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{{историческое государство}}
{{редактирую|Ilya Mauter}}
[[Файл:Map of Vedic India ru.png|thumb|350px330px|Местоположение царства Панчала в [[ведическийведийский период]].]]
'''Панчала''' ({{lang-sa|पांचाल}}), {{IAST|Pāñcāla}}) — исторический регион в [[Северная Индия|Северной Индии]], в междуречье [[Ганг]]и и [[Ямуна|Ямуны]], на территории современный [[Индия|индийских]] [[Административное деление Индии|штатов]] [[Уттаракханд]] и [[Уттар-Прадеш]]. В [[ведическийведийский период]], царство Панчала былабыло центром урбанистической культуры. Период этот ассоциируется с [[Культура серой расписной керамики|культурой серой расписной керамики]], появившейся около 1100 года до  н.  э. и пришедшей в упадок к 600 году до  н.  э., когда царство Панчала сталастало одной из шестнадцати республик [[Махаджанапады|махаджанапад]]. В этом регионе располагались две ведийские [[Шакха|шакхи]] — [[Шаунака]] и [[Тайттирия]].
 
Регион Панчала занималзанимала территорию между верхними [[Гималаи|Гималаями]] и рекой Гангой. ПанчалаРегион делиласьделился на две части: Уттара-Панчала и Дакшина-Панчала. Столицей Уттара-Панчалы был город Ахичатра[[Ахиччхатра]], (также известный как Адхичхатра или Чхатравати), который располагался на месте современного города [[Рамнагар (Уттаракханд)|Рамнагар]]. Столицей Дакшина-Панчалы был город Кампилья или [[Кампил]]. На территории Панчалы также располагалсянаходился известный город Каньякубджа (ныне [[Каннаудж]]).
 
== Panchala during the Vedic period ==
Panchala was the second «urban» center of [[Vedic civilization]], as its focus moved east from the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], after the focus of power had been with the Kurus in the early [[Iron Age]]. This period is associated with the [[Painted Grey Ware culture]], arising beginning around [[1100 BCE]], and declining from [[600 BCE]], with the end of the Vedic period. The [[Shaunaka]] and [[Taittiriya]] Vedic schools were located in the area of Panchala.
 
The ruling confederacy, the Panchalas, as their name suggests, probably consisted of five clans — the Krivis, the Turvashas, The Keshins, the Srinjayas and the Somakas. Each of these clans is known to be associated with one or more princes mentioned in the Vedic texts — the Krivis with Kravya Panchala, the Turvashas with Sona Satrasaha, the Keshins with Keshin Dalavya, the Srinjayas with Sahadeva Sarnjaya and the Somakas with Somaka Sahadevya. The names of the last two clans, the Somakas and the Srinjayas are also mentioned in the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Puranas]]. King [[Drupada]], whose daughter [[Draupadi]] was married to the [[Pandava]]s belonged to the Somaka clan.<ref>Pargiter, F.E. (1972). ''Ancient Indian Historical Tradition'', Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p.117</ref> However, the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Puranas]] consider the ruling clan of the northern Panchala as an offshoot of the [[Bharata (emperor)|Bharata]] clan and Divodasa, Sudas, Srinjaya, Somaka and [[Drupada]] (also called Yajnasena) were the most notable rulers of this clan.<ref>Raychaudhuri, H.C. (1972) ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp.65-8.</ref>
 
== Panchala under Magadhan rule ==
Originally a [[Monarchy|monarchical]] [[clan]], the Panchalas appear to have switched to republican corporation around [[500 BCE]]. The Buddhist text, [[Anguttara Nikaya]] mentions Panchala as one of the sixteen [[mahajanapada]]s of the c. 6th century BCE.<ref>Raychaudhuri, H.C. (1972). ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p.85</ref> The [[4th century BCE]] [[Arthashastra]] also attests the Panchalas as following the ''Rajashabdopajivin'' (king consul) constitution. Panchala was annexed into the [[Magadha Empire|Magadha empire]] during the reign of [[Mahapadma Nanda]].<ref>Raychaudhuri, H.C. (1972). ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p.206</ref>
 
The [[Yuga Purana]] section of the [[Gargi Samhita]] informs us that Panchala was invaded and occupied by the ''Yavana'' ([[Greco-Bactrian]]) army led by King Dhamamita ([[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius]]) during [[Brihadratha]]'s reign But soon they had to leave to [[Bactria]] to fight a fierce battle (probably between Eucratides and Demetrius).<ref>Lahiri, B. (1974). ''Indigenous States of Northern India (Circa 200 B.C. to 320 A.D.) '', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp.22-4</ref>
 
== Panchala during post-Mauryan period ==
Numismatic evidence reveals the existence of the independent rulers of Panchala during the post-Mauryan period. Most of the coins issued by them are found at Ahichatra and adjoining areas. All coins are round, made of a copper alloy and have a set pattern on the obverse-a deeply incised square punch consisting of a row of three symbols and the ruler’s name placed in a single line below them. The reverse bears depiction of the deities or sometimes their attributes, whose names form as a component of the issuers' names (like coins of Agnimitra bear the depiction of [[Agni]]). The names of the rulers found from these coins are Vangapala, Yajnapala, Damagupta, Rudragupta, Jayagupta, Suryamitra, Phalgunimitra, Bhanumitra, Bhumimitra, Dhruvamitra, Agnimitra, Indramitra, Vishnumitra, Jayamitra, Prajapatimitra, Varunamitra, Anamitra, Bhadraghosha and Yugasena (reverse of the coins of Varunamitra, Yugasena and Anamitra do not exhibit any deity). Shaunakayaniputra Vangapala, ruler of Ahichatra, whom Vaidehiputra Ashadhasena refers as his grandfather in his Pabhosa inscription, is identified with king Vangapala, known from his coins. The name of Damagupta is also found on a clay sealing.<ref>Lahiri, B. (1974). ''Indigenous States of Northern India (Circa 200 B.C. to 320 A.D.) '', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp.170-88</ref><ref>Bhandare, S. (2006). ''Numismatics and History: The Maurya-Gupta Interlude in the Gangetic Plain'' in P. Olivelle ed. ''Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE'', New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-568935-6, pp.76,88</ref> Probably, the last independent ruler of Ahichatra was Achyuta, who was defeated by [[Samudragupta]] and Panchala was annexed into the [[Gupta Empire]].<ref>Raychaudhuri, H.C. (1972). ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p.473</ref> The coins of Achyuta found from Ahichatra have a wheel of eight spokes on the reverse and the legend ''Achyu'' on the obverse.<ref>Lahiri, B. (1974). ''Indigenous States of Northern India (Circa 200 B.C. to 320 A.D.) '', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p.182</ref>
 
== Ссылки ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110605063819/http://home.comcast.net/~pankajtandon/galleries-panchala.html Coins of Panchala janapada]{{ref-en}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100217061043/http://tdil.mit.gov.in/CoilNetcoilnet/IGNCAignca/panchal.htm Panchal Details from IGNCA]{{ref-en}}
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{{-}}{{Племена и царства в Махабхарате}}
{{Махаджанапады}}
 
[[Категория:Махаджанапады]]
[[Категория:Исторические индуистские государства]]
 
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Источник — https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Панчала