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European seabass habitats include [[estuary|estuaries]], [[lagoon]]s, coastal waters, and rivers. It is found in a large part of the eastern [[Atlantic Ocean]], from southern [[Norway]] to [[Senegal]]. It can also be found in the entire [[Mediterranean Sea]] and in the southern [[Black Sea]] but is absent from the [[Baltic sea]].<ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021" /> It has entered the [[Red Sea]] through the [[Suez Canal]] as an [[Lessepsian migration|anti-Lessepsian migrant]].<ref name = Chanet>{{cite journal | author1 = Bruno Chanet| author2 = Martine Desoutter-Meniger | author3 = Sergey V. Bogorodsky | year = 2012 | title = Range extension of Egyptian sole ''Solea aegyptiaca'' (Soleidae: Pleuronectiformes), in the Red Sea | url = http://sfi.mnhn.fr/cybium/numeros/2012/364/17-Chanet764N.pdf | journal = Cybium | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 581–584}}</ref> It is a seasonally [[Fish migration|migratory]] species, moving further winter spawning grounds during at least one month before moving towards their summer feeding areas.<ref>[https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/publication-2401.pdf Seabass fisheries study by [[IFREMER]] | February 2007]</ref>
European seabass habitats include [[estuary|estuaries]], [[lagoon]]s, coastal waters, and rivers. It is found in a large part of the eastern [[Atlantic Ocean]], from southern [[Norway]] to [[Senegal]]. It can also be found in the entire [[Mediterranean Sea]] and in the southern [[Black Sea]] but is absent from the [[Baltic sea]].<ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021" /> It has entered the [[Red Sea]] through the [[Suez Canal]] as an [[Lessepsian migration|anti-Lessepsian migrant]].<ref name = Chanet>{{cite journal | author1 = Bruno Chanet| author2 = Martine Desoutter-Meniger | author3 = Sergey V. Bogorodsky | year = 2012 | title = Range extension of Egyptian sole ''Solea aegyptiaca'' (Soleidae: Pleuronectiformes), in the Red Sea | url = http://sfi.mnhn.fr/cybium/numeros/2012/364/17-Chanet764N.pdf | journal = Cybium | volume = 36 | issue = 4 | pages = 581–584}}</ref> It is a seasonally [[Fish migration|migratory]] species, moving further winter spawning grounds during at least one month before moving towards their summer feeding areas.<ref>[https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/publication-2401.pdf Seabass fisheries study by [[IFREMER]] | February 2007]</ref>


== Ishrana i ponašanje ==
==Diet and behaviour==
[[File:Dicentrarchus labrax sea bass in their marine cycle.png|thumb|European bass in their maritime life cycle]]
[[File:Dicentrarchus labrax sea bass in their marine cycle.png|thumb|250px|Evropski lubin u njihovom pomorskom životnom ciklusu]]


The European seabass hunts as much during the day as it does at night, feeding on small fish, [[polychaete]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Cristopher |last1=Glasby |first2=Tarmo |last2=Timm |year=2008 |title=Global diversity of polychaetes (Polychaeta: Annelida) in freshwater |journal=[[Hydrobiologia]] |volume=595 |issue=1: Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment |pages=107–115 |doi=10.1007/s10750-007-9008-2 |citeseerx=10.1.1.655.4467 |s2cid=13143924 |editor1=E. V. Balian |editor2=C. Lévêque |editor3=H. Segers |editor4=K. Martens }}</ref> [[cephalopod]]s,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cephbase.eol.org/ |title=Welcome to CephBase |work=CephBase |access-date=29 January 2016 |archive-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112225313/http://cephbase.eol.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bartol |first1=I. K. |last2=Mann |first2=R. |last3=Vecchione |first3=M. |year=2002 |title=Distribution of the euryhaline squid ''Lolliguncula brevis'' in Chesapeake Bay: effects of selected abiotic factors |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |volume=226 |pages=235–247 |doi=10.3354/meps226235 |bibcode=2002MEPS..226..235B |doi-access=free }}</ref> and [[crustacean]]s.<ref name="Rota-Stabelli2010">{{cite journal |first1= Omar |last1= Rota-Stabelli |first2=Ehsan |last2= Kayal |first3= Dianne |last3= Gleeson |first4= Jennifer |last4= Daub |first5= Jeffrey L.| last5= Boore |first6= Maximilian J.| last6= Telford |first7= Davide |last7= Pisani |first8= Mark |last8= Blaxter |first9= Dennis V. |last9= Lavrov |display-authors= 3 |year=2010 |title=Ecdysozoan Mitogenomics: Evidence for a Common Origin of the Legged Invertebrates, the Panarthropoda |journal=[[Genome Biology and Evolution]] |volume=2 |pages=425–440 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evq030 |pmid=20624745 |pmc=2998192 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2010-03-01|title=Arthropod phylogeny revisited, with a focus on crustacean relationships| url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1467803909000553|journal=Arthropod Structure & Development |language=en |volume= 39| issue=2–3|pages=88–110|doi=10.1016/j.asd.2009.10.003|issn=1467-8039| last1= Koenemann |first1= Stefan |last2= Jenner |first2= Ronald A.| last3= Hoenemann| first3=Mario|last4=Stemme|first4=Torben|last5=von Reumont|first5=Björn M. |display-authors= 3 |pmid= 19854296}}</ref> The big fish weighing more than {{convert|4|kg|lb|abbr=on}} are mostly night hunters.
Evropski lubin lovi koliko tokom dana, toliko i noću, hraneći se malom ribom, [[polychaete|polihetama]],<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Cristopher |last1=Glasby |first2=Tarmo |last2=Timm |year=2008 |title=Global diversity of polychaetes (Polychaeta: Annelida) in freshwater |journal=[[Hydrobiologia]] |volume=595 |issue=1: Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment |pages=107–115 |doi=10.1007/s10750-007-9008-2 |citeseerx=10.1.1.655.4467 |s2cid=13143924 |editor1=E. V. Balian |editor2=C. Lévêque |editor3=H. Segers |editor4=K. Martens }}</ref> [[cephalopod|glavonošcima]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cephbase.eol.org/ |title=Welcome to CephBase |work=CephBase |access-date=29 January 2016 |archive-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112225313/http://cephbase.eol.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bartol |first1=I. K. |last2=Mann |first2=R. |last3=Vecchione |first3=M. |year=2002 |title=Distribution of the euryhaline squid ''Lolliguncula brevis'' in Chesapeake Bay: effects of selected abiotic factors |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |volume=226 |pages=235–247 |doi=10.3354/meps226235 |bibcode=2002MEPS..226..235B |doi-access=free }}</ref> i [[crustacean|rakovima]].<ref name="Rota-Stabelli2010">{{cite journal |first1= Omar |last1= Rota-Stabelli |first2=Ehsan |last2= Kayal |first3= Dianne |last3= Gleeson |first4= Jennifer |last4= Daub |first5= Jeffrey L.| last5= Boore |first6= Maximilian J.| last6= Telford |first7= Davide |last7= Pisani |first8= Mark |last8= Blaxter |first9= Dennis V. |last9= Lavrov |display-authors= 3 |year=2010 |title=Ecdysozoan Mitogenomics: Evidence for a Common Origin of the Legged Invertebrates, the Panarthropoda |journal=[[Genome Biology and Evolution]] |volume=2 |pages=425–440 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evq030 |pmid=20624745 |pmc=2998192 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2010-03-01|title=Arthropod phylogeny revisited, with a focus on crustacean relationships| url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1467803909000553|journal=Arthropod Structure & Development |language=en |volume= 39| issue=2–3|pages=88–110|doi=10.1016/j.asd.2009.10.003|issn=1467-8039| last1= Koenemann |first1= Stefan |last2= Jenner |first2= Ronald A.| last3= Hoenemann| first3=Mario|last4=Stemme|first4=Torben|last5=von Reumont|first5=Björn M. |display-authors= 3 |pmid= 19854296}}</ref> Velike ribe koje teže više od {{convert|4|kg|lb|abbr=on}} su uglavnom noćni lovci. One se mreste se od februara do juna,<ref>[https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dicentrarchus_labrax/ Seabass | University of Michigan Museum of Zoology]</ref> uglavnom u priobalskim vodama. Kao mlade su pelagične, ali kako se razvijaju, sele se u estuare, gde ostaju godinu ili dve.<ref>The Pocket Guide to Saltwater Fishes of Britain and Europe</ref>
They spawn from February to June,<ref>[https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dicentrarchus_labrax/ Seabass | University of Michigan Museum of Zoology]</ref> mostly in inshore waters. As fry they are pelagic, but as they develop, they move into estuaries, where they stay for a year or two.<ref>The Pocket Guide to Saltwater Fishes of Britain and Europe</ref>


==Fisheries and aquaculture==
==Fisheries and aquaculture==

Верзија на датум 21. мај 2023. у 02:28

Шаблон:Short description

Lubin
Lubin (Dicentrarchus labrax)
Lubin (Dicentrarchus labrax)
Naučna klasifikacija edit
Domen: Eukaryota
Carstvo: Animalia
Tip: Chordata
Klasa: Actinopterygii
Red: Perciformes
Porodica: Moronidae
Rod: Dicentrarchus
Vrsta:
D. labrax
Binomno ime
Dicentrarchus labrax
Sinonimi
kliknite za proširenje
  • Perca labrax Linnaeus, 1758
  • Labrax labrax (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Morone labrax (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Roccus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Sciaena labrax (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Sciaena diacantha Bloch, 1792
  • Labrax diacanthus (Bloch, 1792)
  • Perca diacantha (Bloch, 1792)
  • Centropomus lupus Lacepède, 1802
  • Dicentrarchus lupus (Lacepède, 1802)
  • Labrax lupus (Lacepède, 1802)
  • Centropomus mullus Lacepède, 1802
  • Perca elongata É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817
  • Dicentrarchus elongatus (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)
  • Labrax elongatus (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)
  • Perca sinuosa É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817
  • Labrax vulgaris Guérin-Méneville, 1829-38
  • Labrax linnei Malm, 1877

Lubin (lat. Dicentrarchus labrax) pripada porodici lubina (Moronidae). Uz obalu Jadrana dobio je tridesetak sličnih i različitih imena. Najrasprostranjeniji naziv je lubin, reč latinskog porekla koja vuče koren iz reči lupus, što znači vuk. Od češćih imena pojavljuju se agač, levrek, brancin, dut, luben, smudut, morski grgeč i dr. Lubin može da naraste do jednog metra dužine, i da dostigne težinu od 14 kg. Po svom izgledu lubin je tipičan grabežljivac. Čvrste je građe, robustan, ali istovremeno izdužene i elegantne linije tela. Pliva vrlo brzo. Glava mu je srednje veličine, s nesrazmerno velikim ustima, na kojima je donja usna blago isturena. Lubin nema velike zube, ali su brojni i veoma oštri. Na škržnom poklopcu ima nekoliko jakih bodlji. Telo lubina pokriveno je malim ljuskama, svetle je olovnosive boje što po stranama prelazi u sivosrebrnastu, a dole u srebrnsto belu. Iznad škržnog poklopca na telu ima crnkastu mrlju. Mladi, a ponekad i odrasli, su gore i po stranama crno istačkani.

Prisutan je uzduž čitave jadranske obale i to na svakoj vrsti dna, u mutnom, slankastom i bistrom, slanom moru. Najčešće se pronalazi oko ušća reka i uvala gde se oseća prisustvo slatke vode iz podmorskih izvora. Obitava u blizini obale, pretežno na malim dubinama od 2 do 5 metara, iako može da ode i do 80 metara u dubinu. Zalazi i duboko u rečne tokove. Vrlo je grabežljiv, radoznao i proždrljiv. Hrani se svim i svačim i nije nimalo probirljiv. Po prirodi je mesožder i najrađe jede kozice, mlade ciple, jeguljice, gavune i olige. Ali ako dođe do nestašice uobičajene hrane, lubin će posegnuti i za algama. Isto tako je poznat kao vrlo lukava i oprezna riba. Živi u malim grupama ili pojedinačno. U vreme mrešćenja skuplja se u jata. Mresti se krajem jeseni i u prvoj polovini zime.

Lovi se lakim mamcem, prutom s koturom, laganim parangalom, a veći primerci se ubijaju harpunom. Za meku (mamac) se koristi crv, crvić, kozica ili račić. Najpoznatija lovišta su izvan zapadne Istre, Novigradsko more, vode oko severnojadranskih ostrva (Silba, Olib i Pag), Šibenski zaliv s Prokljanom, okolina Splita te ušće Neretve. Meso mu je odličnog okusa i vrlo je traženo. Od njega se može dobiti dobra riblja čorba. Priprema se pečen ili kuvan u čorbi s drugim ribama. Osim u Jadranskom moru, naselja lubina nalaze se uz čitavu obalu Mediterana do istočnih obala Atlantika i sve do obala Severnog i Baltičkog mora. Posebno je čest uz obale Engleske i Irske.[2] Danas se lubin uzgaja u ribogojilištima, a Cenmarovo ribouzgajalište kod Kalima je pionir svetskog ranga u uzgoju ove ribe. Preduzeće Cromaris u čijem je sklopu nekadašnji Cenmar, 2015. je jedan od u deset najvećih svetskih proizvođača brancina.[3]

Taksonomija i filogenija

Ilustracija lubina iz 1877. godine, rad britanskog prirodnjaka Džonatana Kuča.

Vrstu lubin je prvi opisao 1758. goine švedski zoolog Karl Line u njegovom radu Systema Naturae. On mu je dao ime Perca labrax. Vek i po kasnije ova vrsta je klasifikovana pod varijetetom novih sinonima, pri čemu je Dicentrarchus labrax je postao prihvaćeno ime 1987. godine. Ime njegovog roda, Dicentrarchus, izvedeno je iz grčke reči za prisustvo dve analne bodlje, „di” znači dva, „kentron” znači bodlja, i „archos” označava anus. Lubin se prodaje pod mnoštvom imena u različitim jezicima. Na Britanskim ostrvima je poznat kao „evropski bas”, „evropski morski bas”, „obični bas”, „kejpmaut”, „kralj cipli”, „morski bas”, „bela cipla”, „beli losos”, ili jednostavno „bas”.[4]

 
 
 
 
 

M. mississippiensis

 
 

M. chrysops

 
 
 

M. americana

 
 

M. saxatillis

 
 
 

D. punctatus

 
 
 

D. labrax

 
 
Filogenetičko stablo porodice Moronidae na bazib mt-nd6 proteina.[5]

Postoje dve genetički osobene populacije divljeg lubina. Prva je prisutna u severoistočnom Atlanskom okeanu, a druga u zapadnom Mediteranskom moru. Ove dve populacije su razdvojene relativno uskim rastojanjem u regionu poznatom kao Almerijsko-Oranski okeanografski front, lociran istočno od španskog grada Almeríja. Precizan razlog za postojanje ovog razdvajanja nije poznat, jer samo geografsko razdvajanje verovatno nije dovoljan razlog za odsustvo razmene gena između ove dve populacije. Stadijum larve lubina može da traje do 3 meseca, tokom kojeg perioda ova vrsta ne može dobro da pliva, i stoga čak i male količine protoka vode mogu da transportuju neke individue između ta dva regiona. Osom toga, mladi su sposobni da podnesu promene temperature i saliniteta, a odrasli mogu da migriraju na razdaljine od više stotina milja.[6]

Rasprostranjenost i stanište

European seabass habitats include estuaries, lagoons, coastal waters, and rivers. It is found in a large part of the eastern Atlantic Ocean, from southern Norway to Senegal. It can also be found in the entire Mediterranean Sea and in the southern Black Sea but is absent from the Baltic sea.[1] It has entered the Red Sea through the Suez Canal as an anti-Lessepsian migrant.[7] It is a seasonally migratory species, moving further winter spawning grounds during at least one month before moving towards their summer feeding areas.[8]

Ishrana i ponašanje

Evropski lubin u njihovom pomorskom životnom ciklusu

Evropski lubin lovi koliko tokom dana, toliko i noću, hraneći se malom ribom, polihetama,[9] glavonošcima,[10][11] i rakovima.[12][13] Velike ribe koje teže više od 4 kg (8,8 lb) su uglavnom noćni lovci. One se mreste se od februara do juna,[14] uglavnom u priobalskim vodama. Kao mlade su pelagične, ali kako se razvijaju, sele se u estuare, gde ostaju godinu ili dve.[15]

Fisheries and aquaculture

Capture fisheries

Annual catches of wild European seabass are relatively modest, fluctuating between 8,500 and 11,900 tonnes from 2000–2009. Most reported catches originate from the Atlantic Ocean, with France typically reporting the highest catches. In the Mediterranean, Italy used to report the largest catches but has been surpassed by Egypt.[16]

The fish has come under increasing pressure from commercial fishing and became the focus in the United Kingdom of a conservation effort by recreational anglers.[17] The Republic of Ireland has strict laws regarding bass. All commercial fishing for the species is banned, and several restrictions are in place for recreational anglers: a closed season from May 15 – June 15 inclusive every year; a minimum size of 400 mm (16 in); and a bag limit of two fish per day. In a scientific advisory (June 2013), it is stressed that fishing mortality is increasing. The total biomass has been declining since 2005. Total biomass assumed as the best stock size indicator in the last two years (2011–2012) was 32% lower than the total biomass in the three previous years (2008–2010).[18]

Farming

European seabass was one of Europe's first fish to be farmed commercially. Historically, they were cultured in coastal lagoons and tidal reservoirs before mass-production techniques were developed in the late 1960s. It is the most important commercial fish widely cultured in the Mediterranean. Greece, Turkey, Italy, Spain, Croatia, and Egypt are the most important farming countries. Annual production was more than 120,000 tonnes in 2010.[19] The biggest producer in the world for European seabass is Turkey.[20]

Reference

  1. ^ а б Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. 2008. Dicentrarchus labrax. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. www.iucnredlist.org Архивирано 2014-06-27 на сајту Wayback Machine. Downloaded on 15 February 2014.
  2. ^ „Sea Bass: the Superstar of the Seas”. The Independent. Приступљено 2. 12. 2017. 
  3. ^ Večernji list Jolanda Rak-Šajn: Cromaris u top 10 svjetskih proizvođača orade i brancina, 19. svibnja 2015. (pristupljeno 27. studenoga 2015.)
  4. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel; ур. (2017). Dicentrarchus labrax” на FishBase-у. [верзија на датум: June 2017]
  5. ^ Williams, E. P.; Peer, A. C.; Miller, T. J.; Secor, D. H.; Place, A. R. (2012). „A phylogeny of the temperate seabasses (Moronidae) characterized by a translocation of the mt-nd6 gene”. Journal of Fish Biology. 80: 110—130. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03158.x. 
  6. ^ Naciri, M.; Lemaire, C.; Borsa, P.; Bonhomme, F. (1999). „Genetic Study of the Atlantic/Mediterranean Transition in Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)”. The Journal of Heredity. 90 (6): 591—596. doi:10.1093/jhered/90.6.591. 
  7. ^ Bruno Chanet; Martine Desoutter-Meniger; Sergey V. Bogorodsky (2012). „Range extension of Egyptian sole Solea aegyptiaca (Soleidae: Pleuronectiformes), in the Red Sea” (PDF). Cybium. 36 (4): 581—584. 
  8. ^ Seabass fisheries study by IFREMER | February 2007
  9. ^ Glasby, Cristopher; Timm, Tarmo (2008). E. V. Balian; C. Lévêque; H. Segers; K. Martens, ур. „Global diversity of polychaetes (Polychaeta: Annelida) in freshwater”. Hydrobiologia. 595 (1: Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment): 107—115. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.655.4467 Слободан приступ. S2CID 13143924. doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9008-2. 
  10. ^ „Welcome to CephBase”. CephBase. Архивирано из оригинала 12. 1. 2016. г. Приступљено 29. 1. 2016. 
  11. ^ Bartol, I. K.; Mann, R.; Vecchione, M. (2002). „Distribution of the euryhaline squid Lolliguncula brevis in Chesapeake Bay: effects of selected abiotic factors”. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 226: 235—247. Bibcode:2002MEPS..226..235B. doi:10.3354/meps226235 Слободан приступ. 
  12. ^ Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Kayal, Ehsan; Gleeson, Dianne; et al. (2010). „Ecdysozoan Mitogenomics: Evidence for a Common Origin of the Legged Invertebrates, the Panarthropoda”. Genome Biology and Evolution. 2: 425—440. PMC 2998192 Слободан приступ. PMID 20624745. doi:10.1093/gbe/evq030. 
  13. ^ Koenemann, Stefan; Jenner, Ronald A.; Hoenemann, Mario; et al. (2010-03-01). „Arthropod phylogeny revisited, with a focus on crustacean relationships”. Arthropod Structure & Development (на језику: енглески). 39 (2–3): 88—110. ISSN 1467-8039. PMID 19854296. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2009.10.003. 
  14. ^ Seabass | University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
  15. ^ The Pocket Guide to Saltwater Fishes of Britain and Europe
  16. ^ FAO Yearbook 2009: Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics: Capture Production (PDF). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2011. стр. 138. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 2017-05-19. г. 
  17. ^ Clover, Charles (2004). The End of the Line: How Overfishing Is Changing the World and What We Eat. London: Ebury Press. ISBN 0-09-189780-7. 
  18. ^ ICES seabass Advice June 2013
  19. ^ „Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758 )”. Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. 2012. Приступљено 12. 10. 2012. 
  20. ^ „The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture”. Publications (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2023-05-12. 

Literatura

Spoljašnje veze

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