| About
            Crystal’s syntax is heavily inspired by Ruby’s, so it feels natural to read and easy to write, and has the added benefit of a lower learning curve for experienced Ruby devs. Crystal is statically type-checked, so any type errors will be caught early by the compiler rather than fail on runtime. Moreover, and to keep the language clean, Crystal has built-in type inference, so most type annotations are unneeded. All types are non-nilable in Crystal, and available variables are represented as a union between the type and nil. As a consequence, the compiler will automatically check for null references in compile time. Crystal’s answer to metaprogramming is a powerful macro system, which ranges from basic templating and AST inspection to types inspection and running arbitrary external programs.
             | About
            Cython is an optimizing static compiler for both the Python programming language and the extended Cython programming language (based on Pyrex). It makes writing C extensions for Python as easy as Python itself. Cython gives you the combined power of Python and C to let you write Python code that calls back and forth from and to C or C++ code natively at any point. Easily tune readable Python code into plain C performance by adding static type declarations, also in Python syntax. Use combined source code level debugging to find bugs in your Python, Cython, and C code. Interact efficiently with large data sets, e.g. using multi-dimensional NumPy arrays. Quickly build your applications within the large, mature, and widely used CPython ecosystem. The Cython language is a superset of the Python language that additionally supports calling C functions and declaring C types on variables and class attributes. 
             | About
            The Java™ Programming Language is a general-purpose, concurrent, strongly typed, class-based object-oriented language. It is normally compiled to the bytecode instruction set and binary format defined in the Java Virtual Machine Specification. In the Java programming language, all source code is first written in plain text files ending with the .java extension. Those source files are then compiled into .class files by the javac compiler. A .class file does not contain code that is native to your processor; it instead contains bytecodes — the machine language of the Java Virtual Machine1 (Java VM). The java launcher tool then runs your application with an instance of the Java Virtual Machine.
             | About
            This plugin produces coverage reports. Compared to just using coverage run this plugin does some extras. Subprocess support, so you can fork or run stuff in a subprocess and will get covered without any fuss. Xdist support, so you can use all of pytest-xdist’s features and still get coverage. Consistent pytest behavior. All features offered by the coverage package should work, either through pytest-cov’s command line options or through coverage’s config file. Under certain scenarios, a stray .pth file may be left around in site packages. The data file is erased at the beginning of testing to ensure clean data for each test run. If you need to combine the coverage of several test runs you can use the --cov-append option to append this coverage data to coverage data from previous test runs. The data file is left at the end of testing so that it is possible to use normal coverage tools to examine it.
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| Company InformationCrystal crystal-lang.org | Company InformationCython United States cython.org | Company InformationOracle docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/language/index.html | Company InformationPython United States pypi.org/project/pytest-cov/ | |||
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