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[[Datoteka:Situationsplan_von_Bombay_%28Mumbai%29.jpg|right|thumb|Historijska mapa Bambay-a]]
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'''Bombay''', koji je danas poznat pod nazivom '''Mumbai''', je najveći grad u [[Indija|Indiji]] i nalazi se na zapadnoj obali indijskog poluotoka.
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Predstavlja glavno poslovno središte Indije, kao i administrativno središte indijske države [[Maharashtra]]. Prema procjenama iz 2006. godine u njemu živi preko 13 miliona stanovnika.
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'''Mumbai''' ( मुम्बई , od ''Mumbadevi'', imena jedne lokalne božice, do [[1995]]. '''Bombay''' बम्बई) glavni grad države [[Maharashtra]] u [[Indija|Indiji]] i najveća luka na [[Arapsko more|Arapskom moru]] i [[Indijski potkontinent|indijskom potkontinentu]]. Predstavlja glavno poslovno središte Indije, kao i administrativno središte indijske države [[Maharashtra]]. Grad (bez pojasa predgrađa) ima 12.883.654 stanovnika, dok s predgrađima i sjevernim dijelovima broji 19.994.372 stanovnika i čini šestu po veličini gradsku [[aglomeracija|aglomeraciju]] na svijetu (sve stanje s 1. siječnjem [[2006]].)

Grad leži na istoimenom otoku pred zapadnom obalom Indije. Moderni razvoj grada počinje tek u prvoj polovini [[19. stoljeće|19. stoljeća]], kada Bombay postaje sjedište indijske trgovine. U vrhu zaljeva Back Bay podignut je uz staru hinduističku jezgru niz monumentalnih zgrada (ističe se željeznička stanica Victoria). Otmjene stambene četvrti na poluotocima Kobala i Malabar stopile su se duž obala zaljeva u impozantnu cjelinu. Kulturno središte sa sveučilištem (od [[1857]].), knjižnicama, muzejima, nizom [[hram]]ova, poznatom "kulom šutnje" (groblje bogatih Parsa) i drugi. Važan centar pamučne industrije, proizvodnja vune, svile i automobila; metalna, kemijska, drvna, kožna i prehrambena industrija; prerada nafte; filmska industrija (70 % indijske proizvodnje). Na susjednom otoku Trombay izgrađen je prvi nuklearni reaktor u Indiji. Moderno uređena luka povezuje Bombay ("vrata Indije", naziv za grad i za monumentalnu građevinu kroz koju se iz luke ulazi u grad) i Indiju sa zapadnim svijetom. Izvozi se [[pamuk]], sjemeno ulje, [[riža]], [[pšenica]], manganova [[ruda]]; uvozi [[tekstil]] i [[željezo]], [[čelik]], [[stroj]]eve, [[ugljen]]. Željezničkim prugama i cestama Bombay je spojen s dalekim zaleđem, a glavni kolodvor, [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]], je od 2004. godine uvršten u [[UNESCO]]v [[popis mjesta svjetske baštine u Aziji i Oceaniji]]. Važno čvorište međunarodnih zrakoplovnih linija.


Po njemu je indijska filmska industrija dobila naziv [[Bollywood]].
Po njemu je indijska filmska industrija dobila naziv [[Bollywood]].


== Istorija ==
== Istorija ==
[[Datoteka:Situationsplan_von_Bombay_%28Mumbai%29.jpg|left|thumb|Istorijska mapa Bombaja]]
U [[portugal]]skoj vlasti je od [[1534]]. Od [[1661]]. pod upravom engleske Istočnoindijske kompanije. Od [[1708]]. sedište britanske uprave u Indiji. Brzo se razvija posle otvaranja [[Suecki kanal|Sueckog kanala]] (1869.). Tu je 1908. došlo do prvog velikog radničkog [[štrajk]]a u Indiji, koji je vojska ugušila u [[krv]]i. U oslobođenoj Indiji od 1947. sedište provincije, a od 1956. federalne države Bombaj. 1960. Bombaj je postao glavni grad države Maharaštra.


U [[portugal]]skoj vlasti je od [[1534]]. Od [[1661]]. pod upravom engleske Istočnoindijske kompanije. Od [[1708]]. sedište britanske uprave u Indiji. Brzo se razvija posle otvaranja [[Sueski kanal|Sueckog kanala]] (1869.). Tu je 1908. došlo do prvog velikog radničkog [[štrajk]]a u Indiji, koji je vojska ugušila u [[krv]]i. U oslobođenoj Indiji od 1947. sedište provincije, a od 1956. federalne države Bombaj. 1960. Bombaj je postao glavni grad države Maharaštra.
{{commonscat|Mumbai}}


== Geografija ==
[[Kategorija:Gradovi u Indiji]]


Mumbaja se sastoji od dva zasebna regiona: [[Mumbai City|grada Mumbaja]] i [[Prigradski okrug Mumbaja|prigragratskog okruga Mumbaja]], koji formiraju dva zasebna upravna okruga Maharaštre.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai Suburban |publisher= National Informatics Centre (Mahrashtra State Centre) |url= http://maharashtra.nic.in/ }}</ref> Region gradskog kruga se naziva i ''Ostrvski grad'' ili [[Južni Mumbaj]].<ref name="mmrda muip gdp">{{cite web
{{Link FA|en}}
|url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm
{{Link FA|es}}
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226031015/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm
{{Link FA|mr}}
|archivedate=2009-02-26
{{Link FA|zh}}
|title=Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project
|publisher=Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA)
|accessdate=18 July 2008
|deadurl=yes
}}</ref> Totalna površina Mumbaja je 603,4&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (233 sq mi).<ref>{{cite web|title=Area and Density – Metropolitan Cities|url=http://urbanindia.nic.in/moud/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/AREA_POP/CHAPTER-4.PDF|publisher=Ministry of Urban Development (Government of India)|page=33|accessdate=28 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gOCPonTE?url=http://urbanindia.nic.in/moud/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/AREA_POP/CHAPTER-4.PDF|archivedate=2009-04-29|deadurl=no}}</ref> Od toga, ostrvski grad pokriva 67.79&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (26 sq mi), dok prigradski okrug ima 370&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (143 sq mi), i ukupno 437.71&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (169 sq mi) je pod upravom Opštinske korporacije šireg Mumbaja (MCGM). Preostala oblast pripada odbrambenim snagama, Mumbajskom lučnom trastu, Komisiji za atomsku energiju i nacionalnom parku Borivali.<ref name="trf">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.2 Area and Divisions|Ref=plan}}</ref>


Mumbaj leži na ušću [[Reka Ulhas|reke Ulhasa]] na zapadnoj obali Indije, u primorskom regionu poznatom kao [[Konkan]]. On je smešten na [[Ostrvo Salsette|ostrvu Salsete]], koje delimično deli sa [[Okrug Thane|okrugom Tan]].<ref name="geo">{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=2|Ref=bom}}</ref> Mumbaj je ograničen [[Arapsko more|Arapskim morem]] na zapadu.<ref name="mloc">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.1 Location|Ref=plan}}</ref> Mnogi delovi grada leže neposredno iznad nivoa mora, sa elevacijom u opsegu od 10&nbsp;m (33&nbsp;ft) do 15&nbsp;m (49&nbsp;ft);<ref>{{Harvnb|Krishnamoorthy|2008|p=218}}</ref> grad ima prosečnu nadmorsku visinu od 14&nbsp;m (46&nbsp;ft).<ref name="Wbase">{{cite web|publisher=Weatherbase
[[af:Moembaai]]
|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=030034&refer=|title=Mumbai, India|accessdate=19 March 2008}}</ref> Severni Mumbaj (Salsette) je brdovit,<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.2.2 Salsette Island|Ref=plan}}</ref> i najviša tačka grada je na 450 m (1,476&nbsp;ft) na Salseti u [[Powai|Povaj]]–[[Kanheri]] vencu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iscmumbai.maharashtra.gov.in/floristic%20survey.html|title=Floristic Survey of Institute of Science, Mumbai, Maharashta State|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|last1=Srinivasu|first1=T.|last2=Pardeshi|first2=Satish|accessdate=26 August 2009|archive-date=2009-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717023146/http://iscmumbai.maharashtra.gov.in/floristic%20survey.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Nacionalni park Sanjay Gandhi]] (Nacionalni park Borivali) je delom lociran u predgradskom okrugu Mumbaja, a delom u okrugu Tan, i pokriva oblast od 103.09&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (39.80 sq mi).<ref>{{Harvnb|Bapat|2005|pp=111–112}}</ref>
[[an:Bombai]]

[[ar:مومباي]]
<gallery mode=packed widths = "270px" heights = "300px" >
[[arz:مومباى]]
Mumbaicitydistricts.png|Mumbaj se sastoji od dva okruga
[[as:মুম্বাই]]
Mumbai, metropolitan region, satellite image, Landsat-5, 2011-01-30.jpg|Mumbajski metropolitanski region, satelitska slika sa [[Landsat 5|Landsata 5]] napravljena 30. januara 2011.
[[ast:Mumbai]]
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[[az:Mumbay]]

[[bat-smg:Mombajos]]
Pored [[Brana Bhatsa|brane Batsa]], postoji šest glavnih jezera iz kojih se grad snabdeva vodom: [[Jezero Vihar|Vihar]], [[Srednja Vaitarna brana|Donja Vaitarna]], Gornja Vaitarna, [[Jezero Tulsi|Tulsi]], Tansa i [[Powai|Povaj]]. Jezera Tulsi i Vihar su locirana u Nacionalnom parku Borivili, unutar gradskih granica. Voda iz jezera Povaj, koje je takođe unutar gradskih granica, se koristi samo za poljoprivredne i industrijske svrhe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/pps/pawai2.ppt|format=PPT|title=Salient Features of Powai Lake|publisher=Department of Environment (Government of Maharashtra)|pages=1–3|accessdate=29 April 2009|archive-date=2011-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715195652/https://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/pps/pawai2.ppt|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Tri male reke, [[reka Dahisar]], [[reka Poisar]] i [[Reka Oshiwara River|reka Ohivara (ili Ošivara)]] ističu iz parka, dok zagađena [[Reka Mithi|reka Miti]] ističe iz jezera Tulsi i sakuplja preliv vode iz jezera Vihar i Povaj.<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.7 Water Supply and Sanitation|Ref=plan}}</ref> Obale grada su razuđene brojnim [[potok|potocima]] i zalivima, i protežu se od [[Potok Thane|potoka Tan]] na istoku do Madh Marve na zapadnoj strani.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Security web for city coastline |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Security-web-for-city-coastline/articleshow/3830390.cms?referral=PM|date=13 December 2008|last=Sen|first=Somit|publisher=The Times of India|accessdate=30 April 2009}}</ref> Istočna obala ostrva Salset je pokrivena velikim [[mangrove|mangrovskim]] [[močvara|močvarama]] sa bogatim biodiverzitetom, dok je zapadna obala uglavnom peskovita i kamenita.<ref>{{Harvnb|Patil|1957|pp=45–49}}</ref>
[[bcl:Mumbai]]

[[be:Горад Мумбаі]]
Zemljišni pokrivač u gradskom regionu je predominantno peskovit usled blizine mora. U predgrađima, zemljište je uglavnom aluvijalno i glinasto.<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.1 Soil|Ref=plan}}</ref> Kamena osnova ispod zemljišnog pokrivača se sastoji od crnih [[Dekanska visoravan|dekanskih]] bazaltnih tokova, i njihovih kiselih i [[Baza (hemija)|baznih]] varijanti koje datiraju iz era kasne [[Kreda (period)|Krede]] i ranog [[Eocen]]a.<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.2 Geology and Geomorphology|Ref=plan}}</ref> Mumbaj sedi na [[Seizmologija|seizmički aktivnoj zoni]] zbog prisutva 23 linije razdvajanja u blizini.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kanth|first1=S. T. G. Raghu|last2=Iyenagar|first2=R. N.|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/10026629/Earthquake-Hazard-Computation-for-Mumbai-Bombay-City
[[be-x-old:Мумбаі]]
|journal= Current Science |volume = 91|title=Seismic Hazard estimation for Mumbai City|date=10 December 2006|issue = 11|page=1486|publisher=Current Science Association|accessdate=3 September 2009|quote=This is used to compute the probability of ground motion that can be induced by each of the '''twenty-three''' known faults that exist around the city.}}</ref> Oblast je klasifikovana kao [[Zemljotresno hazardno zoniranje Indije|region seizmičke zone III]],<ref>{{cite map|publisher=India Meteorological Department|url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm|title=Seismic Zoning Map|accessdate=20 July 2008|archivedate=2008-09-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915154543/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> što znači da može da dođe do zemljotresa sa magnitudom od 6,5 na Rihterovoj skali.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/fault.html |title=The Seismic Environment of Mumbai |publisher=Department of Theoretical Physics (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research) |accessdate=6 December 2007}}</ref>
[[bg:Мумбай]]

[[bh:मुम्बई]]
=== Klima ===
[[bn:মুম্বই]]
[[File:India mumbai temperature precipitation averages chart.svg|thumb|Prosečna temperatura i precipitacija u Mumbaju|alt=The average temperature ranges between {{convert|23|°C|0|abbr=on}} in January to {{convert|30|°C|0|abbr=on}} in May. Rainfall is at or near zero from November through May, then quickly rises to a peak of about {{convert|600|mm|2|abbr=on}} in July, falling back more gradually.|left]]
[[bo:འབོམ་སྦེ]]

[[bpy:পুল্লাপ মুম্বাই]]
{{Main|Klima Mumbaja}}
[[br:Mumbai]]
Mumbaj ima [[tropska klima|Tropsku klimu]], specifično [[Tropska savanska klima|tropsku vlažnu i suvu klimu]] (Aw) po [[Köppenova klasifikacija klime|Kopenovoj klasifikaciji klima]], sa sedam suvih meseci i vrhuncom kiša u julu.<ref>{{harvnb|Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy|1999|p=210|Ref=proc}}</ref> Hladnijoj sezoni od decembra do februara sledi letnja sezona od marta do juna. Period od juna do oko kraja septembra se sastoji od jugozapadne monsunske sezone, i oktober i novembar formiraju post-monsunsku sezonu.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=84|Ref=bom}}</ref>
[[bs:Mumbai]]

[[ca:Bombai]]
Između juna i septembra, [[Monsun Indijskog potkontinenta|jugozapadne monsunske]] kiše šibaju grad. Premonsunske kiše padadu u maju. S vremena na vreme se javljaju severnoistočne monsunske kiše u oktobru i novembru. Maksimalna godišnja količina padavina ikad zabeležena je bila {{convert|3452|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1954. godine.<ref name="clra">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.4 Climate and Rainfall|Ref=plan}}</ref> [[Mumbajske poplave iz 2005.|Najviša]] zabeležena količina padavina u jednom danu od {{convert|944|mm|0|abbr=on}} se dogodila 26. jula 2005.<ref>{{Cite news|last= Kishwar| first=Madhu Purnima |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-three-drown-as-heavy-rain-lashes-mumbai-for-the-3rd-day-1039257 |title=Three drown as heavy rain lashes Mumbai for the 3rd day |work= Daily News and Analysis (DNA) |location=Mumbai |date=3 July 2006 |accessdate=15 June 2009}}</ref> Prosečna totalna godišnja količina padavina je {{convert|2146.6|mm|0|abbr=on}} za sam grad, i {{convert|2457|mm|0|abbr=on}} za predgrađa.<ref name="clra"/>
[[ceb:Dakbayan sa Bombay]]

[[cs:Bombaj]]
Prosečna godišnja temperatura je {{convert|27.2|°C|0|abbr=on}}, a prosečna [[Padavine|precipitacija]] je {{convert|2167|mm|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Rohli|Vega|2007|p=267}}</ref> U gradu je prosečna maksimalna temperatura {{convert|31.2|°C|0|abbr=on}}, dok je prosečna minimalna temperatura {{convert|23.7|°C|0|abbr=on}}. U predgrađima, dnevna srednja maksimalna temperatura je u opsegu od {{convert|29.1|°C|0|abbr=on}} do {{convert|33.3|°C|0|abbr=on}}, dok je dnevna minimalna temperatura u opsegu od {{convert|16.3|°C|0|abbr=on}} do {{convert|26.2|°C|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="clra"/> Rekordno visoka temperatura od {{convert|40.2|°C|0|abbr=on}} je zabeležena 28. marta 1982,<ref>{{harvnb|WMO bulletin|2000|loc=p. 346, "Bombay recorded a maximum temperature of 40.2|°C on 28 March 1982, the highest since 1955."|Ref=wmo}}</ref> a rekordno niska od {{convert|7.4|°C|0|abbr=on}} 27. januara 1962.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-still-cold-at-86-degree-C/articleshow/2770007.cms?referral=PM|title = Mumbai still cold at 8.6 °C|publisher=The Times of India|date = 9 February 2008|accessdate =26 April 2009}}</ref>
[[cy:Mumbai]]

[[da:Mumbai]]
== Stanovništvo ==
[[de:Mumbai]]
Prema nezvaničnim rezultatima popisa, u gradu je 2011. živelo 12.478.447 stanovnika.
[[dv:މުންބާއީ]]

[[el:Βομβάη]]
{| border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" style="margin:auto; border:1px solid #aaa;"
[[en:Mumbai]]
|- style="background:#aaf;"
[[eo:Mumbajo]]
|+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em"| Kretanje broja stanovnika
[[es:Bombay]]
|- style="background:#eef;"
[[et:Mumbai]]
! 1991. !! 2001. !! 2011.
[[eu:Mumbai]]
|- style="background:#f7f9ff;"
[[ext:Bombay]]
| align=center| 9.925.891<ref name=autogenerated1>World Gazetteer: [http://bevoelkerungsstatistik.de/wg.php?x=1189459570&men=gcis&lng=de&dat=32&geo=-104&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=x Die wichtigsten Orte mit Statistiken zu ihrer Bevölkerung], Pristupljeno 13. 4. 2013.</ref>
[[fa:بمبئی]]
| align=center| 11.978.450<ref name=autogenerated1 />
[[fi:Mumbai]]
| align=center| 12.478.447<ref name=autogenerated2 />
[[fiu-vro:Mumbai]]
|}
[[fo:Mumbai]]
== Reference ==
[[fr:Bombay]]
{{Reflist|2}}
[[frp:Mumbai]]

[[fy:Mumbai (stêd)]]
== Literatura ==
[[ga:Mumbai]]
{{Refbegin|2}}
[[gd:Mumbai]]
* {{Cite book|last=Baptista |first=Elsie Wilhelmina |title=The East Indians: Catholic Community of Bombay, Salsette and Bassein |year=1967 |publisher=Bombay East Indian Association |ref=harv}}
[[gl:Mumbai - मुम़बई]]
* {{Cite book|last=Bates |first=Crispin |year=2003 |title=Community, Empire and Migration: South Asians in Diaspora |isbn=978-81-250-2482-8 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |ref=harv}}
[[gu:મુંબઈ]]
* {{Cite book|title=Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development|url=https://archive.org/details/citiesofworld00stan|last1=Brunn|first1=Stanley|last2= Williams|first2=Jack Francis|first3= Donald|last3= Zeigler|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.|year=2003|edition=Third|ref=bru|isbn=0-06-381225-8}}
[[he:מומבאי]]
* {{Cite book|title=International Telecommunications Law [2008] |volume=II |last= Campbell |first=Dennis|year=2008|isbn=1-4357-1699-X |ref=in08}}
[[hi:मुम्बई]]
* {{Cite book|title=Census of India, 1961|publisher=Office of the Registrar General (India)|year=1962|volume=5|ref=cent}}
[[hif:Mumbai]]
* {{Cite book|last1=Carsten|first1= F. L.|title=The New Cambridge Modern History (The ascendancy of France 1648–88) |volume=V |publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive |isbn=978-0-521-04544-5 |year=1961 |ref=harv}}
[[hr:Mumbai]]
* {{Cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Asha Kuthari |title=Mahesh Dattani: An Introduction |url=http://books.google.com/?id=-jxGSsKqfHgC&dq=Mahesh+Dattani++By+Asha+Kuthari+Chaudhuri |accessdate=26 April 2009 |series=Contemporary Indian Writers in English |year=2005 |publisher=Foundation Books |isbn=81-7596-260-7 |chapter=Introduction: Modern Indian Drama |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=-jxGSsKqfHgC&pg=PA10-IA6 |ref=harv }}
[[hu:Mumbai]]
* {{Cite book|title=The Port of Bombay: a brief history|last= Chittar|first= Shantaram D.|publisher= Bombay Port Trust |year=1973 |ref=harv}}
[[hy:Մումբայ]]
* {{Cite book|last1=Datta |first1=Kavita |first2=Gareth A. |last2=Jones |year=1999 |title=Housing and finance in developing countries |isbn=978-0-415-17242-4 |publisher=Routledge |edition=illustrated |series=Volume 7 of Routledge studies in development and society |ref=harv}}
[[ia:Bombay]]
* {{Cite book|title=History of Bombay, 1661–1708|last=David|first=M. D.|publisher= University of Mumbai |year=1973 |ref=harv}}
[[id:Mumbai]]
* {{Cite book|title=Bombay, the city of dreams: a history of the first city in India|last=David|first=M. D.|publisher=Himalaya Publishing House |year=1995 |ref=harv}}
[[io:Mumbai]]
* {{Cite book|last=Davis |first=Mike |authorlink= |title=Planet of Slums [" Le pire des mondes possibles : de l'explosion urbaine au bidonville global "] |publisher=La Découverte |location=Paris |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-7071-4915-2 |ref=harv}}
[[is:Mumbai]]
* {{Cite book|title=Bombay: The Cities Within|url=https://archive.org/details/bombaycitieswith0000dwiv|last1=Dwivedi|first1=Sharada|authorlink1= |last2=Mehrotra|first2=Rahul|publisher=Eminence Designs|year=2001 |ref=harv|isbn=81-85028-80-X}}
[[it:Mumbai]]
* {{Cite book|title=Environment and urbanization|volume=v. 14, no. 1|publisher=International Institute for Environment and Development|date=April 2002|url=http://books.google.com/?id=0DBhYWmqpDoC&printsec=frontcover|isbn=978-1-84369-223-2|accessdate=29 August 2009|ref=n450}}
[[ja:ムンバイ]]
* {{cite web|url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/escts.pdf|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5p2WAlJQ2?url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/escts.pdf|archivedate=2010-04-16|accessdate=28 August 2009|title=Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|publisher=MMRDA|ref=exe|deadurl=no}}
[[jbo:mymbais]]
* {{Cite book|last= Farooqui|first=Amar|title=Opium city: the making of early Victorian Bombay|publisher=Three Essays Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-88789-32-0 |ref=harv}}
[[jv:Mumbai]]
* {{Cite book|last=Fortescue|first=J. W.|year=2008|title=A History of the British Army|volume=III|isbn=978-1-4437-7768-1 |publisher=Read Books |ref=harv}}
[[ka:მუმბაი]]
* {{Cite book|last1=Fuller |first1=Christopher John |last2=Bénéï |first2=Véronique |title=The everyday state and society in modern India |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-85065-471-1 |ref=harv}}
[[kn:ಮುಂಬೈ]]
* {{Cite book |last1=Ganti |first1=Tejaswini |title=Bollywood: a guidebook to popular Hindi cinema |url=http://books.google.com/?id=GTEa93azj9EC&pg=PA3 |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-28854-1 |chapter=Introduction |ref=harv }}
[[ko:뭄바이]]
* {{Cite book|title=Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|series=Maharashtra State Gazetteers|volume=v. 27, no. 1|year=1960|publisher=Gazetteer Department (Government of Maharashtra)|ref=bom}}
[[ku:Mumbaî]]
* {{Cite book|last=Ghosh|first=Amalananda|title=An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology|publisher=Brill|year=1990 |ref=harv|isbn=81-215-0088-5}}
[[kw:Mumbai]]
* {{Cite book|last1=Guha|year=2007|first1=Ramachandra|authorlink1= |title= India after Gandhi |url=https://archive.org/details/indiaaftergandhi00guha|publisher= HarperCollins |ref=harv|isbn=0-06-019881-8}}
[[la:Mumbai]]
* {{Cite book|last=Hansen|first=Thomas Blom|year=2001|title=Wages of violence: naming and identity in postcolonial Bombay|isbn=978-0-691-08840-2|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&printsec=frontcover|publisher=Princeton University Press|accessdate=16 August 2009|ref=harv}}
[[lb:Mumbai]]
* {{Cite book |last=Huda |first=Anwar |year=2004 |title=The Art and Science of Cinema |isbn=978-81-269-0348-1 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=JIwxhDGO-mUC&printsec=frontcover |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |accessdate=11 June 2008 |ref=harv }}
[[li:Bombay]]
* {{Cite book|last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |title=The Essential Guide to Bollywood |year=2005 |publisher=Roli Books |isbn=81-7436-378-5 |ref=harv}}
[[lmo:Mumbai]]
* {{Cite book|title=Marketing in the 21st Century: New world marketing |last=Keillor |first=Bruce David |publisher=Praeger |volume=1 |isbn=0-275-99276-4 |year=2007 |ref=harv}}
[[lt:Mumbajus]]
* {{Cite book|last=Kelsey |first=Jane |title=Serving Whose Interests?: The Political Economy of Trade in Services Agreements |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-415-44821-5 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |ref=harv}}
[[lv:Mumbaja]]
* {{Cite book|title=Muslims in the Deccan: a historical survey|last=Khalidi |first=Omar|publisher=Global Media Publications |isbn=978-81-88869-13-8 |year=2006 |ref=harv}}
[[mg:Mumbai]]
* {{Cite book|title=Politics in India |last=Kothari |first= Rajni|authorlink= |year=1970 |publisher=Orient Longman}}
[[mhr:Мумбаи]]
* {{Cite book|last1=Krishnamoorthy|first1=Bala|title=Environmental Management: Text And Cases|url=https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.344.046.kri.25474|isbn=978-81-203-3329-1 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |year=2008 |ref=harv}}
[[mk:Мумбај]]
* {{Cite book|last=Kumari|first=Asha|title=Hinduism and Buddhism|year =1990 |publisher=Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan|isbn=81-7124-060-7| ref=harv}}
[[ml:മുംബൈ]]
* {{Cite book|title=Lok Sabha debates|year=1998 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |location=New Delhi |ref=lsd}}
[[mn:Мумбай]]
* {{Cite book|last1=Machado|first1=José Pedro|title=Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa |language=Portuguese |chapter=Bombaim|work=Editorial Confluência|volume=I|year=1984 |ref=harv}}
[[mr:मुंबई]]
* {{Cite book|last=Mehta|first=Suketu|title= Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found|year= 2004|publisher=Alfred A Knopf|isbn= 0-375-40372-8 |ref=harv}}
[[ms:Mumbai]]
* {{Cite book|title=Metropolitan planning and management in the developing world: spatial decentralization policy in Bombay and Cairo|publisher=United Nations Centre for Human Settlements|year=1993|isbn=978-92-1-131233-1|ref=UNB}}
[[my:မွမ်ဘိုင်းမြို့]]
* {{Cite book|title=The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat: A History of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442 |last=Misra |first=Satish Chandra |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |year=1982 |ref=misra}}
[[nds:Mumbai]]
* {{Cite book|last1=Morris |first1=Jan |last2=Winchester |first2=Simon |title=Stones of empire: the buildings of the Raj |url=https://archive.org/details/stonesofempirebu0000morr_i9l5 |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=2005 |origyear=1983 |edition=reissue, illustrated |isbn=978-0-19-280596-6 |ref=harv}}
[[ne:मुम्बई]]
* {{cite web|url=http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php|title=Mumbai Plan|publisher=Department of Relief and Rehabilitation (Government of Maharashtra)|ref=plan|accessdate=29 April 2009|archivedate=2009-03-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310212824/http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php|deadurl=yes}}
[[new:ग्रेटर मुम्बई]]
* {{Cite book|last= Naravane|first=M. S.|year=2007|title=Battles of the honourable East India Company: making of the Raj |isbn=978-81-313-0034-3 |publisher=APH Publishing |ref=harv}}
[[nl:Bombay]]
* {{Cite book|last=O'Brien |first=Derek |title=The Mumbai Factfile |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-302947-2 |year=2003 |ref=harv}}
[[nn:Mumbai]]
* {{cite web|url = http://www.justdial.com/Mumbai/Commissioner-Of-Police-Office-%3Cnear%3E-Opposite-Crawford-Market-Fort/022P8016733_TXVtYmFpIFBvbGljZQ==_BZDET|format = PDF, 1.18 [[Megabyte|MB]]|title = Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai|publisher = Mumbai Police|accessdate = 15 June 2009|ref = mp}}
[[no:Mumbai]]
* {{Cite book|editor1-last=Patel|editor1-first=Sujata|editor2-last=Masselos|editor2-first=Jim|title=Bombay and Mumbai. The City in Transition|chapter=Bombay and Mumbai: Identities, Politics and Populism|year=2003|publisher=The Oxford University Press|location=Delhi, India|isbn=0-19-567711-0 |ref=harv}}
[[oc:Bombai]]
* {{Cite book |year=2005 |chapterurl=http://www.lingref.com/isb/4/141ISB4.PDF |last=Pai |first=Pushpa |editor=Cohen, James; McAlister, Kara T.; Rolstad, Kellie; MacSwan, Jeff |title=Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism |chapter=Multilingualism, Multiculturalism and Education: Case Study of Mumbai City |publisher=Cascadilla Press |pages=1794–1806 |ref=harv }}
[[or:ମୁମ୍ବାଇ]]
* {{Cite book|title=The mangroves in Salsette Island near Bombay|last1=Patil|first1=R.P.|publisher=Proceedings of the Symposium on Mangrove Forest |year=1957 |location=Calcutta |ref=harv}}
[[os:Бомбей]]
* {{Cite book|author= Aditi Phadnis |title=Business Standard Political Profiles: Of Cabals and Kings |publisher= Business Standard |ref=harv}}
[[pa:ਮੁੰਬਈ]]
* {{cite web|url = http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/Population%20and%20Employment%20profile%20of%20MMR.pdf|archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5mLpSbYyu?url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/Population%20and%20Employment%20profile%20of%20MMR.pdf|archivedate = 2009-12-28|format = PDF|title = Population and Employment profile of Mumbai Metropolitan Region|publisher = Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA)|accessdate = 4 June 2010|ref = pemmr|deadurl = yes}}
[[pam:Mumbai]]
* {{Cite book|title=Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy|publisher= Indian National Science Academy |year=1999|volume=65|ref=proc}}
[[pl:Bombaj]]
* {{Cite book|last=Rana |first=Mahendra Singh |year=2006 |title=India votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha elections 2001–2005 |isbn=978-81-7625-647-6 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |ref=harv}}
[[pnb:ممبئی]]
* {{Cite book|last1=Rohli|first1=Robert V.|last2=Vega|first2=Anthony J.|title=Climatology|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |year=2007 |edition=illustrated |isbn=978-0-7637-3828-0 |ref=harv}}
[[pt:Bombaim]]
* {{Cite book|title=History of Medieval India|last1=Saini|first1=A.K.|last2=Chand|last3=Hukam|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn= 978-81-261-2313-1|ref=maratha}}
[[qu:Mumbai]]
* {{Cite book|title=Maharashtra|last=Singh|first=K. S.|author2=B. V. Bhanu |author3=B. R. Bhatnagar |author4=Anthropological Survey of India |author5=D. K. Bose |author6=V. S. Kulkarni |author7=J. Sreenath |publisher=Popular Prakashan|volume=XXX|isbn=978-81-7991-102-0|year=2004|ref=prabhu}}
[[rmy:Mumbai]]
* {{Cite book|title=Researches in Indo-Portuguese history|volume=2|publisher=Publication Scheme|year=1998|last=Shirodkar |first=Prakashchandra P.|isbn=978-81-86782-15-6 |ref=harv}}
[[ro:Mumbai]]
* {{Cite book|title=Mumbai vision 2015: agenda for urban renewal|last1=Swaminathan |first1=R. |first2=Jaya |last2=Goyal |publisher=Macmillan India in association with Observer Research Foundation |year=2006 |ref=harv}}
[[ru:Мумбаи]]
* {{Cite book|title=The children of Israel: the Bene Israel of Bombay |last=Strizower |first=Schifra|publisher=B. Blackwell |year=1971 |ref=harv}}
[[rue:Мумбаі]]
* {{Cite book|title=The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island|series=Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency|publisher=Gazetteer Department (Government of Maharashtra)|volume=2|year=1978|ref=bi}}
[[sa:मुम्बई]]
* {{cite web|url = http://stateelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/THE%20MUMBAI%20MUNICIPAL%20CORPORATION%20ACT_1888.pdf|format = PDF|title = The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888|publisher = State Election Commissioner (Government of Maharashtra)|accessdate = 3 May 2009|ref = mumact|archivedate = 2007-07-05|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070705222724/http://stateelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/THE%20MUMBAI%20MUNICIPAL%20CORPORATION%20ACT_1888.pdf|deadurl = yes}}
[[sah:Мумбаи]]
* {{cite book|first1=Mathew |last1=Kurian |first2=Patricia |last2=McCarney|title=Peri-urban water and sanitation services policy, planning and method|year=2010|publisher=Springer|ref={{sfnref|Peri-urban water and sanitation services policy, planning and method|2010}}|location=Dordrecht|isbn=9048194253}}
[[sc:Bombay]]
* {{Cite book|last=Vilanilam |first=John V. |edition=illustrated |year=2005 |title=Mass communication in India: a sociological perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/masscommunicatio0000vila |isbn=978-0-7619-3372-4 |publisher=SAGE |ref=harv}}
[[sco:Mumbai]]
* {{Cite book|last1=Wasko |first1=Janet |title=How Hollywood works |url=https://archive.org/details/howhollywoodwork0000wask |year=2003 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=0-7619-6814-8 |ref=harv}}
[[sd:ممبئي]]
* {{Cite book|title=WMO bulletin|publisher= World Meteorological Organization |year=2000|volume=49|ref=wmo}}
[[simple:Mumbai]]
* {{Cite book|title= An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change|last=Yimene|first=Ababu Minda|publisher=Cuvillier Verlag|year=2004|isbn=3-86537-206-6|ref=yakg}}
[[sk:Bombaj]]
* {{Cite book|last1=Yule |first1=Henry |last2=Burnell |first2=A. C. |year=1996 |origyear=1939 |title=A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases: Hobson-Jobson |isbn=978-0-7007-0321-0 |publisher=Routledge |edition=2 |ref=harv}}
[[sl:Mumbaj]]
* {{Cite book|last1=Zakakria|first1=Rafiq|last2=Indian National Congress|title=100 glorious years: Indian National Congress, 1885–1985|publisher=Reception Committee, Congress Centenary Session|year=1985|ref=cng|authorlink2= }}
[[sr:Мумбај]]
{{Refend}}
[[sv:Bombay]]

[[sw:Mumbai]]
== Vanjske veze ==
[[szl:Bůmbaj]]
{{Commonscat|Mumbai}}
[[ta:மும்பை]]
* [http://www.mcgm.gov.in/ Official website of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]
[[te:ముంబై]]
* [http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php Official City Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310212824/http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php |date=2009-03-10 }}
[[tg:Мумбай]]

[[th:มุมไบ]]

[[tk:Mumbai]]
[[Kategorija:Gradovi u Indiji]]
[[tl:Mumbai]]
[[tr:Mumbai]]
[[ug:Bombay]]
[[uk:Мумбаї]]
[[ur:ممبئی]]
[[vi:Mumbai]]
[[vo:Mumbai]]
[[war:Mumbai]]
[[wuu:孟买]]
[[yi:מומביי]]
[[yo:Mumbai]]
[[zh:孟买]]
[[zh-min-nan:Mumbai]]
[[zh-yue:孟買]]

Aktualna verzija od 22. decembra 2023. u 05:03

Mumbaj
Bombay
Koordinate: 18°58′N 72°49′E / 18.967°N 72.817°E / 18.967; 72.817
Država Indija
Osnivanje 1668.
Vlast
 - Izvršni upravitelj Jairaj Phatak
 - Gradonačelnik Shubha Raul
Površina
 - Ukupna 603,40 km²
Stanovništvo (2008.)
 - Grad 12.478.447[1]
 - Gustoća 21.880 stanovnika/km²
Vremenska zona Indian Standard Time (UTC+5.30)
 - Ljeto (DST) ne primjenjuje se (UTC+5.30)
Poštanski broj 400 xxx
Pozivni broj 022
Službene stranice
MCGM.in
Karta
Položaj Mumbaija u Indiji
Položaj Mumbaija u Indiji

Položaj Mumbaija u Indiji

Mumbai ( मुम्बई , od Mumbadevi, imena jedne lokalne božice, do 1995. Bombay बम्बई) glavni grad države Maharashtra u Indiji i najveća luka na Arapskom moru i indijskom potkontinentu. Predstavlja glavno poslovno središte Indije, kao i administrativno središte indijske države Maharashtra. Grad (bez pojasa predgrađa) ima 12.883.654 stanovnika, dok s predgrađima i sjevernim dijelovima broji 19.994.372 stanovnika i čini šestu po veličini gradsku aglomeraciju na svijetu (sve stanje s 1. siječnjem 2006.)

Grad leži na istoimenom otoku pred zapadnom obalom Indije. Moderni razvoj grada počinje tek u prvoj polovini 19. stoljeća, kada Bombay postaje sjedište indijske trgovine. U vrhu zaljeva Back Bay podignut je uz staru hinduističku jezgru niz monumentalnih zgrada (ističe se željeznička stanica Victoria). Otmjene stambene četvrti na poluotocima Kobala i Malabar stopile su se duž obala zaljeva u impozantnu cjelinu. Kulturno središte sa sveučilištem (od 1857.), knjižnicama, muzejima, nizom hramova, poznatom "kulom šutnje" (groblje bogatih Parsa) i drugi. Važan centar pamučne industrije, proizvodnja vune, svile i automobila; metalna, kemijska, drvna, kožna i prehrambena industrija; prerada nafte; filmska industrija (70 % indijske proizvodnje). Na susjednom otoku Trombay izgrađen je prvi nuklearni reaktor u Indiji. Moderno uređena luka povezuje Bombay ("vrata Indije", naziv za grad i za monumentalnu građevinu kroz koju se iz luke ulazi u grad) i Indiju sa zapadnim svijetom. Izvozi se pamuk, sjemeno ulje, riža, pšenica, manganova ruda; uvozi tekstil i željezo, čelik, strojeve, ugljen. Željezničkim prugama i cestama Bombay je spojen s dalekim zaleđem, a glavni kolodvor, Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, je od 2004. godine uvršten u UNESCOv popis mjesta svjetske baštine u Aziji i Oceaniji. Važno čvorište međunarodnih zrakoplovnih linija.

Po njemu je indijska filmska industrija dobila naziv Bollywood.

Istorija

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Istorijska mapa Bombaja

U portugalskoj vlasti je od 1534. Od 1661. pod upravom engleske Istočnoindijske kompanije. Od 1708. sedište britanske uprave u Indiji. Brzo se razvija posle otvaranja Sueckog kanala (1869.). Tu je 1908. došlo do prvog velikog radničkog štrajka u Indiji, koji je vojska ugušila u krvi. U oslobođenoj Indiji od 1947. sedište provincije, a od 1956. federalne države Bombaj. 1960. Bombaj je postao glavni grad države Maharaštra.

Geografija

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Mumbaja se sastoji od dva zasebna regiona: grada Mumbaja i prigragratskog okruga Mumbaja, koji formiraju dva zasebna upravna okruga Maharaštre.[2] Region gradskog kruga se naziva i Ostrvski grad ili Južni Mumbaj.[3] Totalna površina Mumbaja je 603,4 km2 (233 sq mi).[4] Od toga, ostrvski grad pokriva 67.79 km2 (26 sq mi), dok prigradski okrug ima 370 km2 (143 sq mi), i ukupno 437.71 km2 (169 sq mi) je pod upravom Opštinske korporacije šireg Mumbaja (MCGM). Preostala oblast pripada odbrambenim snagama, Mumbajskom lučnom trastu, Komisiji za atomsku energiju i nacionalnom parku Borivali.[5]

Mumbaj leži na ušću reke Ulhasa na zapadnoj obali Indije, u primorskom regionu poznatom kao Konkan. On je smešten na ostrvu Salsete, koje delimično deli sa okrugom Tan.[6] Mumbaj je ograničen Arapskim morem na zapadu.[7] Mnogi delovi grada leže neposredno iznad nivoa mora, sa elevacijom u opsegu od 10 m (33 ft) do 15 m (49 ft);[8] grad ima prosečnu nadmorsku visinu od 14 m (46 ft).[9] Severni Mumbaj (Salsette) je brdovit,[10] i najviša tačka grada je na 450 m (1,476 ft) na Salseti u PovajKanheri vencu.[11] Nacionalni park Sanjay Gandhi (Nacionalni park Borivali) je delom lociran u predgradskom okrugu Mumbaja, a delom u okrugu Tan, i pokriva oblast od 103.09 km2 (39.80 sq mi).[12]

Pored brane Batsa, postoji šest glavnih jezera iz kojih se grad snabdeva vodom: Vihar, Donja Vaitarna, Gornja Vaitarna, Tulsi, Tansa i Povaj. Jezera Tulsi i Vihar su locirana u Nacionalnom parku Borivili, unutar gradskih granica. Voda iz jezera Povaj, koje je takođe unutar gradskih granica, se koristi samo za poljoprivredne i industrijske svrhe.[13] Tri male reke, reka Dahisar, reka Poisar i reka Ohivara (ili Ošivara) ističu iz parka, dok zagađena reka Miti ističe iz jezera Tulsi i sakuplja preliv vode iz jezera Vihar i Povaj.[14] Obale grada su razuđene brojnim potocima i zalivima, i protežu se od potoka Tan na istoku do Madh Marve na zapadnoj strani.[15] Istočna obala ostrva Salset je pokrivena velikim mangrovskim močvarama sa bogatim biodiverzitetom, dok je zapadna obala uglavnom peskovita i kamenita.[16]

Zemljišni pokrivač u gradskom regionu je predominantno peskovit usled blizine mora. U predgrađima, zemljište je uglavnom aluvijalno i glinasto.[17] Kamena osnova ispod zemljišnog pokrivača se sastoji od crnih dekanskih bazaltnih tokova, i njihovih kiselih i baznih varijanti koje datiraju iz era kasne Krede i ranog Eocena.[18] Mumbaj sedi na seizmički aktivnoj zoni zbog prisutva 23 linije razdvajanja u blizini.[19] Oblast je klasifikovana kao region seizmičke zone III,[20] što znači da može da dođe do zemljotresa sa magnitudom od 6,5 na Rihterovoj skali.[21]

Klima

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The average temperature ranges between 23 °C (73 °F) in January to 30 °C (86 °F) in May. Rainfall is at or near zero from November through May, then quickly rises to a peak of about 600 mm (23.62 in) in July, falling back more gradually.
Prosečna temperatura i precipitacija u Mumbaju
Glavni članak: Klima Mumbaja

Mumbaj ima Tropsku klimu, specifično tropsku vlažnu i suvu klimu (Aw) po Kopenovoj klasifikaciji klima, sa sedam suvih meseci i vrhuncom kiša u julu.[22] Hladnijoj sezoni od decembra do februara sledi letnja sezona od marta do juna. Period od juna do oko kraja septembra se sastoji od jugozapadne monsunske sezone, i oktober i novembar formiraju post-monsunsku sezonu.[23]

Između juna i septembra, jugozapadne monsunske kiše šibaju grad. Premonsunske kiše padadu u maju. S vremena na vreme se javljaju severnoistočne monsunske kiše u oktobru i novembru. Maksimalna godišnja količina padavina ikad zabeležena je bila 3,452 mm (136 in) 1954. godine.[24] Najviša zabeležena količina padavina u jednom danu od 944 mm (37 in) se dogodila 26. jula 2005.[25] Prosečna totalna godišnja količina padavina je 2,146.6 mm (85 in) za sam grad, i 2,457 mm (97 in) za predgrađa.[24]

Prosečna godišnja temperatura je 27.2 °C (81 °F), a prosečna precipitacija je 2,167 mm (85 in).[26] U gradu je prosečna maksimalna temperatura 31.2 °C (88 °F), dok je prosečna minimalna temperatura 23.7 °C (75 °F). U predgrađima, dnevna srednja maksimalna temperatura je u opsegu od 29.1 °C (84 °F) do 33.3 °C (92 °F), dok je dnevna minimalna temperatura u opsegu od 16.3 °C (61 °F) do 26.2 °C (79 °F).[24] Rekordno visoka temperatura od 40.2 °C (104 °F) je zabeležena 28. marta 1982,[27] a rekordno niska od 7.4 °C (45 °F) 27. januara 1962.[28]

Stanovništvo

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Prema nezvaničnim rezultatima popisa, u gradu je 2011. živelo 12.478.447 stanovnika.

Kretanje broja stanovnika
1991. 2001. 2011.
9.925.891[29] 11.978.450[29] 12.478.447[1]

Reference

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  1. 1,0 1,1 Census of India 2011: Provisional Population Totals. Cities having population 1 lakh and above., Приступљено 13. 4. 2013.
  2. „Mumbai Suburban”. National Informatics Centre (Mahrashtra State Centre). 
  3. „Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project”. Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA). Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2009-02-26. Pristupljeno 18 July 2008. 
  4. „Area and Density – Metropolitan Cities”. Ministry of Urban Development (Government of India). str. 33. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2009-04-29. Pristupljeno 28 April 2008. 
  5. Mumbai Plan, 1.2 Area and Divisions
  6. Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960: str. 2
  7. Mumbai Plan, 1.1 Location
  8. Krishnamoorthy 2008: str. 218
  9. „Mumbai, India”. Weatherbase. Pristupljeno 19 March 2008. 
  10. Mumbai Plan, 1.3.2.2 Salsette Island
  11. Srinivasu, T.; Pardeshi, Satish. „Floristic Survey of Institute of Science, Mumbai, Maharashta State”. Government of Maharashtra. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2009-07-17. Pristupljeno 26 August 2009. 
  12. Bapat 2005: str. 111–112
  13. „Salient Features of Powai Lake” (PPT). Department of Environment (Government of Maharashtra). str. 1–3. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2011-07-15. Pristupljeno 29 April 2009. 
  14. Mumbai Plan, 1.7 Water Supply and Sanitation
  15. Sen, Somit (13 December 2008). „Security web for city coastline”. The Times of India. Pristupljeno 30 April 2009. 
  16. Patil 1957: str. 45–49
  17. Mumbai Plan, 1.3.1 Soil
  18. Mumbai Plan, 1.3.2 Geology and Geomorphology
  19. Kanth, S. T. G. Raghu; Iyenagar, R. N. (10 December 2006). „Seismic Hazard estimation for Mumbai City”. Current Science (Current Science Association) 91 (11): 1486. Pristupljeno 3 September 2009. »This is used to compute the probability of ground motion that can be induced by each of the twenty-three known faults that exist around the city.« 
  20. India Meteorological Department. Seismic Zoning Map (Map). Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2008-09-15. Pristupljeno 20 July 2008. 
  21. „The Seismic Environment of Mumbai”. Department of Theoretical Physics (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research). Pristupljeno 6 December 2007. 
  22. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy 1999: str. 210
  23. Greater Bombay District Gazetteer 1960: str. 84
  24. 24,0 24,1 24,2 Mumbai Plan, 1.4 Climate and Rainfall
  25. Kishwar, Madhu Purnima (3 July 2006). „Three drown as heavy rain lashes Mumbai for the 3rd day”. Daily News and Analysis (DNA) (Mumbai). Pristupljeno 15 June 2009. 
  26. Rohli & Vega 2007: str. 267
  27. WMO bulletin, 2000 & °C on 28 March 1982, the highest since 1955.", p. 346, "Bombay recorded a maximum temperature of 40.2
  28. „Mumbai still cold at 8.6 °C”. The Times of India. 9 February 2008. Pristupljeno 26 April 2009. 
  29. 29,0 29,1 World Gazetteer: Die wichtigsten Orte mit Statistiken zu ihrer Bevölkerung, Pristupljeno 13. 4. 2013.

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Vanjske veze

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