yomi'', so there can be no confusion.

The situation with ''on'yomi'' is further complicated by the fact that many kanji have more than one ''on'yomi'': witness 先生 ''sensei'' "teacher" versus 一生 ''isshō'' "one's whole life".

There are also some words that can be read multiple ways, similar to English words such as "live" or "read" -- in some cases having different meanings depending on how they are read.  One example is 上手, which can be read in three different ways -- ''jōzu'' (skilled), ''uwate'' (upper part), or ''kamite'' (upper part).  In addition, 上手い has the reading ''umai'' (skilled).

Some famous place names, including those of [[Tokyo]] (東京 ''Tōkyō'') and [[Japan]] itself (日本 ''Nihon'' or sometimes ''Nippon'') are read with ''on'yomi''; however, the majority of Japanese place names are read with ''kun'yomi'' (e.g. 大阪 ''Ōsaka'', 青森 ''Aomori'', 箱根 ''Hakone''). Family names are also usually read with ''kun'yomi'' (e.g., 山田 ''Yamada'', 田中 ''Tanaka'', 鈴木 ''Suzuki''). Personal names, although they are not typically considered ''jūbako''/''yutō'', often contain mixtures of ''kun'yomi'', ''on'yomi'', and ''nanori'', and are generally only readable with some experience (e.g., 大助 ''Daisuke'' [''on-kun''], 夏美 ''Natsumi'' [''kun-on'']).

===Pronunciation assistance===

Because of the ambiguities involved, kanji sometimes have their pronunciation for the given context spelled out in [[ruby character]]s known as ''[[furigana]]'' (small ''[[kana]]'' written above or to the right of the character) or ''[[kumimoji]]'' (small ''kana'' written in-line after the character). This is especially true in texts for children or foreign learners and ''[[manga]]'' (comics). It is also used in [[newspaper]]s for rare or unusual readings and for characters not included in the officially recognized set of essential kanji (see below).
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==Jumlah sakabeh karakter kanji==

Jumlah karakter kanji teu dipikanyaho sacara pasti. Dina "[[Daikanwa Jiten]]" aya kurang leuwih 50,000 karakter, mangrupa hasil pamikiran nu lengkep, tapi kaayeunakeun dina kamus di daratan Cina aya leuwih ti 80,000 karakter kanji, tur loba karakter nu teu dipikawanoh. Karakter éta loloba teu dipaké boh di Jepang atawa di Cina.

==Reformasi Ortografi jeung daptar kanji==

Dina [[1946]], sanggeus  [[World War II|Perang Dunya II]], pamaréntah Jepang sacara resmi ngareformasi runtuyan [[orthography|orthografi]].
Sababaraha karakter disederhanakeun jadi [[glyph]], disebut 新字体 (''shinjitai'').
Jumlah karakter dina aturan dikurangan, runtuyan karakter formal keur diajar dina unggal tingkatan sakola ditangtukeun. Loba bentuk variasi jeung alternatif tina karakter kanji nu ilahar dikurangan. Ieu dimaksudkeun keur usaha ngajarkeun kanji ka barudak dina buku tur terus-terusan. Hal ieu mangrupa petunjuk nu sederhana, mangka loba karakter di luar standar ieu dipikanyaho tur ilahar dipaké.

===Kyōiku kanji===

:''Artikel utama: [[Kyōiku kanji]].

Kanji Kyōiku 教育漢字 ("kanji pendidikan") nyaéta 1006 karakater kanji nu diajarkeun di sakola dasar di Jepang. Jumlah ieu jadi 881 saprak taun 1981. Tingkatan ieu diturunkeun dina palajaran kanji tur disebut '''Gakunen-betsu kanji haitōhyō''' 学年別漢字配当表), atawa ''kanji gakushū ''.

===Jōyō kanji===

{{Main|Jōyō kanji}}

Kanji Jōyō 常用漢字 nyaéta 1,945 karakter kanji nu aya dina kanji kyōiku, ditambah 939 kanji tur diajarkeun di SMP jeung SMA.  Dina buku citak, karakter di luar kategori ieu ditulis maké ''[[Ruby characters|furigana]]''. Kanji Jōyō mimiti dipaké dina taun 1981, keur ngagantikeun runtuyan saméméhna nyaéta 1850 karakter nu disebut '''Kanji nu ilahar dipaké''' (''[[toyo kanji|tōyō kanji]]'' 当用漢字) nu mimiti dipaké dina taun 1946.

===Jinmeiyō kanji===

{{Main|Jinmeiyō kanji}}

''Kanji Jinmeiyō'' 人名用漢字 nyaéta 2,928 karakter nu aya dina kaji Jōyō, ditambah 983 nu kapanggih dina ngaran masarakat Jepang. Dina sababaraha taun ieu, Kamentrian Kehakiman nambahan kana ieu runtuyan. Kadangkala istilah ''Kanji Jinmeiyō'' nujul kana sakabéh 2928 karakter, kadangkala ogé ngan 983 karakter nu dipaké keur ngaran jalma.

===Standar Industri Jepang keur kanji===

[[Japanese Industrial Standard|Standar Industri Jepang]] keur kanji jeung kana ngahartikeun karakter titik-kode keur unggal kanji jeung kana, saperti bentuk séjén dina nulis saperti [[Hindu-Arabic numerals|angka Hindu-Arab]], keur dipaké dina prosés informasi. Geus sababaraha kali dioméan, standar ayeuna nyaéta: 
*[http://www.io.com/~kazushi/encoding/jis.html#kanji90 JIS X 0208:1997] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050522084722/http://www.io.com/~kazushi/encoding/jis.html#kanji90 |date=2005-05-22 }}, versi panungtung standar utama, mibanda 6,355 kanji.
* [http://www.io.com/~kazushi/encoding/jis.html#kanjisup JIS X 0212:1990] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050522084722/http://www.io.com/~kazushi/encoding/jis.html#kanjisup |date=2005-05-22 }}, tambahan standar ngandung 5,801 kanji. Standar ieu jarang dipaké, utamana sabab sistim kode Shift JIS teu bisa dipaké. This standard is effectively obsolete;
* [http://www.io.com/~kazushi/encoding/jis.html#kanji00 JIS X 0213:2000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050522084722/http://www.io.com/~kazushi/encoding/jis.html#kanji00 |date=2005-05-22 }}, a further revision which extended the JIS X 0208 set with 3,625 additional kanji, of which 2,741 were in JIS X 0212. The standard is in part designed to be compatible with Shift JIS encoding;
* JIS X 0221:1995, the Japanese version of the ISO 10646/[[Unicode]] standard.
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====Gaiji====

'''''Gaiji''''' (外字), literally meaning "external characters", are kanji that are not represented in existing [[Japanese language|Japanese]] [[Character encoding|encoding systems]]. These include variant forms of common kanji that need to be represented alongside the more conventional [[glyph]] in reference works, and can include non-kanji symbols as well.

''Gaiji'' can be either user-defined characters or system-specific characters. Both are a problem for information interchange, as the [[code-point]] used to represent an external character will not be consistent from one computer or operating system to another.

''Gaiji'' were nominally prohibited in JIS X 0208-1997, and JIS X 0213-2000 used the range of code-points previously allocated to ''gaiji'', making them completely unusable. Nevertheless, they persist today with [[NTT DoCoMo]]'s "[[i-mode]]" service, where they are used for pictorial characters.

[[Unicode]] allows for optional encoding of ''gaiji'' in '''[[Private Use Area|private use areas]]'''.

==Types of Kanji: by Category==
:''Main article: [[Chinese character classification]]''

The Buddhist scholar [[Xu Shen]] (許慎), in the ''[[Shuowen Jiezi|Shuōwén Jiězì]]'' (說文解字) ca. 100 CE, classified Chinese characters into six categories (Japanese: 六書 ''rikusho'').  The traditional classification is still taught but is problematic and no longer the focus of modern lexicographic practice, as some categories are not clearly defined, nor are they mutually exclusive: the first four refer to structural composition, while the last two refer to usage.

(For a table of all the ''kyōiku kanji'' (教育漢字) broken down by category see [http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/kanjitypes.html this page], from which the above description has been extracted.)

===''Shōkei-moji'' (象形文字)===

These characters are sketches of the object they represent. For example, 目 is an eye, 木 is a tree, etc. The current forms of the characters are very different from the original, and it is now hard to see the origin in many of these characters. It is somewhat easier to see in [[seal script]]. This kind of character is often called a "[[pictograph]]" in English (''Shōkei'' -- 象形 is also the Japanese word for Egyptian hieroglyphs). These make up a small fraction of modern characters.

=== ''Shiji-moji'' (指事文字)===

''Shiji-moji'' are called "[[logogram]]s", "simple [[ideograph]]s", "simple indicatives", and sometimes just "symbols" in English. They are usually graphically simple and represent an abstract concept such as a direction: e.g. 上 representing "up" or "above" and 下 representing "down" or "below". These make up a tiny fraction of modern characters.

===''Kaii-moji'' (会意文字)===

Often called "compound indicatives", "associative compounds", "compound ideographs", or just "ideographs". These are usually a combination of pictographs that combine to present an overall meaning. An example is the ''kokuji'' 峠 (mountain pass) made from 山 (mountain), 上 (up) and 下 (down). Another is 休 (rest) from 人 (person) and 木 (tree). These make up a tiny fraction of modern characters.

===''Keisei-moji'' (形声文字)===

These are called "phono-semantic", "semantic-phonetic", "semasio-phonetic" or "phonetic-ideographic" characters in English. They are by far the largest category, making up about 90% of characters. Typically they are made up of two components, one of which indicates the meaning or semantic context, and the other the pronunciation. (The pronunciation really relates to the original Chinese, and may now only be distantly detectable in the modern Japanese ''on'yomi'' of the kanji.  The same is true of the semantic context, which may have changed over the centuries or in the transition from Chinese to Japanese.) As a result, it is a common error in folk etymology to fail to recognize a phono-semantic compound, typically instead inventing a compound-indicative explanation.

As examples of this, consider the kanji with the 言 shape: 語, 記, 訳, 説, etc. All are related to word/language/meaning. Similarly kanji with the 雨 (rain) shape (雲, 電, 雷, 雪, 霜, etc.) are almost invariably related to weather. Kanji with the 寺 ([[temple]]) shape on the right (詩, 持, 時, 侍, etc.) usually have an ''on'yomi'' of "shi" or "ji". Sometimes one can guess the meaning and/or reading simply from the components.  However, exceptions do exist -- for example, neither 需 nor 霊 have anything to do with weather (at least in their modern usage), and 待 has an ''on'yomi'' of "tai". That is, a component may play a semantic role in one compound, but a phonetic role in another.

===''Tenchū-moji'' (転注文字)===

This group have variously been called "derivative characters", or "mutually explanatory" or "mutually synonymous" characters; this is the most problematic of the six categories, as it is vaguely defined. It may refer to kanji where the meaning or application has become extended. For example, 楽 is used for 'music' and 'comfort, ease', with different pronunciations in Chinese reflected in the two  different ''on'yomi'', ''gaku'' 'music' and ''raku'' 'pleasure'.

===''Kasha-moji'' (仮借文字)===

These are called "[[phonetic loan character]]s."  For example, 来 in ancient Chinese was originally a pictograph for 'wheat'.  Its syllable was homophonous with the verb meaning 'to come' and the character is used for that verb as a result, without any embellishing "meaning" element attached.

==Related symbols==

The [[ideographic iteration mark]] (々) is used to indicate that the preceding kanji is to be repeated, functioning similarly to a [[ditto]] mark in English. It is pronounced as though the kanji were written twice in a row, for example 色々 (''iroiro'' "various") and 時々 (''tokidoki'' "sometimes"). This mark also appears in personal and place names, as in the [[Japanese name|surname]] Sasaki (佐々木). This symbol is a simplified version of the kanji 仝.

Another frequently used symbol is ヶ (a small [[katakana]] "ke"), pronounced "ka" when used to indicate quantity (such as 六ヶ月, ''rok'''ka'''getsu'' "six months") or "ga" in place names like [[Kasumigaseki]] (霞ヶ関). This symbol is a simplified version of the kanji 箇.

==Radical-and-stroke sorting (Alphabetization)==
{{main|Collation#Radical-and-stroke sorting}}
Kanji, whose thousands of symbols defy ordering by convention such as is used with the [[Roman Alphabet]], uses [[radical-and-stroke sorting]] to order a list of Kanji words. In this system, common components of characters are identified; these are called [[radical (Chinese character)|radicals]] in Chinese and logographic systems derived from Chinese, such as Kanji.

Characters are then grouped by their primary radical, then ordered by number of pen strokes within radicals. When there is no obvious radical or more than one radical, convention governs which is used for collation. For example, the Chinese character for "mother" (媽) is sorted as a thirteen-stroke character under the three-stroke primary radical (女).

==Kanji Kentei==

:''Main article: [[Kanji Kentei]]''

The Japanese government provides the ''[[Kanji kentei]]'' (日本漢字能力検定試験 ''Nihon kanji nōryoku kentei shiken''; "Test of Japanese Kanji Aptitude") which tests the ability to read and write kanji. The highest level of the ''Kanji kentei'' tests about 6000 kanji.
-->

==2000 Kanji Basa Jepang==

{{Cleanup-date|July 2006}}
{{Expandsect}}

Runtuyan di handap bakal terus dianyarkeun ku fonétikna, saperti hari jeung kanji tambahan:

一二三人日四五六七八九十月曜火水木金土本山目見行来方東西上下中大小刀分切手口入出川外言貝寺時売買主持夫田力車読者林明士自子女男年先学生竹筆書文立事物仕化工天白心史百千万代交左右母父校毎古今

==Rujukan==
* DeFrancis, John (1990). ''The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy''.  Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0824810686.
* Hannas, William. C. (1997). ''Asia's Orthographic Dilemma''. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 082481892X (paperback); ISBN 0824818423 (hardcover).
* Kaiser, Stephen (1991). Introduction to the Japanese Writing System. In ''Kodansha's Compact Kanji Guide''. Tokyo: Kondansha International. ISBN 4-7700-1553-4.
* Mitamura, Joyce Yumi and Mitamura, Yasuko Kosaka (1997). ''Let's Learn Kanji''. Tokyo: Kondansha International. ISBN 4-7700-2068-6.
* Unger, J. Marshall (1996). ''Literacy and Script Reform in Occupation Japan: Reading Between the Lines''. ISBN 0195101669
{{reflist}}

==Tempo oge==
*[[Sino-Basa Jepang]]
*[[Karakter Basa Cina]]
*[[Diajar kanji]]
*[[Daptar kanji dumasar kana konsep]]
*[[List of kanji by stroke count]]
*[[Japanese typefaces]] (''Shotai'')
*[[Babasan opat karakter]]
*[[Unifikasi Han]]
*[[Stroke order]]

==Tumbu kaluar==
*[http://kanji-4u.blogspot.com/ How to use KANJI 4 U] Kanji report
*[http://www5.big.or.jp/~otake/hey/kanji/fude21.htm Japanese Calligraphy] Japanese dictionary
*[http://homepage2.nifty.com/TAB01645 Dictionary of Kokuji]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} in Japanese
*[http://learnjapanese.elanguageschool.net/course/view.php?id=13 Learn Japanese Kanji] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061102144455/http://learnjapanese.elanguageschool.net/course/view.php?id=13 |date=2006-11-02 }} How to write Kanji in Japanese
*[http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/articles/2005/Tomoda.html Change in Script Usage in Japanese: A Longitudinal Study of Japanese Government White Papers on Labor], discussion paper by Takako Tomoda in the [http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/ ''Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies''], [[19 August]] [[2005]].
*[http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/cgi-bin/wwwjdic.cgi?1C Jim Breen's WWWJDIC server] used to find Kanji from English or romanized Japanese
*[http://kanjialive.lib.uchicago.edu Kanji alive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103081347/http://kanjialive.lib.uchicago.edu/ |date=2012-01-03 }}, an interactive tool for léarning Kanji
*[http://www.saiga-jp.com/kanji_dictionary.html Japanese Kanji Dictionary] éach character is presented by a grade, stroke count, [http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/wwwjdicinf.html#sod_tag stroke order], phonetic réading and native Japanese réading. You can also listen to the pronunciation.
*[http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ik2r-myr/kanji//kanji1a.htm Drill the kanji], Java flashcards (Asahi-net)
*[http://www.easyjapanese.org/flashcards.html Kanji flashcards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119182154/http://www.easyjapanese.org/flashcards.html |date=2006-11-19 }}, léarn the Kanji with these simple online flashcards
*[http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/jwb/wwwjdic?1KG Kanji to hiragana converter]

{{Jenis aksara|state=show|state5=show}}

[[Kategori:Kanji|*]]
[[Kategori:Istilah basa Jepang]]