Wikipedia

Bosnia and Herzegovina

country in Southeast Europe
"Bosnia" redirects here. For the entity inside the nation, see Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. For the medieval monarchy of the country, see Kingdom of Bosnia.

Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serbo-Croatian: Bosna i Hercegovina / Босна и Херцеговина, pronounced [bôsna i xěrtseɡoʋina]),[a] abbreviated BiH (БиХ) or B&H,[b] sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeastern Europe, located in the Balkans with an area of 51,197 km2 and 4,600,000 people. Countries around Bosnia and Herzegovina are Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro. The capital is Sarajevo, and other important cities are Banja Luka, Mostar, Bihać, Zenica and Tuzla. The three largest ethnic groups are Bosniaks, Serbs, and Croats. Most Bosniaks are Sunni Muslim, most Serbs are Serbian Orthodox Christians, and most Croats are Roman Catholic. The majority religion is Islam.

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosna i Hercegovina
Босна и Херцеговина
Anthem: 
Državna himna Bosne i Hercegovine
Државна химна Босне и Херцеговине
("National Anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina")
Location of  Bosnia and Herzegovina  (green) on the European continent  (dark grey)
Location of  Bosnia and Herzegovina  (green)

on the European continent  (dark grey)

Capital
and largest city
Sarajevo[1]
43°52′N 18°25′E / 43.867°N 18.417°E / 43.867; 18.417
Official languages (state level)None[1]
Official languages (entity level)Bosnian
Serbian
Croatian
Religion
(2013 census)[2]
  • 51% Islam
  • 3% no religion / others
Demonym(s)Bosnian, Herzegovinian[3][4][5]
GovernmentFederal parliamentary republic[5]
Christian Schmidta
Denis Bećirovićd
Željka Cvijanovićb
Željko Komšićc
Borjana Krišto
LegislatureParliamentary Assembly
• Upper house
House of Peoples
• Lower house
House of Representatives
Establishment history
10th century
1154
1377
1463
1878
1 December 1918
• ZAVNOBiH
25 November 1943
29 November 1945
3 March 1992
18 March 1994
14 December 1995
Area
• Total
51,129 km2 (19,741 sq mi) (125th)
• Water (%)
1.4%
Population
• 2021 estimate
3,824,782[6] (130th)
• 2013 census
3,531,159[7]
• Density
69/km2 (178.7/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2022 estimate
• Total
Increase $56.432 billion[8] (114th)
• Per capita
Increase $17,363[8] (77th)
GDP (nominal)2022 estimate
• Total
Increase $23.006 billion[8] (115th)
• Per capita
Increase $7,078[8] (89th)
Gini (2015)Positive decrease 32.7[9]
medium · 47th
HDI (2019)Increase 0.780[10]
high · 73rd
CurrencyConvertible mark (BAM)
Time zoneUTC+01 (CET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+02 (CEST)
Date formatd. m. yyyy. (CE)
Driving sideright
Calling code+387
ISO 3166 codeBA
Internet TLD.ba
  1. The High Representative is an international civilian overseer of the Dayton Agreement with authority to dismiss elected and non-elected officials and enact legislation.
  2. Chair of current presidency (Croat)
  3. Current presidency member (Bosniak)
  4. Current presidency member (Serb)

History

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The first state in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina was in the Middle Ages. After the conquest of Bosnia by the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century, Islam was introduced to the local population. During the Ottoman Empire, it was a very important province in the Balkans and the capital, Sarajevo, had 100,000 people. In the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina and annexed it in 1908. In 1914 the Archduke Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, were assassinated in Sarajevo, leading to World War I. From 1918 until 1992, the country was a part of Yugoslavia. After a 3-year long war, part of the Yugoslav Wars, Bosnia and Herzegovina proclaimed independence as a country consisting mostly of Serbs, Croats and Bosnian Muslims.

Divisions

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The country is divided into two entities: Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is then divided into 10 cantons. Both entities are divided into municipalities. The Brčko District is not part of either entity. Officially, it is governed by both together.

Cities

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Tuzla

This is a list of the ten largest towns in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Only Sarajevo and Banja Luka have more than 200,000 people.

Name of municipality Population
1. Sarajevo 460,000 [13]
2. Banja Luka 250,000
3. Tuzla 131,640 [13]
4. Zenica 127,105[13]
5. Bijeljina 115,692
6. Mostar 111.186[13]
7. Prijedor 105.000
8. Brčko 82.000
9. Doboj 80.000
10. Bihać 61.287[13]

Sports

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Bosnia and Herzegovina has produced many athletes. Many of them were famous in the Yugoslav national teams before Bosnia and Herzegovina's independence.

The most important international sporting event in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina was the hosting of the 14th Winter Olympics, held in Sarajevo.

The Borac handball club has won seven Yugoslav Handball Championships, as well as the European Championship Cup in 1976 and the International Handball Federation Cup in 1991.

The Bosna basketball club from Sarajevo were European Champions in 1979. The Yugoslav national basketball team medaled in every world championship from 1963 through 1990. The team included Bosnian players such as Dražen Dalipagić and Mirza Delibašić. Bosnia and Herzegovina regularly qualifies for the European Championship in Basketball. Jedinstvo Aida women's basketball club, based in Tuzla, has won the 1989 European Championships in Florence.

Bosnia has many world-class basketball players, notably Mirza Teletović, the first Bosnian in the NBA. Among others are, Elmedin Kikanović, Nihad Đedović, Ognjen Kuzmić, Jusuf Nurkić, Nedžad Sinanović, and Nemanja Mitrović.

The Tuzla-Sinalco karate club from Tuzla has won the most Yugoslav championships, as well as four European Championships and one World Championship.

The Bosnian chess team has been Champion of Yugoslavia seven times. In addition the club ŠK Bosna Sarajevo won four Chess Club Cup : 1994 in Lyon, 1999 in Bugojno, 2000 in Neum, and 2001 in Kallithea Elassonos. Chess grandmaster Borki Predojević has also won European Championships: Under-12 years Litochoro (Greece) in 1999, and Under-14 years Kallithea Elassonos (Greece) in 2001, and in 2003 won World Championship Under-16 years Halkidiki (Greece).

Middle-weight boxer Marijan Beneš has won several Championships of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslav Championships and the European Championship.[14] In 1978 he won the World Title against Elisha Obed from the Bahamas. Another middle-weight boxer, Anton Josipović won the Olympic Gold in Los Angeles, 1984. He also won Yugoslav Championship in 1982, the Championship of the Balkans in 1983, and the Belgrade Trophy in 1985.

Association football is the most popular sport in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It dates from 1903, but its popularity grew significantly after World War I. At the local level, FK Sarajevo (1967 and 1984), Željezničar (1972) have both won the Yugoslav Championship. The former Yugoslav national football team has included a number of Bosnian players, such as Josip Katalinski, Blaž Slišković, Dušan Bajević, Enver Marić, Mehmed Baždarević, Ivica Osim, Safet Sušić, Vahidin Musemić and Mirsad Fazlagić.

Today, the team of Bosnia and Herzegovina has modern footballers like Edin Džeko, Zvjezdan Misimović, Vedad Ibišević, Emir Spahić, Asmir Begović, Miralem Pjanić, Sejad Salihović, Senad Lulić and others. The independent Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team has not qualified for a European or World Championship but has played twice in the play-off stages.

Bosnian national teams have struggled to draft the best national players. Many players born in Bosnia and Herzegovina choose to play for other countries because of their ethnic identification. For example, Nikica Jelavić and Vedran Ćorluka were both born in Bosnia and Herzegovina but play for Croatia. Other internationally famous players from Bosnia and Herzegovina, who have made similar choices, are: Dejan Lovren, Mladen Petrić, Mario Stanić, Neven Subotić, Zlatan Ibrahimović, Marko Marin, Boris Živković, Zlatko Junuzović, Savo Milošević, and Zdravko Kuzmanović.

Bosnia and Herzegovina was the world champion of volleyball at the 2004 Summer Paralympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics. Many among those on the team lost their legs in the Bosnian War.

Cuisine

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Bosnian cuisine uses many spices, in moderate quantities. Most dishes are light, as they are cooked in lots of water. The sauces are fully natural, with little more than the natural juices of the vegetables in the dish. Typical ingredients include tomatoes, potatoes, onions, garlic, peppers, cucumbers, carrots, cabbage, mushrooms, spinach, zucchini, dried beans, fresh beans, plums, milk, paprika and cream called Pavlaka. Bosnian cuisine is balanced between Western and Eastern influences. As a result of the Ottoman administration for almost 500 years, Bosnian food is closely related to Turkish, Greek, and other former Ottoman and Mediterranean cuisines. However, because of years of Austrian rule, there are many influences from Central Europe. Typical meat dishes include mostly beef and lamb. Some local specialties are ćevapi, burek, dolma, sarma, pilaf, goulash, ajvar and a whole range of Eastern sweets. Local wines come from Herzegovina where the climate is suitable for growing grapes. Herzegovinian loza (similar to Italian Grappa but less sweet) is very popular. Plum or apple alcohol beverages are made in the north. In the south, distilleries used to produce vast quantities of brandy. Brandy is the base of most alcoholic drinks.

Coffeehouses, where Bosnian coffee is served in džezva with rahat lokum and sugar cubes, are in many places in Sarajevo and every city in the country. Coffee drinking is a favorite Bosnian pastime and part of the culture. Bosnians are believed to be some of the heaviest coffee drinkers in the world.[15]

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References

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  1. ↑ /ˈbɒzniə ... ˌhɛərtsəɡoʊˈviːnə, -ˌhɜːrt-, -ɡə-/ ( listen) or /ˌhɜːrtsəˈɡɒvɪnə/;[11][12]
  2. ↑ BiH / БиХ
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 http://www.ccbh.ba/public/down/USTAV_BOSNE_I_HERCEGOVINE_engl.pdf Archived 2015-10-28 at the Wayback Machine Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina
  2. ↑ "Bosnia and Herzegovina". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
  3. ↑ "Bosnia and Herzegovina • Country facts • PopulationData.net". PopulationData.net. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  4. ↑ "Danas se iz Norveške kući vraća 13 državljana BiH, a šta je sa ostalima?". MojaBiH (in Bosnian). 5 April 2020. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 CIA (May 9, 2019). "Bosnia and Herzegovina". The World Factbook. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  6. ↑ "Bosnia and Herzegovina - The World Factbook". www.cia.gov. 3 November 2021. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Agencija za statistiku Bosne i Hercegovine / Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2016). "Popis Stanovništva, Domaćinstava i Stanova u Bosni i Hercegovini, 2013: Rezultati Popisa / Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2013: Final Results" (PDF) (in Bosnian and English). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". IMF. 14 January 2022. Archived from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  9. ↑ "Distribution of family income – Gini index". The World Factbook. TWB. Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  10. ↑ Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343–346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  11. ↑ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 3-12-539683-2
  12. ↑ "Bosnia". Merriam-Webster Dictionary., "Herzegovina". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 "Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Figures" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-14. Retrieved 2012-10-15. {{cite web}}: More than one of |archivedate= and |archive-date= specified (help); More than one of |archiveurl= and |archive-url= specified (help)
  14. ↑ "Ring zamijenio nalivperom" (in Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian). Nezavisne novine. 2005-06-12. Archived from the original on 2007-10-01. Retrieved 2012-10-15. {{cite web}}: More than one of |archivedate= and |archive-date= specified (help); More than one of |archiveurl= and |archive-url= specified (help)
  15. ↑ "Bosnian traditional coffee " World of Sevdah". Worldofsevdah.com. 2007-03-08. Archived from the original on 2010-03-28. Retrieved 2010-05-19.


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