| About
            Crystal’s syntax is heavily inspired by Ruby’s, so it feels natural to read and easy to write, and has the added benefit of a lower learning curve for experienced Ruby devs. Crystal is statically type-checked, so any type errors will be caught early by the compiler rather than fail on runtime. Moreover, and to keep the language clean, Crystal has built-in type inference, so most type annotations are unneeded. All types are non-nilable in Crystal, and available variables are represented as a union between the type and nil. As a consequence, the compiler will automatically check for null references in compile time. Crystal’s answer to metaprogramming is a powerful macro system, which ranges from basic templating and AST inspection to types inspection and running arbitrary external programs.
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            The core of extensible programming is defining functions. Python allows mandatory and optional arguments, keyword arguments, and even arbitrary argument lists. Whether you're new to programming or an experienced developer, it's easy to learn and use Python. Python can be easy to pick up whether you're a first-time programmer or you're experienced with other languages. The following pages are a useful first step to get on your way to writing programs with Python! The community hosts conferences and meetups to collaborate on code, and much more. Python's documentation will help you along the way, and the mailing lists will keep you in touch. The Python Package Index (PyPI) hosts thousands of third-party modules for Python. Both Python's standard library and the community-contributed modules allow for endless possibilities.
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            Scala combines object-oriented and functional programming in one concise, high-level language. Scala's static types help avoid bugs in complex applications, and its JVM and JavaScript runtimes let you build high-performance systems with easy access to huge ecosystems of libraries. The Scala compiler is smart about static types. Most of the time, you need not tell it the types of your variables. Instead, its powerful type inference will figure them out for you.  In Scala, case classes are used to represent structural data types. They implicitly equip the class with meaningful toString, equals and hashCode methods, as well as the ability to be deconstructed with pattern matching. In Scala, functions are values, and can be defined as anonymous functions with a concise syntax.
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            Automate your workflow, let Upsource analyze your code and track the progress, while you focus on improvements. Participate in discussions and manage your reviews without leaving the comfort of your IDE. Explore new changes in the browser with IDE-like navigation, reply by email, and never miss an important change. Discuss changes, @mention others, react to comments, and unlock achievements as you discover new features and help your teammates! Easily make Upsource part of your process, integrate it with issue trackers, CI servers, and sync with GitHub. Don’t worry about outgrowing Upsource! No matter how large your team becomes or how many projects you have, Upsource can handle it. Whether you're looking for a code review tool, insight into your projects' history, or a place to collaborate or expand your developer expertise, Upsource has got you covered! 
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| Company InformationCrystal crystal-lang.org | Company InformationPython Founded: 1991 www.python.org | Company InformationScala www.scala-lang.org | Company InformationJetBrains Founded: 2000 Czech Republic www.jetbrains.com/upsource/ | |||
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