Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Éstrogén

[[Gambar:Estriol.svg|thumb|[[Éstriol]]. Cirikeun dua gugus [[hidroksil]] (-OH) nu kabeungkeut ku cingcin D (cingcin paling katuhu).]]
[[Gambar:Estradiol.svg|thumb|[[Éstradiol]]. Cirikeun hiji gugus [[hidroksil]] nu kabeungkeut ku cingcin D. Suku kecap 'di' nujul ka ieu hidroksil jeung nu na cingcin A (paling kénca).]]
[[Gambar:Estrone structure.svg|thumb|[[Éstron]]. Cirikeun gugus [[keton]] (=O) nu kabeungkeut kana cingcin D.]]
'''Éstrogén''' ('''estrogen''', '''oestrogen''' atawa '''œstrogen''') nyaéta hiji golongan sanyawaan [[stéroid]] nu penting dina [[daur éstrus]] salaku [[hormon]] [[baga-purusa|séks]] utama [[bikang|wanoja]].

Éstrogén dipaké salaku bagian dina sababaraha [[kombinasi pél kontrasépsi|kontrasépsi oral]], terapi gaganti éstrogén pikeun istri [[ménopauseu|balangantrang]], sarta dina [[terapi gaganti hormon (trans)|terapi hormon]] pikeun istri cacad kelamin.

Sakumaha galibna [[hormon stéroid]], éstrogén bisa [[difusi|nembus]] [[mémbran sél]]; di jero sél, éstrogén bisa interaksi jeung [[reséptor éstrogén]].<ref>Nussey and Whitehead: ''[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=endocrin.TOC&depth=10 Endocrinology, an integrated approach]'', Taylor and Francis 2001</ref>

== Tipeu éstrogén ==
Éstrogén alami anu utama nyaéta [[éstradiol]], [[éstriol]], jeung [[éstron]], dijieun tina [[androgén]] ngagunakeun [[énzim]]. 
* Ti mimiti kareseban nepi ka ménopauseu, éstrogén nu utama nyaéta [[éstradiol|17-β-éstradiol]]. Pikeun istri balangantrang nu dominan téh éstron. 
* Éstradiol dihasilkeun tina [[téstostéron]], sedengkeun éstron tina [[androsténédion]]. 
* Éstron leuwih lemah batan éstradiol.

Sababaraha zat sintétik jeung alami geus dilaporkeun mibanda aktivitas éstrogénik.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Fang H, Tong W, Shi L, Blair R, Perkins R, Branham W, Hass B, Xie Q, Dial S, Moland C, Sheehan D | title = Structure-activity relationships for a large diverse set of natural, synthetic, and environmental estrogens. | journal = Chem Res Toxicol | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 280-94 | year = 2001 | id = PMID 11258977}}</ref> Zat sintétik kawas kieu disebutna [[xénoéstrogén]], sedengkeun nu asalna tina [[tutuwuhan]] disebut [[fitoéstrogén]].<!--

==Estrogen production==
Estrogen is produced primarily by developing [[ovarian follicle|follicles]] in the ovaries, the [[corpus luteum]], and the [[placenta]]. [[Follicle-stimulating hormone]] (FSH) and [[luteinizing hormone]] (LH) stimulate the production of estrogen in the [[ovary|ovaries]]. Some estrogens are also produced in smaller amounts by other tissues such as the [[liver]], [[adrenal gland]]s, and the [[breast]]s. These secondary sources of estrogen are especially important in postmenopausal women.

Synthesis of estrogens starts in [[theca interna]] cells in the ovary, by the synthesis of androstenedione from [[cholesterol]]. Androstenedione is a substance of moderate androgenic activity. This compound crosses the [[basal membrane]] into the surrounding [[granulosa cell]]s, where it is converted to estrone or estradiol, either immediately or through testosterone. The conversion of testosterone to estradiol, and of androstenedione to estrone, is catalyzed by the enzyme [[aromatase]].

==Functions==
While estrogens are present in both [[man|men]] and [[woman|women]], they are usually present at significantly higher levels in women of reproductive age. They promote the development of female [[secondary sex characteristic]]s, such as breasts, and are also involved in the thickening of the [[endometrium]] and other aspects of regulating the [[menstrual cycle]]. In males estrogen regulates certain functions of the reproductive system important to the maturation of sperm. <ref>http://www.scienceblog.com/community/older/1997/B/199701564.html</ref> <ref>http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc97/12_6_97/fob1.htm</ref> and may be necessary for a healthy libido <ref>http://www.phimr.monash.edu.au/news/media_releases/estrogen_vital_for_male_sex_drive.htm - 20k </ref>.

Estradiol levels vary through the menstrual cycle, with levels highest just before [[ovulation]].

*Structural
** promote formation of female secondary sex characteristics
** accelerate [[height]] growth
** accelerate [[metabolism]] (burn fat)
** reduce [[muscle]] mass
** [[morphic]] change ([[endomorphic]] -> [[mesomorphic]] -> [[ectomorphic]])
** stimulate [[endometrium|endometrial]] growth
** increase [[uterus|uterine]] growth
** maintenance of vessel and skin
** reduce [[bone resorption]], increase bone formation
*[[protein]] synthesis
** increase hepatic production of binding proteins
*[[coagulation]]
** increase circulating level of factors 2,7,9,10, [[antithrombin]] III, [[plasmin]]ogen
** increase [[platelet]] adhesiveness
*Lipid
** increase [[high density lipoprotein|HDL]], [[triglyceride]], [[height]] growth
** decrease [[low density lipoprotein|LDL]], [[fat]] depositition
*Fluid balance
** salt and water retention
** increase [[growth hormone]]
** increase [[cortisol]], [[SHBG]]
*gastrointestinal tract
** reduce bowel motility
** increase cholesterol in [[bile]]
*Melanin
** increase [[pheomelanin]], reduce [[eumelanin]]
*Cancer
** About 80% of [[breast cancer]]s, once established, rely on supplies of the hormone estrogen to grow: they are known as [[hormone-sensitive]] or [[hormone-receptor-positive]] cancers.<ref>http://www.breastcancer.org/tre_sys_hrt_idx.html</ref> Suppression of production in the body of estrogen is a treatment for these cancers.

Studies have found better correlation between sexual desire and androgen levels than for estrogen levels.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Warnock JK, Swanson SG, Borel RW, Zipfel LM, Brennan JJ. | title=Combined esterified estrogens and methyltestosterone versus esterified estrogens alone in the treatment of loss of sexual interest in surgically menopausal women | journal=Menopause | volume=12 | issue=4 | year=2005 | pages=374-84 | id=PMID 16037752 }}</ref>

In studies involving mice and rats, it was found that lung function may be improved by estrogen. In one study involving 16 animals, female mice that had their ovaries removed to deprive them of estrogen lost 45 percent of their working [[alveoli]] from their lungs. Upon receiving estrogen, the mice recovered full lung function.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Massaro D, Massaro GD | title=Estrogen regulates pulmonary alveolar formation, loss, and regeneration in mice | journal=American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology | volume=287 | issue=6 | year=2004 | pages=L1154-9 | id=PMID 15298854 url=http://ajplung.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/287/6/L1154 }}</ref>

==Medical applications==
Since estrogen circulating in the blood can [[negative feedback|negatively feed-back]] to reduce circulating levels of FSH and LH, most oral contraceptives contain a synthetic estrogen, along with a synthetic [[progestin]].

In [[hormone replacement therapy]], estrogen and other hormones are given to [[postmenopausal]] women in order to prevent [[osteoporosis]] as well as treat the symptoms of menopause such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness, urinary stress incontinence, chilly sensations, dizziness, fatigue, irritability, and sweating.  Fractures of the spine, wrist, and hips decrease by 50-70% and spinal bone density increases by ~5% in those women treated with estrogen within 3 years of the onset of menopause and for 5-10 years thereafter.  Standard therapy is 0.625 mg/day of conjugated estrogens (such as is in Premarin), but the dose can range from 0.3 mg/day to 1.25 mg/day. Estrogen replacement therapy also has favorable effects on serum cholesterol levels and is claimed to dramatically reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease.  There are, however, risks associated with estrogen therapy.  Among the older postmenopausal women studied as part of the [[Women's Health Initiative]] (WHI), an orally-administered estrogen supplement has been associated with an increased risk of dangerous [[blood clotting]]. The WHI studies used one type of estrogen supplement, a high oral dose of conjugated equine estrogens ([[Premarin]] alone and with Provera as ''PremPro'').<ref>[http://www.nih.gov/PHTindex.htm Menopausal Hormone Therapy Information] - [[NIH]]</ref> Research is underway to determine if risks of estrogen supplement use are the same for all methods of delivery. In particular, estrogen applied [[topical]]ly may have a different spectrum of side-effects than when administered orally<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16396517&query_hl=55&itool=pubmed_docsum Effects of transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on cardiovascular risk factors (Treat Endocrinol.)] - PMID 16396517</ref>, and transdermal oestrogens do not affect clotting as they are absorbed directly into the systemic circulation, avoiding first-pass metabolism in the liver. This route of administration is thus preferred in women with a history of [[thrombo-embolic disease]].

Estrogen is also used in the therapy of vaginal atrophy, hypoestrogenism (as a result of hypogonadism, castration, or primary ovarian failure), amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and oligomenorrhea.  Estrogens can also be used to suppress [[lactation]] after child birth.

[[Hormone-receptor-positive]] breast cancers are treated with drugs which suppress production in the body of estrogen.<ref>[http://www.breastcancer.org/tre_sys_hrt_idx.htmlHormonal Therapy] - breastcancer.org</ref> This technique, in the context of treatment of breast cancer, is known variously as [[hormonal therapy]], hormone therapy, or [[anti-estrogen therapy]] (not to be confused with hormone replacement therapy). Certain foods such as soy may also suppress the effects of estrogen and are used as an alternative to hormone therapy.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Kurzer | first = Mindy S. | title = Hormonal Effects of Soy in Premenopausal Women and Men | journal = J. Nutr. | volume = 132 | issue = 3 | pages = 570-573 | date = 2002 | url = http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/132/3/570S | id = PMID 11880595 | accessdate = 2007-03-27}}</ref>

At one time, estrogen was used to induce [[growth attenuation]] in tall girls<ref>Joyce M. Lee and Joel D. Howell. [http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/160/10/1035 Tall Girls: The Social Shaping of a Medical Therapy] ''Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine'', Vol. 160 No. 10, October 2006.</ref>. Recently, estrogen-induced growth attenuation was used as part of the controversial [[Ashley Treatment]] to keep a [[developmentally disabled]] girl from growing to adult size<ref>Daniel F. Gunther and Douglas S. Diekema. [http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/160/10/1013 Attenuating Growth in Children With Profound Developmental Disability]. ''Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine'', Vol. 160 No. 10, October 2006.</ref>.

Under certain circumstances, estrogen may also be used in males for treatment of [[prostate cancer]].<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15046698&dopt=Abstract The evolving role of estrogen therapy in prostate cancer (Clin. Prostate Cancer.)] PMID 15046698</ref>

Most recently, estrogen has been used in experimental research as a way to treat patients suffering from [[bulimia nervosa]], as opposed to [[Cognitive Behavioral Therapy]], which is a typical method of treatment in bulimia cases. The research hypothesizes that the disease may be linked to a hormonal imbalance in the brain, giving rise to the use of estrogen in the experimental treatment.<ref>[http://ki.se/ki/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=130&a=22684&l=en&newsdep=130 Bulimia May Result from Hormonal Imbalance]</ref>

Estrogen has also been used in studies which indicate that it may be an effective drug for use in the treatment of traumatic liver injury.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Hsieh | first = Ya-Ching| | coauthors = Huang-Ping Yu et. al | title = G Protein-Coupled Receptor 30-Dependent Protein Kinase A Pathway Is Critical in Nongenomic Effects of Estrogen in Attenuating Liver Injury after Trauma-Hemorrhage | journal = Am. J. Pathol. | volume = 170 | issue 4 | pages = 1210-1218 | date = 2007-04-01 | url = http://ajp.amjpathol.org/cgi/content/abstract/170/4/1210 | id = PMID 17392161 | doi = 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060883 | accessdate = 2007-04-03}}</ref>

==Health risks and warning labels==
The labeling of estrogen-only products in the U.S. includes a [[black box warning|boxed warning]] that unopposed estrogen (without [[progestagen]]) therapy increases the risk of [[endometrial cancer]].

Based on a review of data from the WHI, on January 8, 2003 the FDA changed the labeling of all estrogen and estrogen with progestin products for use by postmenopausal women to include a new boxed warning about cardiovascular and other risks. The estrogen-alone substudy of the WHI reported an increased risk of [[stroke]] and [[deep vein thrombosis]] (DVT) in postmenopausal women 50 years of age or older and an increased risk of [[dementia]] in postmenopausal women 65 years of age or older using 0.625 mg of Premarin conjugated equine estrogens (CEE). The estrogen-plus-progestin substudy of the WHI reported an increased risk of [[myocardial infarction]], stroke, invasive breast cancer, [[pulmonary emboli]] and DVT in postmenopausal women 50 years of age or older and an increased risk of dementia in postmenopausal women 65 years of age or older using 0.625 mg of CEE with 2.5 mg of the progestin [[medroxyprogesterone acetate]] (MPA).<ref name=fdanewlabel>{{cite web |author=FDA |title=FDA Approves New Labels for Estrogen and Estrogen with Progestin Therapies for Postmenopausal Women Following Review of Women's Health Initiative Data |url=http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2003/NEW00863.html |date=2003, Jan 8 |accessdate=2006-10-26}}</ref><ref name="Times">{{cite web |last=Kolata |first=Gina |title = F.D.A. Orders Warning on All Estrogen Labels |publisher=The New York Times |date=2003, Jan 9 |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9C00E0DD103EF93AA35752C0A9659C8B63 |accessdate=2006-10-26}}</ref><ref name="Medline">{{cite web | date=2006, Apr 1 |author=NLM |title=IMPORTANT WARNING |work=Drug Information: Estrogen |publisher=MedlinePlus |url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682922.html |accessdate=2006-10-26}}</ref>

==Estrogens in cosmetics==
Some hair [[shampoo]]s on the market include estrogens and placental extracts; others contain phytoestrogens. There are case reports of young children developing breasts after exposure to these shampoos. The [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] is aware of these reports but does not consider them of concern to consumers.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/17/science/17puberty.html Preschool Puberty, and a Search for the Causes], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 17 October 2006.</ref> These products are especially popular with African-American consumers.<ref>[http://www.nobreastcyst.com/shampoo.html Shampoos Contain Large Clinical Doses of Estrogen that Will Cause Breast Cysts], ''New Scientist'', April 03, 2002</ref><ref>Su-Ting ''et al.'' Hormone-Containing Hair Product Use in Prepubertal Children. ''Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine'', vol 156, p. 85. January 2002. PMID 11772198</ref>

On September 9, 1993, the FDA determined that not all topically-applied hormone-containing drug products for [[over-the-counter drug|OTC]] human use are generally recognized as safe and effective and are misbranded. An accompanying proposed rule deals with cosmetics, concluding that any use of natural estrogens in a cosmetic product makes the product an unapproved new drug and that any cosmetic using the term "hormone" in the text of its labeling or in its ingredient statement makes an implied drug claim, subjecting such a product to regulatory action.<ref name="FDA cosmetics">{{cite web |author=FDA | date=1995, Feb |title=Products containing estrogenic hormones, placental extract or vitamins |work=Guide to Inspections of Cosmetic Product Manufacturers |url=http://www.fda.gov/ora/inspect_ref/igs/cosmet.html |accessdate=2006-10-24}}</ref>

In addition to being considered misbranded drugs, products claiming to contain placental extract may also be deemed to be misbranded cosmetics if the extract has been prepared from placentas from which the hormones and other biologically active substances have been removed and the extracted substance consists principally of protein. The FDA recommends that this substance be identified by a name other than "placental extract" and describing its composition more accurately because consumers associate the name "placental extract" with a therapeutic use of some biological activity.<ref name="FDA cosmetics"/>

==History==
The existence and effects of estrogen were established from 1923 to 1938 in which the formulation was led by a group of scientists instead of pharmaceutical companies. Thereafter, the market for hormonal drug research opened up.

The “first orally effective estrogen”, Emmenin, derived from the late-pregnancy urine of Canadian women, was introduced in 1930 by Collip and Ayerst Laboratories . Estrogens are not water-soluble and cannot be given orally, but the urine was found to contain estriol [[glucuronide]] which is water soluble and becomes active in the body after [[hydrolization]].

Scientists continued to search for new sources of estrogen because of concerns associated with the practicality of introducing the drug into the market. At the same time, a German pharmaceutical drug company, formulated a similar product as Emmenin that was introduced to German women to treat menopausal symptoms.

In 1938, British scientists obtained a patent on a newly formulated nonsteroidal estrogen, [[Diethylstilbestrol]] (DES), that was cheaper and more powerful than the previously manufactured estrogens. Soon after, concerns over the side effects of DES were raised in scientific journals while the drug manufacturers came together to lobby for governmental approval of DES. It was only until 1941 when estrogen therapy was finally approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. <ref>{{cite web | author=Rothenberg, Carla J. | title= The Rise and Fall of Estrogen Therapy: The History of HRT |date=2005-04-25 | url= http://leda.law.harvard.edu/leda/data/711/Rothenberg05.pdf |accessdate=2006-10-27 }}</ref>

==See Also==
*[[List of steroid abbreviations]]
-->
== Rujukan ==
*Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris. ''[[:en:Estrogen|Estrogen]]''. Dicutat 18 Séptémber 2007.
{{reflist}}

== Baca ogé ==
*[[Bikang]]
*[[Éndokrinologi]]
*[[Éstradiol]]
*[[Progéstéron]]
*[[Progéstin]]

== Tumbu kaluar ==
* {{MedlinePlusDrugInfo|medmaster|a682922}}
*Nussey and Whitehéad: ''[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=endocrin.TOC&depth=10 Endocrinology, an integrated approach]'', Taylor and Francis 2001. Free online textbook.

{{Hormon}}

{{pondok}}

[[Kategori:Stéroid]]
[[Kategori:Éstrogén]]