Témbongkeun sumber pikeun India

{{tarjamahkeun|Inggris}}
{{Infobox Country
|native_name = भारत गणराज्य<br />''Bh{{Unicode|ā}}rat Ga{{Unicode|ṇ}}ar{{Unicode|ā}}jya''<!-- IF YOU CANNOT SEE THE 'N' UPGRADE YOUR BROWSER -->
|conventional_long_name = Républik India 
|common_name = India
|image_flag = Flag of India.svg
|image_coat = Emblem of India.svg
|symbol_type = Emblem
|national_motto = "[[Satyameva Jayate]]" ([[Basa Sangsakerta|Sangsakerta]])<br />[[Devanāgarī]]: सत्यमेव जयते<br />{{IPARef|sət̪jəmeːʋə ʤəjət̪eː}}<br />("Truth Alone Triumphs")
|image_map = India (orthographic projection).svg
|national_anthem = "[[Jana Gana Mana]]<br />{{Audio|Jana Gana Mana.ogg|listen}}"<br />{{IPA|/ʤənə gəɳə mənə/}}|
official_languages = [[Hindi]], [[Sangsakerta]], [[Basa Inggris|Inggris]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Meithei language|Manipuri]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Oriya language|Oriya]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]]
|capital = [[New Delhi]]
|latd = 28|latm=34|latNS=N|longd=77|longm=12|longEW=E
|government_type = [[Républik Féderal]]
|leader_title1 = [[Présidén India|Présidén]]
|leader_title2 = [[Perdana Mentri India|Perdana Mentri]]
|leader_name1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|leader_name2 = [[Narendra Modi]] 
|largest_city = [[Mumbai]]
|area = 3,287,590
|areami²= 1,269,346<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->
|area_rank = ka-7
|area_magnitude = 1 E12
|percent_water = 9.56
|population_estimate = 1,324,171,354
|population_estimate_year = 2016
|population_estimate_rank = ka-2
|population_census = 1,210,854,977
|population_census_year = 2011
|population_density = 394
|population_densitymi² = 1,022<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->
|population_density_rank = ka-31
|GDP_PPP_year = 2005
|GDP_PPP = $3.633 trillion
|GDP_PPP_rank = ka-4
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $3,344
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-122
|HDI_year = 2003
|HDI = 0.602
|HDI_rank = ka-127
|HDI_category = <font color="#FFCC00">sedeng</font>
|sovereignty_type = [[Peradaban Léngkob Indus|Ngadeg]]
|sovereignty_note = [[3300 SM]]<br />[[Peradaban Léngkob Indus]]<br /><br />[[321 SM]]<br />[[Kakaisaran Maurya|Kaisar Ashoka<br />Kakaisaran Maurya]]<br />
|established_event1 = [[Integrasi Pulitik India|Nagara-Nagara bagian]]
|established_event2 = Republik
|established_date1 = [[15 Agustus]] [[1947]]
|established_date2 = [[26 Januari]] [[1950]]
|currency = [[Rupee India|Rupee]] (Rs.)<sup>1</sup>
|currency_code = INR
|time_zone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5:30
|time_zone_DST = teu ditalungtik
|utc_offset_DST = +5:30
|cctld = [[.in]]
|calling_code = 91
|footnotes = <sup>1</sup> '''Re.''' tunggal, '''Rs.''' jamak
|*Kaasup data sensus ti [[Jammu jeung Kashmir]], [[Azad Kashmir]], jeung [[Aksai Chin]]
}}
:''Keur sajarah sarta kagunaan séjén ngeunaan India, tempo [[India (disambiguasi)]]. ''
'''India'''(भारत), resmina '''Républik India''', mangrupa salah sahiji nagara di [[Asia Kidul]]. India mangrupa nagara [[Daptar nagara dumasar wewengkon|katujuh panggedéna]] numutkeun wewengkon géografis, [[Daptar nagara dumasar pangeusi|kadua pangloba pangeusina]], sarta nagara nu ngagem [[démokrasi liberal]] panglegana di dunya. India wawatesan jeung [[Pakistan]], [[Républik Rakyat Tiongkok|China]], [[Bangladésh]], [[Népal]] jeung [[Bhutan]]. Puseur nagarana nyaéta [[New Delhi]]. India miboga garis basisir leuwih ti tujuh rébu kilométer<ref name="indianembassy">{{cite web | title = Foreign Policy of India | work = Indian Embassy | url = http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/2004/AR2004.htm | accessdate = March 24 | accessyear = 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120907043713/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/2004/AR2004.htm |date=2012-09-07 }}</ref> and borders [[Pakistan]]<ref name="afgh">The Government of India considers the entire state of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] to be a part of India including the portion bordering [[Afghanistan]]. A ceasefire sponsored by the [[United Nations]] in 1948 freezes the positions of Indian and Pakistani held territory. As a consequence, the region bordering Afghanistan is in Pakistani-administered territory.</ref> di béh kulon; [[Républik Rahayat Cina|Cina]], [[Nepal]], jeung [[Bhutan]] di béh wétan kalér; sarta [[Bangladésh]] jeung [[Myanmar]] di béh wétaneunnana. Di [[Samudra India]], India wawatesan jeung [[nagara kapuloan]] [[Sri Lanka]], [[Maladéwa]] jeung [[Indonésia]]. <br/>
Urang India mibanda perdaban sarta budaya anu lumangsung ti taun 3300 SM, India mangrupa bagéan ti peradaban Lembah Sungai Indus kalawan mekarkeun [[budaya]] wewengkonna ngaliwatan paniagaan sarta dirojong ku barter bahan tatanén.<ref name="usdeptofstate">{{cite web | title = US Department of State Background Notes on India | work = US Department of State | url = http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm | accessdate = August 19 | accessyear = 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618165336/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm |date=2012-06-18 }}</ref> Salila mangtaun-taun, [[nagara]] ieu jadi puseur ruteu penting, puseur mekarkeun [[budaya]] sarta tempat ngadegna karajaan-karajaan anu gedé. [[Agama]] [[Hindu]], [[Sikh]], [[Buddha]] jeung [[Jainis]] mangrupa [[agama]] asli ti India, sedengkeun [[Islam]] jeung [[Kristen]] datang ngaliwatan paniagaan sarta ku kaayaan budaya anu geus mekar saméméh ayana invasi ti nagara asing. Sanajan lamun diitung invasi asing nepi ka 4000 taun, tapi budaya India jeung sosial kamasarakatanna teu bisa diruntagkeun, nu hadé ti nagara asing bakal dipiceun atawa bisa di serep gumantung kabudayaan bangsa India, komponén sosial masarakat angger lengkep jeung moal bisa dirobah. Kalawan turunna pamor [[Karajaan Mughal]], sababaraha nagara [[Eropa]] kungsi nyoba nyieun puseur atawa pos paniagaan di India. Tahta [[Inggris]], dina mangsa sababaraha abad saeutik-sautik geus nyoba pikeun ngahijikeun karajaan-karajaan di India kalawan ku maksud pikeun ngajajah India. Tapi saméméh bisa nyokot sagala rupa kauntungan ti kolonialisme, rahayat India kalawan kaayaan séké sélér anu rupa-rupa bisa ngahiji dina hiji gerakan anu kuat pikeun réformsi sosial jeung nyieun sistem pamaréntahana sorangan sarta ngulang deui kajayaan Karajaan India mangsa baheula. Hasilna, India jadi hiji nagara modérn di taun [[1947]]. Rahayat India, satwa liar, géografisna jeung sistem iklim India mangrupa anu pangragemna saalam dunya, jeung India modérn ayeuna bisa disebut bakal jadi nagara adidaya di mangsa ka hareupna.

{| class="infobox borderless"
|+ National symbols of the Republic of India (Official)
|-
! '''National animal'''
| 
| [[Image:2005-bandipur-tusker.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National bird'''
| 
| [[Image:Pavo muticus (Tierpark Berlin) - 1017-899-(118).jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National tree'''
| 
| [[Image:Banyan tree on the banks of Khadakwasla Dam.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National flower'''
| 
| [[Image:Sacred lotus Nelumbo nucifera.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National heritage animal'''
| 
| [[Image:Panthera tigris.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National aquatic marine mammal'''
| 
| [[Image:PlatanistaHardwicke.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National reptile'''
| 
| [[Image:King-Cobra.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National heritage mammal'''
| 
| [[Image:Hanuman Langur.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National fruit'''
| 
| [[Image:An Unripe Mango Of Ratnagiri (India).JPG|50px]]
|-
! '''National temple'''
| 
| [[Image:New Delhi Temple.jpg|50px]]
|-
! '''National river'''
| 
| [[Image:River Ganges.JPG|50px]]
|-
! '''National mountain'''
| 
| [[Image:Nanda Devi 2006.JPG|50px]]
|-
|}

== Étimologi ==
{{utama|Asal-usul ngaran India}}
Ngaran ''India'' /{{IPA|'ɪndiə}}/ asalna tina kecap ''[[Indus River|Indus]]'', nu asalna tina [[basa]] [[Hindu Persia]] baheula, tina [[basa]] [[Sansekerta Sindhu]], sesebutan pikeun tempat sajarah di [[Walungan Indus]]. 
Konstitusi India jeung pamaké umum biasa ngagunakeun '''Bharat''', salaku ngaran resmina, ngaran India ogé diaku kalawan status nu sarua. Ngaran katiluna nyaéta, ''[[Hindustan]] '' (basa Persia: Taneuh Hindu < basa Persia Hindu Kuno, India/taneuh Indus < basa Sansekerta Sindhu, walungan Indus)  geus dipaké ti abad ka 12, sanajan nu dipakéna sakapeung masih kontemporér atawa teu tangtu maké Bhatat, India, atawa Hindustan.

== Sajarah ==
<!-- THIS SECTION IS A SUMMARY. CONSIDER ADDING MATERIAL TO THE 'HISTORY OF INDIA' ARTICLE.-->
{{utama|Sajarah India}}

Zaman batu nu dicirian ku ayana tempat dikumpulkeunana batu sarta lukisan di [[Bhimbetka]] perenahna aya di nagara bagéan [[Madhya Pradesh]],  mangrupa léngkah awal kapanggihna kahirupan manusa di India. Padumukan permanen nu munggaran di India geus aya ti 9.000 taun nu geus kaliwat. Tuluy mekar jadi Peradaban Lembah Indus, kurang leuwih [[3300 SM]] di India Kulon. Ieu hal dituturkeun ku peradaban Veda nu ngadadasaran [[agama]] [[Hindu]] jeung aspek budaya lainna ti masarakat India awal. Kurang leuwih taun [[550 SM]], loba karajaan independen jeung républik dipikawanoh minangka ''Mahajanapadas'' nu diwangun di sakabéh nagara nu ka hareupna bakal ngadadasaran ayana India kuno. <br/>
Karajaan nu diwangun ku [[Dinasti Maurya]] sahandapeun [[Kaisar Asoka Agung]] ngahiji jeung karajaan paling modérén sa-[[Asia Kidul]] iwal ti 
[[Karajaan Dravida]] di beulah kidul. Ti taun [[180 SM]], aya runtuyan invasi ti [[Asia Tengah]] nu dituturkeun ku [[Indo Yunani]], [[Indo-Scythia]], [[Indo-Partia]], jeung [[Kushan]] di anak benua India kalér-kulon. Abad katilu, [[Dinasti Gupta]] ngurus jeung nalingakeun hiji périodeu nu disebut [[India Kuno]] atawa ''Golden Age''. Sedengkeun di bagéan kalér miboga daérah nu leuwih gedé, leuwih saeutik karajaanana. Di beulah kidul aya sawatara dinasti kayaning Chalukya, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, Cheras, Chola, Pallavas jeung Pandya kalawan daérah nu béda-béda. Pangaruh politik karajaan beulah kidul kacida rohakana, sanajan aya dina undak nu leuwih handap ti batan karajaan di beulah kalér India nu dilegaan ka daérah [[Asia Tenggara]] jeung [[Sri Lanka]] nu dipangaruhan ku budaya maranéhanana. Karajaan di beulah kidul leuwih stabil jeung bisa ngayakeun paniagaan maritim nu ngajual rempah-rempah jeung permata ka nagara [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Cina]], jeung [[Éropa]] ti jaman kuno. [[Élmu pangaweruh]], [[téhnik]], [[seni]], [[sastra]], [[matématika]], [[astronomi]], [[agama]] jeung [[filsafat]] tumuwuh mekar di handapeun kapamingpinan raja-raja ieu.

[[Gambar:Sanchi2.jpg|thumb|left|270px|The [[Sanchi|Sanchi stupa]] in Sanchi, [[Madhya Pradesh]] built by emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BC]]
Sanggeus invasi ti [[Asia Tengah]], antara abad ka-10 jeung abad ka-12, loba daérah di [[India Kalér]] dikawasa ku [[Karajaan Délhi]]. Tuluy [[Dinasti Mughal]] nambahan wilayah kakawasaanana ngaliwatan sawatara anak benua India. Tapi ngan sababaraha karajaan pribumi anu tuluy mekar, utamana nu aya di beulah kidul saperti [[Karajaan Wijayanagara]]. Ti abad kagenepbelas kabéhdieunakeun, sawatara nagara [[Éropa]] kaasup [[Portugal]], [[Walanda]], [[Perancis]], jeung [[Inggris]] mimiti datang salaku padagang. Maranéhanana tuluy nyokot kauntungan tina sifat ''fractious'' di antara karajaan-karajaan pikeun ngawangun koloni di ieu nagara. Taun [[1856]], sabagéan gedé wilayah India aya dina kakawasaan ''British East India Company''. Sataun ti harita, pemberontakan nasional gagal nalika rék baruntak ka unit militer jeung karajaan, nu kasohor sacara lokal minangka [[Pemberontakan India taun 1857|Perang munggaran kamerdikaan India]] (dipikawanoh minangka Pemberontakan Sepoy), ngabalukarkeun India aya di handapeun kontrol langsung ti [[Karajaan Inggris]] minangka koloni [[Karajaan Inggris]].

<!--[[Image:Nehru Gandhi 1937 touchup.jpg|thumb|270px|right|[[Mahatma Gandhi]] (right) with India's first Prime Minister, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]]]-->
Awal abda ka-21 [[Gerakan Kemerdékaan India|pajoangan nasional keur kamerdékaan]] diprakarsai ku [[Kongrés Nasional India]] jeung sawatara kelompok révolusioner. Ieu gerakan sabagéan gedé dipingpin ku [[Mahatma Gandhi]] jeung [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], jeung [[Subhash Chandra Bose]] miboga kalungguhan nu penting. <br/>
Jutaan protés nyampak dina rupa-rupa kampanyeu massa sipil, kalawan komitmen keur ahimsa atawa ''non-kekerasan''. Ahirna, sanggeus kaluar ''Gerakan India Pembangkangan Sipil'' salila Perang Dunia II, jeung sajumlahing [[Pemberontakan Bombay|pemberontakan]] angkatan bersenjata sanggeus perang, India merdéka tina penjajahan [[Inggris]] dina tanggal [[15 Agustus]] [[1947]]. Tilu taun ti harita, dina tanggal tanggal [[26 Januari]] [[1950]], India nyusun konstitusi anyar sarta robah jadi [[républik]]. <br/>
Sanggeus merdéka, loba pemberontakan di daérah-daérah. Aya sengketa wilayah jeung [[China]] nu encan anggeus, nu ngabalukarkeun ayana [[Perang Sino- India]] dina taun [[1962]]; antara India jeung [[Pakistan]], nu antukna nyababkeun perang dina taun [[1947]], [[1965]], [[1971]], jeung perang di [[Kargil]] taun [[1999]]. India mangrupa anggota pendiri [[Gerakan Non-Blok]] jeung [[PBB]] (mangsa harita masih kénéh bagéan tina British India). Dina taun [[1974]], India ngayakeun uji coba nuklir bawah tanah. Hal ieu dituturkeun ku lima tes lainna dina taun [[1998]]. Reformasi ékonomi anu signifikan dimimitian ti taun [[1991]] nyababkeun India jadi salah sahiji nagara anu kamekaran ekonomina pangtéréhna di dunya. Angka kamiskinan taun [[1996]] turun jadi 22% dina taun [[2006]]. 
{{see also|Timeline of Indian history|Military history of India|Indian Independence Movement}}

== Pamaréntahan ==
{{utama|Pamaréntahan India}}
{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.75em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0.5em; width:220px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|+ '''National symbols of India'''
|-
| style="padding-left: 1em;" | '''Flag'''
| [[Tiranga]]                                                
|-
| style="padding-left: 1em;" | '''Emblem'''
| [[Emblem of India|Sarnath Lion]]
|-
| style="padding-left: 1em;" | '''Anthem'''
| "[[Jana Gana Mana]]"
|-
| style="padding-left: 1em;" | '''Song'''
| "[[Vande Mataram|Vandē Mātaram]]"
|-
| style="padding-left: 1em;" | '''Animal'''
| [[Bengal Tiger|Royal Bengal Tiger]]
|-
| style="padding-left: 1em;" | '''Bird'''
| [[Indian Peacock]]
|-
| style="padding-left: 1em;" | '''Flower'''
| [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]]
|-
| style="padding-left: 1em;" | '''Tree'''
| [[Banyan]]
|-
| style="padding-left: 1em;" | '''Fruit'''
| [[Mango]]
|-
| style="padding-left: 1em;" | '''Sport'''
| [[Field Hockey]]
|-
| style="padding-left: 1em;" | '''Calendar'''
| [[Indian National Calendar|Saka]]
|
|}
India is referred to as the largest democracy in the world, by virtue of the fact that it has the largest [[electorate|electing population]] among [[List of democratic states|democratic countries]].  The country has a federal form of government and a [[bicameral]] [[parliament]] operating under a [[Westminster System|Westminster-style]] parliamentary system. It has three branches of governance: the [[Legislature]], [[Executive]] and [[Judiciary]].  The [[President of India|President]] is the [[head of state]], though he has a largely ceremonial role to play. He is also the Supreme Commander of [[Indian military|India's armed forces]]. The présidént is elected indirectly by an [[electoral college]] for five-yéar terms. présidéntial assent is needed for a Bill or Ordinance passed by the Parliament to come into force. The [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] is the de facto [[head of government]], and has most executive powers. He or she is appointed by the présidént, with the requirement that he or she enjoy the support of the party or coalition having more than 50% séats in the lower house. The Union Council of Ministers héaded by the Prime Minister aids and advises the présidént on governance matters.
[[Gambar:Thesouthblockdelhi.JPG|270px|thumb|The [[Secretariat Building]] in New Delhi houses the [[Indian Prime Minister's Office|Prime Minister's Office]], the ministries of [[Ministry of Defence|Defence]], External Affairs and Finance and the Home Ministry.]]
The legislature of India is the bicameral [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]], which consists of the upper house called the [[Rajya Sabha]] (Council of States), and the lower house called the [[Lok Sabha]] (House of Péople). The 245-member Rajya Sabha is chosen indirectly through the state Legislative Assemblies, and has a staggered six-yéar term. éach state sends members to the Rajya Sabha in a proportion of its population. The 545-member Lok Sabha is directly elected (Some séats are reserved for Caste based system) by popular vote for a five-yéar term (except two nominated Anglo-Indian members), and is the determinative constituent of political power and government formation. Universal adulthood suffrage is guaranteed by the Constitution for citizens above 18 yéars of age.  
The executive arm consists of the présidént, Vice-présidént, and the [[Council of Ministers]] (the [[Cabinet]] being its executive committee) héaded by the Prime Minister. Any minister holding a portfolio must be a member of either house of parliament. In the Indian parliamentary system, the executive is subordinate to the legislature.

India's independent judiciary consists of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], héaded by the [[Chief Justice of India]]. The Supreme Court has both original jurisdiction over disputes between states and the Centre, and appellate jurisdiction over the eighteen [[High Courts of India]], and additionally, the power to declare Union and state laws null and void if in conflict with the Constitution.<ref name="Manorama">{{cite book | first = K.M. | last = Matthew | title = Manorama Yearbook 2003 | publisher = [[Malayala Manorama]] | year = 2006 | id = ISBN 81-89004-07-7 | pages = pg 524 }}</ref>

== Pulitik ==
{{main2|Pulitik India|Hubungan luar nagri India}}

For most of its independent history, India has been ruled by the [[Indian National Congress]]. The party enjoyed a parliamentary majority barring two brief periods during the 1970s and late 1980s. This rule was interrupted between 1977 to 1980, when the [[Janata Party]] coalition won the election owing to public discontent with the [[Indian Emergency|"Emergency"]] declared by the then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]. The [[Janata Dal]] won elections in 1989, but its government managed to hold on to power for only two yéars. Between 1996 and 1998, there was a period of political flux with the government being formed first by the right-of-centre, nationalist [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) followed by a left-léaning [[United Front (India)|United Front]] coalition. In 1998, the BJP formed the [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) with smaller regional parties, and became the first non-Congress and coalition government to complete a full five-yéar term. The [[Indian general elections, 2004|2004 Indian elections]] saw the left-léaning Congress party winning the largest number of séats to form a government by léading the [[United Progressive Alliance]], and supported by communist parties and those opposed to the BJP.

Since independence, India has maintained cordial relationships with most nations. It took a léad in the 1950s in advocating the independence of Européan colonies in Africa and Asia. During the [[Cold War]], India tried to maintain its neutrality and was one of the founding members of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. After the [[Sino-Indian War]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]], India's relationship with the [[Soviet Union]] warmed at the expense of ties with the [[United States]] and continued to remain so until the end of the Cold War. India has consistently refused to sign the [[CTBT]] and the [[NPT]] to maintain sovereignty over its nucléar program despite criticism and military sanctions. Recent overtures by the Indian government have strengthened India's relations with United States, China and Pakistan. In the economic sphere, India has close relationships with other developing nations of [[South America]], [[Asia]] and [[Africa]]. In recent yéars, India has played an influential role in the [[SAARC]]. India has been a long time supporter of the [[United Nations]], with over 55,000 [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian military]] and police personnel having served in 35 UN péace keeping operations over four continents <ref name="UN">{{cite web | title = India and the United Nations | url = http://www.un.int/india/india_and_the_un_pkeeping.html | accessdate = April 22 | accessyear = 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504184925/http://www.un.int/india/india_and_the_un_pkeeping.html |date=2006-05-04 }}</ref>. Since the 1990s, India has been considered a [[great power|great or major power]] on the global stage, méaning it has considerable influence on international affairs.

== Babagéan Administratif ==
{{utama|States and territories of India}}

Administratively, India is divided into twenty-eight states (which are further subdivided into [[districts of India|districts]]), and seven [[union territories]] (or territories owned by the Central Government). All states and the union territories of Delhi and Pondicherry have elected governments. The remaining five union territories have centrally-appointed administrators. The states and territories are further divided into 602 districts.

''See also: [[Districts of India]], [[List of Indian districts]]''

{{India states}}

== Géografi ==
{{utama|Géografi India}}

The territory of India constitutes a major portion of the [[Indian subcontinent]], situated on the [[Indian Plate]], the northerly portion of the [[Indo-Australian Plate]], in [[southern Asia]]. India's northern and northéastern states are partially situated in the [[Himalaya|Himalayan Mountain Range]]. The rest of northern, central and éastern India consists of the fertile [[Indo-Gangetic plain]]. In the west, bordering southéast [[Pakistan]], lies the [[Thar Desert]]. The [[South India|southern Indian]] [[Peninsula]] is almost entirely composed of the [[Deccan|Deccan plateau]], which is flanked by two hilly coastal ranges, the [[Western Ghats]] and [[Eastern Ghats]].

India is home to several major rivers, including the [[Ganges|Ganga]], [[Brahmaputra]], [[Yamuna]], [[Godavari]], [[Kaveri]], [[Narmada]], and [[Krishna River|Krishna]]. India has three archipelagos – [[Lakshadweep]] off the southwest coast, the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]-volcanic island chain to the southéast, and the [[Sunderbans]] in the Gangetic delta in West Bengal.

Climate in India varies from [[tropical climate|tropical]] in the south to more [[temperate climate|temperate]] in the Himalayan north, with elevated regions in the north receiving sustained snowfall in winters. India's climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert. The Himalayas, along with the [[Hindu Kush]] mountains in Pakistan, provide a barrier to the cold winds from Central Asia. This keeps most of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations in similar latitudes. The [[Thar Desert]] is responsible for attracting the moisture laden [[southwest monsoon]] winds that provide most of India's rainfall between June and September.

{{see also|Iklim India|Ecoregions of India|Geology of India}}

== Ékonomi ==
{{utama|Ékonomi India}}
The economy of India is the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|fourth largest]] in the world as méasured by [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP), with a [[Gross Domestic Product|GDP]] of US $3.63 [[trillion]]. When méasured in [[United States dollar|USD]] [[exchange rate|exchange-rate]] terms, it is the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|twelfth largest]] in the world, with a GDP of $785.47 billion or Rs 35,34,615 crore in 2005, as calculated by the World Bank.<ref name="India's GDP in 2005">{{cite web|url=http://hindustantimes.com/news/181_1739237,00020008.htm|title="India 12th wealthiest nation in 2005: World Bank"|publisher=[[The Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=2006-07-08}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715123609/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1739237%2C00020008.htm |date=2006-07-15 }}</ref> India is the second fastest growing major economy in the world, with a GDP growth rate of 9.1%, as of the  [[Q1|first quarter]] of 2006. [[Wealth distribution]] in India, a [[developing country]], is fairly uneven, with the top 10% of income groups éarning 33% of all income.<ref name=incomedist>[http://www.indiatogether.org/photo/2003/class.htm "IN PICTURES - Middle Class, or Upper Class? "] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723080711/http://indiatogether.org/photo/2003/class.htm |date=2014-07-23 }}. India Together. <u>Civil Society Information Exchange Pvt. Ltd.</u>. August 2003</ref> India's [[per capita income]] (PPP) of US$&nbsp;3,400 <ref name="CIA">{{cite web | title = CIA Factbook : India | work = CIA Factbook | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html | accessdate = August 14 | accessyear = 2005 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611033144/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html |date=2008-06-11 }}</ref> is ranked [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|122nd]] in the world.

For most of its independent history, India adhered to a ''[[quasi]]''-[[Socialism|socialist]] approach, with strict government control over [[private sector]] participation, [[foreign trade]], and [[foreign direct investment]]. Starting from 1991, India has gradually opened up its markets through [[liberalization|economic reforms]] by reducing government controls on foreign trade and investment. [[Privatization|Privatisation]] of public-owned industries and some sectors to private and foreign players has continued amid political debate.

India has a [[labour force]] of 496.4 million of which 60% is employed in agriculture or agriculture-related industries which contributes to only about 22% of the GDP, 17% in mainstréam industry and 23% in service industries.  India's agricultural produce includes rice, whéat, oilseed, cotton, jute, téa, sugarcane, potatoes. Major industries include textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum and machinery.<ref name="CIA"/>

India's large [[English language|English]] spéaking middle-class has contributed to the country's growth in [[Business Process Outsourcing]] (BPO). It is becoming a major base for US tech companies for future targeted reséarch & development, including the likes of Google, IBM, and Microsoft. All this has helped the services sector to incréase its share of the economy to approximately 50%.

India is also a major exporter of [[financial]], [[research]] and technology services. India's most important trading partners are the [[United States]], [[People's Republic of China|China]], [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Singapore]], [[Hong Kong]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Switzerland]] and [[Belgium]].<ref name="CIA"/>

== Démografis ==
{{utama|Démografis India}}
<!--Warning!  It violates Wikipedia's policy on maintaining a neutral point of view to have just one view of India's racial/ethnic composition.  India's racial and ethnic groups are debated.  The full discussion is on the [[historically-defined racial groups in India]] article.-->

India is the second-most populous country in the world with an estimated 1.1 billion péople in 2006.<ref name="Census">{{cite web | title = Census of India 2001, Data on Religion | work = Census of India | url = http://www.censusindia.net/results/religion_main.html | accessdate = August 14 | accessyear = 2005 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050516234343/http://www.censusindia.net/results/religion_main.html |date=2005-05-16 }}</ref> Language, [[caste]] and religion are determinants of social and political organisation within its diverse population. Although 81.5% of the péople are [[Hinduism|Hindus]], India is also home to the [[Islam by country|second-largest]] population of [[Muslim]]s in the world (12.2%), after [[Indonesia]]. Other religious groups include [[Sikhism|Sikhs]] (2%), [[Christianity|Christians]] (2.33%), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (0.76%), [[Jainism|Jains]] (0.40%), [[Jew]]s, [[Zoroastrians]], [[Ahmadi]]s, and [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'ís]].<ref name="Census"/> The national average literacy rate is 64.4%(with males-75.6% and females-54.2%). The state of [[Kerala]] léads the country with a literacy rate of approximately 94%.

Unlike the [[Race (United States Census)|USA]], [[United Kingdom Census 2001|UK]], and [[Census in Australia|Australian Censuses]], the national Census of India does not recognize racial or ethnic groups within India.<ref>Kumar, Jayant. Census of India. 2001. September 4, 2006. <http://www.censusindia.net/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/ |date=2004-06-16 }}>.</ref>
<!--Warning!  It violates Wikipedia's policy on maintaining a neutral point of view to have just one view of India's racial/ethnic composition.  India's racial and ethnic groups are debated.  The full discussion is on the [[historically-defined racial groups in India]] article.-->

India's biggest [[metropolitan area|metropolitan]] agglomerations are [[Mumbai]] (formerly ''Bombay''), [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]] (formerly ''Calcutta''), [[Chennai]] (formerly ''Madras''), [[Bangalore]] and [[Hyderabad]].  The national [[sex ratio]] is 933 females per 1,000 males and median age is 24.66. India's birth rate is 22.32 births per 1,000.<ref name="Census"/> The total [[fertility rate]] (TFR) for India is above the world average, however the growth rate is showing signs of decréase in [[South India]].

India is home to two major [[Languages of India|linguistic families]]: [[Indo-Aryan]] (spoken by about 74% of the population) and [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] (spoken by about 24%). Other languages spoken in India come from the [[Austro-Asiatic]] and [[Tibeto-Burman]] linguistic families. The Indian constitution recognises 23 official languages.<ref name="languagesofInd">{{cite web | title = Languages of India | work = India image | url = http://indiaimage.nic.in/languages.htm | accessdate = August 14 | accessyear = 2005 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107200105/http://indiaimage.nic.in/languages.htm |date=2006-11-07 }}</ref> [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]] are used by the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] for official purposes, wherein Hindi has a ''de jure'' priority. [[Sanskrit]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] enjoy [[classical language]] status in India <ref name=classicallanguage>[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200409171719.htm "Tamil to be declared classical language"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181730/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200409171719.htm |date=2007-09-30 }}. The Hindu. 17 Sept. 2004</ref>. The number of [[dialects]] in India is as high as 1,652.<ref name="Manorama"/>
<!--Warning!  It violates Wikipedia's policy on maintaining a neutral point of view to have just one view of India's racial/ethnic composition.  India's racial and ethnic groups are debated.  The full discussion is on the [[historically-defined racial groups in India]] article.-->

== Budaya ==
{{utama|Budaya India}}
[[Gambar:Taj Mahal in March 2004.jpg|thumb|270px|right|The [[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]] is India's most popular tourist destination.]]
India has a rich and unique cultural heritage, and has managed to preserve its established traditions throughout history whilst absorbing customs, traditions and idéas from both invaders and immigrants. Many cultural practices, languages, customs and monuments are examples of this co-mingling over centuries. Famous monuments, such as the [[Taj Mahal]] and other examples of [[Islamic architecture|Islamic-inspired architecture]] have been inherited from the Mughal dynasty. These are the result of a syncretic tradition that combined elements from all parts of the country.

<!--[[Image:Thanjavur_temple.jpg|thumb|200px|left|The magnificent [[Brihadisvara Temple]], built 1000 years ago.]]-->
[[Music of India|Indian music]] is represented in a wide variety of forms. The two main forms of [[Indian classical music|classical music]] are ''[[Carnatic music|Carnatic]]'' from [[South India]], and ''[[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]]'' from [[North India]], éach of which has several popular sub classes. Popular forms of music also prevail, the most notable being [[Filmi music]]. In addition to this are the diverse traditions of [[Indian folk music|folk music]] from different parts of the country. Many [[Indian classical dance|classical dance forms]] exist, including the [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Kathakali]], [[Kathak]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Odissi]], and [[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]]. They often have a narrative form and are usually infused with devotional and spiritual elements.

The éarliest [[Indian literature|literary traditions]] in India were mostly oral, and were later transcribed. Most of these are represented by sacred works like the [[Vedas]] and the epics of the [[Mahabharata]] and [[Ramayana]]. [[Sangam]] literature from Tamil Nadu represents some of India's oldest traditions. There have been many notable modérn Indian writers, both in Indian languages and [[Indian Writing in English|in English]]. Millions of ancient handwritten manuscripts have been identified and classified. India's only [[Nobel Prize for Literature|Nobel laureate in literature]] was the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] writer [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. India is the third largest newspaper market in Asia with an estimated circulation of at léast 66 million copies daily in 2003.

The nation also produces the world's second largest number of motion pictures every yéar. The most recognisable face is that of cinema production based in Mumbai, which produces mainly commercial Hindi films, often referred to as "[[Bollywood]]". There are also strong cinema industries based on the [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages.
[[Gambar:Babasteve-View of Varanasi from the Ganges.jpg|thumb|270px|right|[[Varanasi]]
, the religious and cultural center of India for thousands of yéars is the oldest living city in the world and is considered as one of the most sacred places of [[pilgrimage]] for [[Hindus]] irrespective of denomination.<ref name=Varanasicity>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc.aspx?DOCID=1P1:79293885&num=4&ctrlInfo=Round20%3AMode20b%3ADocG%3AResult&ao=&FreePremium=BOTH "Oldest Holy city"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029134626/http://www.highbeam.com/doc.aspx?DOCID=1P1:79293885&num=4&ctrlInfo=Round20%3AMode20b%3ADocG%3AResult&ao=&FreePremium=BOTH |date=2006-10-29 }}</ref>]]
Religious practices of various faiths are an integral part of everyday life in society. Religion in India is a very public affair, with many practices imbued with pomp and vitality accompanying their underlying spiritual qualities. Education is highly regarded by members of every socio-economic stratum. Traditional Indian family values are highly respected, and considered sacred, although urban families have grown to prefer a nucléar family system, owing to the socio-economic constraints imposed by the traditional [[joint family]] system.

The [[cuisine of India]] is  diverse, as ingredients, spices and cooking methods vary from region to region. Rice and whéat are the staple foods in the country. The country is notable for its wide variety of [[vegetarian]] and non-vegetarian [[wikibooks:Cookbook:Cuisine of India|cuisine]]. Spicy food and sweets are popular in India. [[Indian Dress|Traditional dress]] in India gréatly varies across the regions in its colours and styles, and depend on various factors, including climate. Popular styles of dress include the traditional [[sari]] for women and the traditional [[dhoti]] for men.

India's national sport is [[field hockey]], although [[cricket]] is now the ''de facto'' national game. In some states, particularly in the northéast, [[football (soccer)]] is the most popular sport and is widely watched. In recent times, [[tennis]] has gained popularity in India. [[Chess]] is also gaining popularity with the rise of the number of recognised [[International Grandmaster|grandmasters]]. The most commonly held view is that chess originated in India. Traditional indigenous sports include [[kabaddi]]<ref name="rediff">{{cite web | title = India pitches for Olympic kabbadi | work = Rediff.com | url = http://www.rediff.com/sports/2000/aug/30india.htm | accessdate = April 15 | accessyear = 2006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822114658/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2000/aug/30india.htm |date=2006-08-22 }}</ref>, [[Kho Kho]] and [[gilli-danda]], which are played in most parts of the country.

India is also known as a land of féstivals. A melting pot of many religions, India has a rich diversity of [[Indian festivals|festivals]], many of which are celebrated irrespective of caste and creed. The most widely known and popular celebrations include the Hindu féstivals of [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], [[Pongal]] and [[Dussehra]] and the Muslim celebration of [[Eid]]. A number of féstivals are common to most parts of India; however, they may be called by different names in the various parts of the country or may be celebrated in a different fashion and style.

== Tempo ogé ==
{{Topics related to India}}
{{India ties}}

== Catetan jeung rujukan ==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|India.ogg|2006-03-07}}
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== Tumbu luar ==
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{{sisterlinks|India}}
<!--PLEASE ADD SITES RELATING TO INDIA AS A WHOLE. EXTERNAL LINKS PERTAINING TO SPECIFICS SHOULD BE PLACED IN THE CORRESPONDING ARTICLES. -->
; '''Pamaréntahan''' 
* [http://india.gov.in/ Official portal of the Government of India]
* [http://www.nic.in Government of India Directory] — Directory of Central and State government websites

; '''Séjénna'''
<!-- Include ONLY links that pertain to India as a whole. Maps are linked from the country's latitude/longitude. -->
* {{wikivoyage|India}}
* {{wikia|india|India}}
* [http://www.britannica.com/nations/India Encyclopaedia Britannica, India - Country Page]
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html CIA World Factbook article on India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611033144/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html |date=2008-06-11 }}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/country_profiles/1154019.stm BBC Country Profile on India]

{{Asia}}

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