Tekst źródłowy strony Wikipedysta:Ru-pl/artukuły/Biosafety level

'''Poziom bezpieczeństwa biologicznego''' - '''BSL''' (ang. biosafety level), BL, klasa bezpieczeństwa laboratoriów mikrobiologicznych - poziom zabezpieczeń laboratorium, wymaganych do uzyskania całkowitej izolacji niebezpiecznych czynników biologicznych w pomieszczeniu zamkniętym. Istnieją 4 poziomy BSL, od najniższego (BSL-1, BL-1) do najwyższego (BSL-4, BL-4). W [[Unia Europejska|Unii Europejskiej]] poziomy zabezpieczeń określone są [[dyrektywa]]mi<ref>Council Directive 90/679/EEC of 26 November 1990 on the protection of workers from risks related to exposure to biological agents at work, OJ No. L 374, p. 1.</ref>, natomiast w [[Stany Zjednoczone|Stanach Zjednoczonych]] ustalaniem poziomów BSL zajmuje się organizacja [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)<ref name=BMBL>{{cytuj stronę | autor = Richmond JY, McKinney RW | tytuł = Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories | url= http://www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/biosfty/bmbl4/bmbl4toc.htm | isbn = 0-7881-8513-6 }}</ref>.

== Historia ==

Pierwszy prototyp szafy o III klasie bezpieczeństwa biologicznego został zbudowany w [[1943]] roku, przez żołnierza Armii USA Huberta Kaempfa pod kierownictwem Dr. Arnolda G. Wedum, Dyrektora (1944-69) ds. Bezpieczeństwa i Higieny Pracy przy Wojskowym Laboratorium Biologicznym Armii Stanów Zjednoczonych w bazie wojskowej Fort Detrick w Maryland.

Dnia 18 kwietnia 1955, czternastu przedstawicieli spotkało się w bazie Camp Detrick. Spotkanie miało na celu podzielenie się wiedzą i doświadczeniami w zakresie bezpieczeństwa biologicznego, chemicznego, radiologicznego oraz bezpieczeństwa w przemyśle, które były owocem dotychczasowej pracy trzech największych laboratoriów broni biologicznej Armii USA<ref>{{cytuj stronę

|url= http://www.absa.org/abohist1.html

|tytuł= A History of the American Biological Safety Association

|data dostępu= 2008-08-14

}}</ref><ref>{{cytuj stronę

|url= http://www.molecular-plant-biotechnology.info/biosafety/biosafety-history.htm

|tytuł= Biosafety History,Recombinant DNA Molecules,Hybrid Organisms,NIH Guidelines,Bacillus Subtilis

|data dostępu= 2008-08-14

}}</ref>. Ze względu na możliwość wycieku informacji, rozmowy toczyły się w najwyższej tajemnicy. Od [[1957]] roku, zaczęto coraz częściej planować na tych konferencjach także spotkania jawne, których celem była szersza niż dotychczas wymiana informacji o zagrożeniach biologicznych. Jednak dopiero od [[1964]] roku rząd Stanów Zjednoczonych zaczął planować tego typu konferencje nie wiążąc ich bezpośrednio ze swoim programem działań wojennych<ref name="USDA-ABSA">{{cytuj stronę

| url         = http://riley.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?info_center=8&tax_level=4&tax_subject=158&topic_id=1982&level3_id=6419&level4_id=10967&level5_id=0&placement_default=0&test

| tytuł       = American Biological Safety Association Collection : NAL Collections : National Agricultural Library

| data dostępu  = 2009-02-11

| data        = 2009-02-11

}}</ref>.

Przez pierwsze 10 lat w konferencjach uczestniczyć mogli wszyscy przedstawiciele agencji federalnych, które prowadziły lub sponsorowały badania nad mikroorganizmami chorobotwórczymi. W [[1966]] roku włączono do rozmów przedstawicieli uczelni wyższych, laboratoriów prywatnych, szpitali i ośrodków przemysłowych. W latach 70 spotkania stawały się coraz bardziej otwarte, aż do roku [[1983]], kiedy to zaczęto rozważać utworzenie formalnej organizacji<ref name="USDA-ABSA" />.

Stowarzyszenie American Biological Safety Association (ABSA) zostało oficjalnie założone w [[1984]] roku, wtedy też powstał statut i regulamin organizacji. W [[2008]] roku liczba członków ABSA wynosiła już 1600<ref name="USDA-ABSA" />.

== Klasyfikacja ==
Bezpieczeństwo biologiczne laboratorium jest klasyfikowane pod względem zagrożenia, jakie może stwarzać dla otaczającego środowiska. Od [[2006]] roku istnieją 4 poziomy bezpieczeństwa. Są to tak zwane BSL-1 do BSL-4, oraz jeden dodatkowy poziom BSL-3-ag, który odnosi się do zagrożeń rolnych pomiędzy BSL-3 i BSL-4. Poziomy bezpieczeństwa bywają też określane skrótami od P1 do P4, np. "Laboratorium P3". Wyższy numer zawsze oznacza większe zagrożenie dla środowiska zewnętrznego, a co za tym idzie - wyższy poziom ochrony.
Zabezpieczenia na najniższym poziomie wymagają jedynie użycia [[dygestorium]]. Najwyższy poziom wymaga izolacji [[patogen]]u przy pomocy przeróżnych zabezpieczeń budynku, hermetycznych pomieszczeń, osobistej izolacji ([[skafander]]), [[dekontaminacja|komór dekontaminacyjnych]] oraz specjalnych procedur mających na celu ograniczenie rozprzestrzeniania się mikroorganizmu. W większości przypadków podwyższa się też poziom bezpieczeństwa dostępu do całego obiektu, ograniczając tym samym wstęp osób postronnych, które mogły by mieć wpływ na jakość zabezpieczeń. Nazywa się to "gorącą strefą" (ang. "hot zone").

== Poziomy bezpieczeństwa ==

=== BSL-1 ===

Na tym poziomie może być prowadzona praca z dobrze poznanymi drobnoustrojami, które normalnie nie powodują [[choroba|chorób]] u zdrowych ludzi, przez co stanowią minimalne zagrożenie dla personelu laboratorium i środowiska zewnętrznego (CDC,1997).<ref name=richmond>[http://www.cdc.gov/OD/ohs/symp5/jyrtext.htm The 1, 2, 3's of Biosafety Levels]</ref>.
Obejmuje on kilka gatunków bakterii i wirusów, np. wirus zapalenia wątroby psów, [[pałeczka okrężnicy|escherichia coli]], oraz kilka innych niechorobotwórczych i niezakaźnych gatunków. Przy pracy z nimi wymagane są jedynie podstawowe zabezpieczenia, jak rękawice, czy ochrona twarzy. Laboratorium BSL-1 nie musi być w sposób szczególny wydzielone z reszty budynku. Prace są na ogół prowadzone na zwykłych laboratoryjnych ławach przy użyciu standardowych praktyk mikrobiologicznych. Odpadowy materiał zakaźny jest przechowywany w otwartych pojemnikach, przekazywanych następnie do zniszczenia, jak np. odpady medyczne. [[Dekontaminacja]] na tym poziomie przypomina nieco zabiegi, jakie stosuje się dla zachowania codziennej higieny (np. mycie rąk mydłem antybakteryjnym, przecieranie powierzchni blatów środkiem do [[dezynfekcja|dezynfekcji]], itp.). Użyte naczynia i aparaturę dezynfekuje się, np. w [[autoklaw]]ie. Personel laboratorium przechodzi odpowiednie szkolenia w zakresie procedur prowadzonych w laboratorium, a prace są nadzorowane przez [[mikrobiologia|mikrobiologów]].

=== BSL-2 ===

This level is similar to Biosafety Level 1 and is suitable for work involving agents of moderate potential hazard to personnel and the environment.<ref name=richmond/> It includes various bacteria and viruses that cause only mild disease to humans, or are difficult to contract via [[aerosol]] in a lab setting, such as ''[[Clostridium difficile|C. difficile]]'', hepatitis [[Hepatitis A|A]], [[Hepatitis B|B]], and [[Hepatitis C|C]], [[influenza A]], [[Lyme disease]], [[dengue fever]], ''[[Salmonella]]'', [[mumps]], [[measles]], [[HIV]],<ref>"Routine diagnostic work with clinical specimens can be done safely at Biosafety Level 2, using Biosafety Level 2 practices and procedures. Research work (including co-cultivation, virus replication studies, or manipulations involving concentrated virus) can be done in a BSL-2 (P2) facility, using BSL-3 practices and procedures. Virus production activities, including virus concentrations, require a BSL-3 (P3) facility and use of BSL-3 practices and procedures", see [http://www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/biosfty/bmbl4/bmbl4s6.htm Recommended Biosafety Levels for Infectious Agents].</ref> [[scrapie]], [[MRSA]], and [[Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|VRSA]]. {{Reference necessary|Genetically modified organisms have also been classified as level 2 organisms|date=April 2010}}, even if they pose no direct threat to humans. This designation is used to limit the release of modified organisms into the environment. Approval by the FDA is required to release these organisms. An example is genetically modified food crops.

BSL-2 differs from BSL-1 in that:

# laboratory personnel have specific training in handling pathogenic agents and are directed by scientists with advanced training;

# access to the laboratory is limited when work is being conducted;

# extreme precautions are taken with contaminated sharp items; and

# certain procedures in which infectious aerosols or splashes may be created are conducted in [[Class II cabinet|biological safety cabinets]] or other physical containment equipment.

=== BSL-3 ===

This level is applicable to clinical, diagnostic, teaching, research, or production facilities in which work is done with indigenous or exotic agents which may cause serious or potentially lethal disease after inhalation.<ref name=richmond/> It includes various bacteria, parasites and viruses that can cause severe to fatal disease in humans, but for which vaccines or other treatment exist, such as ''[[Leishmania donovani]]'', ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'', ''[[Bacillus anthracis]]'', [[West Nile virus]], [[Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus]], [[Eastern equine encephalitis virus]], [[Hendra virus]], [[SARS coronavirus]], ''[[Salmonella typhi]]'', ''[[Coxiella burnetii]]'', [[Rift Valley fever virus]], ''[[Rickettsia rickettsii]]'', and [[yellow fever virus]].

Laboratory personnel have specific training in handling pathogenic and potentially lethal agents, and are supervised by competent scientists who are experienced in working with these agents. This is considered a neutral or warm zone.

All procedures involving the manipulation of infectious materials are conducted within biological safety cabinets, specially designed [[fume hood|hoods]], or other physical containment devices, or by personnel wearing appropriate personal protective clothing and equipment. The laboratory has special engineering and design features.

It is recognized, however, that some existing facilities may not have all the facility features recommended for Biosafety Level 3 (i.e., double-door access zone and sealed penetrations). In this circumstance, an acceptable level of safety for the conduct of routine procedures, (e.g., diagnostic procedures involving the propagation of an agent for identification, typing, susceptibility testing, etc.), may be achieved in a biosafety level 2 (P2) facility, providing

# the filtered exhaust air from the laboratory room is discharged to the outdoors,

# the ventilation to the laboratory is balanced to provide directional airflow into the room,

# access to the laboratory is restricted when work is in progress, and

# the recommended Standard Microbiological Practices, Special Practices, and Safety Equipment for Biosafety Level 3 are rigorously followed.

The decision to implement this modification of biosafety level 3 recommendations is made only by the laboratory director.

=== BSL-4 ===

[[Plik:Galveston National Laboratory at UTMB.jpg|thumb|The [[Galveston National Laboratory]] BSL-4 (P4) lab on the Campus of the [[University of Texas Medical Branch]]]]

This level is required for work with dangerous and exotic agents that pose a high individual risk of aerosol-transmitted laboratory infections, agents which cause severe to fatal disease in humans for which vaccines or other treatments are ''not'' available, such as [[Bolivian hemorrhagic fever|Bolivian]] and [[Argentine hemorrhagic fever]]s, [[Marburg virus]], [[Ebola virus]], [[Lassa fever]], [[Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever]], [[Smallpox]], and other various [[viral hemorrhagic fever|hemorrhagic]] diseases. When dealing with biological hazards at this level the use of a [[Hazmat suit]] and a self-contained oxygen supply is mandatory. The entrance and exit of a Level Four biolab will contain multiple showers, a vacuum room, an [[ultraviolet]] light room, and other safety precautions designed to destroy all traces of the biohazard. Multiple airlocks are employed and are electronically secured to prevent both doors opening at the same time. All air and water service going to and coming from a biosafety level 4 (or P4) lab will undergo similar decontamination procedures to eliminate the possibility of an accidental release.

Agents with a close or identical antigenic relationship to Biosafety Level 4 agents are handled at this level until sufficient data is obtained either to confirm continued work at this level, or to work with them at a lower level.

Members of the laboratory staff have specific and thorough training in handling extremely hazardous infectious agents and they understand the primary and secondary containment functions of the standard and special practices, the containment equipment, and the laboratory design characteristics. They are supervised by qualified scientists who are trained and experienced in working with these agents. Access to the laboratory is strictly controlled by the laboratory director.

The facility is either in a separate building or in a controlled area within a building, which is completely isolated from all other areas of the building. A specific facility operations manual is prepared or adopted. Building protocols for preventing contamination often use negatively pressurized facilities, which, if compromised, would severely inhibit the containment of an outbreak of aerosol pathogens.

Within work areas of the facility, all activities are confined to Class III biological safety cabinets, or Class II biological safety cabinets used with one-piece positive pressure personnel suits ventilated by a life support system. The Biosafety Level 4 laboratory has special engineering and design features to prevent microorganisms from being disseminated into the environment. The laboratory is kept at negative air pressure, so that air flows into the room if the barrier is penetrated or breached. Furthermore, an [[airlock]] is used during personnel entry and exit.

== Lista wybranych laboratoriów BSL-3 i BSL-4 na świecie ==

{{Expand section|information completing the table, and citations|date=August 2008}}

<!--

DEFAULT SORT: SORT LIST BY LOCATION: COUNTRY, PROVINCE, CITY, INSTITUTE, FACILITY NAME

DATES SHOULD BE PLACED IN ISO FORMAT: YYYY-MM-DD

NOTABILITY: THE FOLLOWING IS A LIST OF NOTABLE BIOSAFETY FACILITIES, LEVEL 4 ARE ACCEPTED BECAUSE OF THE NATURE OF THEIR WORK. IF THE THE FACILITY IS 3 OR BELOW, IT MUST BE LINKED TO AN ARTICLE ELABORATING ON IT

-->

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="vertical-align:top; font-size:95%;"

! Name

! Location

! Level

! Established

! Discontinued

! class="unsortable" | Description

|-

| Virology Laboratory of the Queensland Department of Health

| [[Australia]], [[Queensland]], [[Coopers Plains, Queensland|Coopers Plains]]

| 4

|

|

|

|-

| [[Australian Animal Health Laboratory]]

| [[Australia]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Geelong]]

| 4

|

|

|

|-

|National High Security Laboratory

|[[Australia]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[North Melbourne]]

| 4

|

|

| [http://www.vidrl.org.au/ National High Security Laboratory] Operates under the auspice of the Victoria Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory.

|-

| [[Curtin University of Technology]]

| [[Australia]], [[Western Australia]], [[Bentley]]

| 3

|

|

|

|-

| [[Republican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology]]

| [[Belarus]], [[Minsk]]

| 4

|

|

| [http://www.belriem.org/en/ Laboratory for Biotechnology and Immunodiagnosis of Highly Dangerous Infections]

|-

| [[University of Central Florida]]

| [[United States of America]], [[Florida]], [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]]

| 3

|

|

|

|-

| [[Oswaldo Cruz Institute|Fundação Oswaldo Cruz]]

| [[Brazil]], [[Rio de Janeiro]]

| 3

|

|

| It is unclear whether this facility operates as a BSL-4. Brazil doesn't have any BSL-4 facilities{{fakt|date=April 2009}}

|-

| [[University of São Paulo]]

| [[Brazil]], [[São Paulo]]

| 3

|

|

| It is unclear whether this facility operates as a BSL-4. Brazil doesn't have any BSL-4 facilities{{fakt|date=April 2009}}

|-

| [[Instituto Adolf Lutz]]

| [[Brazil]]

| 3

|

|

|

|-

| [[Instituto Butantan]]

| [[Brazil]]

| 3

|

|

|

|-

| [[British Columbia Centre for Disease Control]]

| [[Canada]], [[British Columbia]]

| 3

|

|

| The [[British Columbia Centre for Disease Control]], operates three biosafety level 3 labs.

|-

| [[National Microbiology Laboratory]]

| [[Canada]], [[Manitoba]], [[Winnipeg]]

| 4

|

|

| Located at the [[Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health]], it is jointly operated by the [[Public Health Agency of Canada]] and the [[Canadian Food Inspection Agency]].

|-

| [[Centre National de Biologie Expérimentale]]

| [[Canada]], [[Quebec]], [[Laval, Quebec|Laval]]

| 3

|

|

| Located at the [[Institut national de la recherche scientifique]].

|-

| Saskatchewan Disease Control Lab

| [[Canada]], [[Saskatchewan]], [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]]

| 3

| 2010

|

|

|-

|

| [[Canada]], [[Ontario]], [[Toronto]]

| 4

|

|

| This facility never opened due to community opposition in the 1990s.

|-

| Center of Biological Protection

| [[Czech Republic]]

| 4

|

|

| Located at the Centrum biologické ochrany [[Těchonín]] (Center of Biological Protection)<ref>[http://www.army.cz/scripts/detail.php?id=9448 Ministerstvo obrany - Centrum biologické ochrany Těchonín<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

|-

| National Institute for Health and Welfare

| [[Finland]], Hermanni, [[Helsinki]]

| 3

|

|

| Document from National Institute for Health and Welfare that mentions the facility.<ref name="infosota.fi">http://www.infosota.fi/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/thl-h5n1-m%C3%A4%C3%A4r%C3%A4aikainen-erityislupa1.jpeg</ref>

|-

| National Institute for Health and Welfare

| [[Finland]], Tilkanmäki, [[Helsinki]]

| 3

|

|

| Document from National Institute for Health and Welfare that mentions the facility.<ref name="infosota.fi"/>

|-

| Laboratoire P4 [[Jean Mérieux]]

| [[France]], [[Rhône-Alpes]], [[Lyon]]

| 4

| 1999-03-05

|

| [http://www.cervi-lyon.inserm.fr/ Jean Mérieux] laboratory is a co-operation between the [[Pasteur Institute]] and [[INSERM]]. Note that in France, it is P4 for Pathogen or Protection level 4.<ref>[http://www.cervi-lyon.inserm.fr/themes/Presentation/PresentationGB.html English presentation of Jean Mérieux P4 laboratory]</ref>

|-

| Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville

| [[Gabon]]

| 4

|

|

| This facility is operated by a research organization supported by the French government, and is West Africa's only P4 lab (BSL-4).<ref>[http://www.cirmf.org CIRMF]</ref>

|-

| [[Robert Koch Institute]]

| [[Germany]], [[Berlin]]

| 4

|

|

| The facility was licenced for construction by City of Berlin on November 30, 2008.

|-

| [[Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine]]

| [[Germany]], [[Hamburg]]

| 4

|

|

|

|-

| [[Philipps University]] of [[Marburg]]

| [[Germany]], [[Marburg]]

| 4

| 2008

|

| The facility is licenced to work with genetically modified organisms

|-

| [[Wehrwissenschaftliches Institut für Schutztechnologien]]

| [[Germany]], [[Munster, Lower Saxony|Munster]]

| 3

|

|

|

|-

| [[Friedrich Loeffler Institute]] on the Isle of Riems

| [[Germany]], the Isle of Riems ([[Greifswald]])

| 4

| 2010

|

| Deals especially with virology

|-

| Evangelismos

| [[Greece]], [[Athens]]

| 3

| 2003

|

|

|-

| Crete University, Pagne hospital, Clinical bacteriology lab

| [[Greece]], [[Heraklion]]

| 3

| 2003

|

|

|-

|National JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases (NCJILOMD), Agra

| [[India]], [[Agra]]

| 3

| 2002

|

| This facility deals with the Mycobacterial strains & their pathogenicity & epidemiology.

|-

| Infectious Diseases Unit, St.John's Research Institute

| [[India]], [[Bangalore (India)|Bangalore]]

| 3

|

|

|

|-

| High Security Animal Disease Laboratory (HSADL)

| [[India]], [[Bhopal]]

| 4

| 1998

|

| This facility deals especially to zoonotic organisms and emerging infectious disease threats.

|-

| [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]]

| [[India]], [[New Delhi]]

| 1-4

| 1993

|

| Conducts studies on major pathogenic organisms. Has contributed in discovering new strains & vaccines.

|-

| [[Institute of Tropical Disease]] (ITD)

| [[Indonesia]], [[East Java]], [[Surabaya]]

| 3

| 2008

|

| Operated by Institute of Tropical Disease - Airlangga University, Build Cooperation with Japan.

|-

| Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale Luigi Sacco

| [[Italy]], [[Lombardy]], [[Milano]]

| 4

|

|

| A university hospital in Polo Universitario; it contains two special vehicles for transporting infectious persons.

|-

| Istituto Nazionale Malattie Infettive

| [[Italy]], [[Rome]], [[Rome]]

| 4

|

|

| This facility, (trans.) National Institute of Infectious Diseases, operates within the Lazzaro Spallanzani Hospital.

|-

| Institute for Medical Research (IMR), Ministry of Health

| [[Malaysia]], [[Kuala Lumpur]]

| 3

|

|

| This facility is able to conduct research and tests on acarology, bacteriology, medical entomology, parasitology and virology.

|-

| National Institute for Infectious Diseases

| [[Japan]], [[Kantō region|Kantō]], [[Tokyo]]

| 3

|

|

| Located at National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Department of Virology I; this lab has the potential of operating as a BSL-4, however it is limited to perform work on only BSL-3 agents due to opposition from local residents and communities.

|-

| Institute of Physical and Chemical Research

| [[Japan]], [[Kantō region|Kantō]], [[Tsukuba]]

|

|

|

| This is a non-operating BSL-4 facility.

|-

| [[Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment]] (RIVM)

| [[Netherlands]], [[Bilthoven]]

| 3 - 4

| 2009

|

| Currently under construction, it is planned to be finished by the end of 2009. It is planned to operate as a BSL 3 and a BSL 4 facility.

|-

| Wuhan Institute of Virology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

| [[People's Republic of China]], [[Hubei]], [[Wuhan]]

| 3 - 4

| 2010 (P4)

|

| [http://www.whiov.ac.cn/ Wuhan Institute of Virology] already hosts a BSL-3 laboratory. A distinct BSL-4 facility is currently being built based on P4 standards, the original technology for confinement developed by France.<ref>[http://www.climaplus.fr/index-IDP-0-actu-2-lg-en.html French subcontractor release and ][http://www.climaplus.fr/index-IDP-23-Sect-6-real-34-lg-en.html programme profile page]</ref><ref>[http://www.bioindustry.cn/english/institute-10 Information on Wuhan Institute of Virology and timeline]</ref> It will be the first at level 4 in China, under the direction of Shi Zhengli.<ref>[http://www.publichealth.pitt.edu/deansblog/2008/01/wuhan-china.html Don Burke's Global Health Blog - Wuhan, China]</ref>

|-

| [[State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR]]

| [[Russia]], [[Novosibirsk Oblast]], [[Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Oblast|Koltsovo]]

| 1 - 4

|

|

| It is one of two facilities in the world that officially hold [[smallpox]]. The other Russian BSL-4 facilities have been dismantled.

|-

| Defence Science Organization (DSO)

| [[Singapore]]

| 4

|

|

| [http://www.dso.org.sg/ Defence Science Organization] goal is to conduct autopsies during a potential deadly epidemic outbreak. Singapore also has a mobile BSL-4 autopsy facility.<ref name=ABSAConfPaper_Sing>

{{Cytuj stronę |nazwisko=Chong |imię=Peter |rok=2006 | url=http://www.absa.org/conf49abstracts.html#22 | tytuł ="Mobile Biosafety Level-4 Autopsy Facility - An Innovative Solution" - Conference Paper Abstract }}</ref>

|-

| National Institute for Communicable Diseases

| [[South Africa]], [[Johannesburg]]

| 4

|

|

| [http://www.nicd.ac.za/ National Institute for Communicable Diseases] of [http://www.nicd.ac.za/units/special_pathogens/spu.htm Special Pathogens Unit] is one of only two BSL-4 facilities in Africa but the only suit laboratory on the continent.

|-

| National Public Health Laboratory (NPHL), Ministry of Health

| [[Malaysia]], [[Sungai Buloh]], [[Selangor]]

| 3

|

|

| The NPHL is established to develop laboratory-based surveillance systems for infectious diseases of epidemic and pandemic potential as part of an early warning system and response strategies for outbreaks of infectious diseases.

|-

| Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control

| [[Sweden]], [[Solna Municipality|Solna]]

| 4

|

|

| [http://www.smittskyddsinstitutet.se Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control] is [[Scandinavia]]'s P4 facility.

|-

| Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis (IVI)

| [[Switzerland]], [[Mittelhäusern]]

| 4

| 2007-02-01

|

| This facility only deals with animal diseases which do not transmit to humans, and is the only P4 facility where complete isolation suits are not used.

|-

| High Containment Laboratory DDPS (SiLab)

| [[Switzerland]], [[Spiez]]

| 4

|

|

| Under construction, it will start operations in 2010. This laboratory will comply with BSL-4 standards.

|-

| Preventive Medical Institute of [[ROC Ministry of National Defense]]

| [[Republic of China]] (Taiwan)

| 4

|

|

|

|-

| Kwen-yang Laboratory (昆陽實驗室) Center of Disease Control

| [[Republic of China]] (Taiwan)

| 4

|

|

| Part of the Department of Health Republic of China.

|-

| [[Health Protection Agency]]'s Centre for Infections

| [[United Kingdom]], [[Colindale]]

| 4

|

|

| Located in the Viral Zoonosis unit.

|-

| [[National Institute for Medical Research]]

| [[United Kingdom]], [[London]]

| 4

|

|

|

|-

| [[Defence Science and Technology Laboratory]]

| [[United Kingdom]], [[Porton Down]]

| 4

|

|

|

|-

|

| [[United Kingdom]]

| 4

|

|

| Under construction.

|-

| [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]

| [[United States of America]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Atlanta]]

| 4

|

|

| Currently operates in two buildings. One of two facilities in the world that officially hold [[smallpox]].

|-

| [[George Mason University]] Biomedical Research Laboratory

| [[United States of America]], [[Virginia (U.S. state)|Virginia]], [[Manassas]]

| 3

|

|

| This facility is currently under construction on a 10-acre site adjacent to [[George Mason University|George Mason University's]] [[Prince William County, Virginia|Prince William]] Campus. It is scheduled to be fully operational in the Spring of 2010.

|-

| [[Georgia State University]]

| [[United States of America]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Atlanta]]

| 4

|

|

| Is an older design "glovebox" facility.

|-

| Integrated Research Facility

| [[United States of America]], [[Maryland]], [[Fort Detrick]]

| 4

|

|

| Under construction. This facility will be operated by [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] (NIAID), it is planned to begin operating at 2009 at the earliest.

|-

| [[National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center]] (NBACC)

| [[United States of America]], [[Maryland]], [[Fort Detrick]]

| 4

|

|

| Under construction, it will be operated for the [[Department of Homeland Security]].

|-

| [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH)

| [[United States of America]], [[Maryland]], [[Bethesda, Maryland|Bethesda]]

| 4

|

|

| Located on the NIH Campus, it currently only operates with BSL-3 agents.

|-

| [[US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases]] (USAMRIID)

| [[United States of America]], [[Maryland]], [[Fort Detrick]]

| 4

|

|

| Old building

|-

| [[US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases]] (USAMRIID)

| [[United States of America]], [[Maryland]], [[Fort Detrick]]

| 4

|

|

| New building, currently under design construction

|-

| [[National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory]] (NEIDL)

| [[United States of America]], [[Massachusetts]], [[Boston]]

| 4

|

|

| Under construction by [[Boston University]], building and staff training complete, waiting for regulatory approval.

|-

| NIAID Rocky Mountain Laboratories

| [[United States of America]], [[Montana]], [[Hamilton, Montana|Hamilton]]

| 4

|

|

| 

|-

| [[Stony Brook University]] Centers for Molecular Medicine Center for Infectious Diseases

| [[United States of America]], [[New York]], [[Stony Brook, NY|Stony Brook]]

| 3

| 1999

|

| Operated by [[State University of New York at Stony Brook]], a BSL-3 facility studying [[Borrelia burgdorferi]] (Lyme Disease), [[Yersinia pestis]] (Bubonic plague) and [[Francisella tularensis]] (Rabbit fever)

|-

| [[University of Cincinnati]]

| [[United States of America]], [[Ohio (U.S. state)|Ohio]], [[Cincinnati]]

| 3

|

|

| University of Cincinnati Medical Sciences Building

|-

| [[University of New Mexico]]

| [[United States of America]], [[New Mexico (U.S. state)|New Mexico]], [[Albuquerque]]

| 3

|

|

| University of New Mexico operates several BSL-3 and ABSL-3 labs as part of the School of Medicine.  

|-

| [[Biodesign Institute]] at [[Arizona State University]]

| [[United States of America]], [[Tempe, Arizona]]

| 3

| 2006

|

|-

| [[Battelle Memorial Institute]]

| [[United States of America]], [[Ohio (U.S. state)|Ohio]], [[West Jefferson]]

| 3

|

|

|

|-

| | [[Galveston National Laboratory]], National Biocontainment Facility

| [[United States of America]], [[Texas]], [[Galveston, Texas|Galveston]]

| 4

|

|

| Opened in 2008, facility is operated by the [[University of Texas Medical Branch]].<ref>[http://www.utmb.edu/gnl/about/fact.shtml Galveston National Laboratory Fact Sheet]</ref>

|-

| Shope Laboratory

| [[United States of America]], [[Texas]], [[Galveston, Texas|Galveston]]

| 4

|

|

| Operated by the [[University of Texas Medical Branch]] (UTMB).

|-

| [[Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research]]

| [[United States of America]], [[Texas]], [[San Antonio]]

| 4

|

|

| The only privately-owned BSL-4 lab in the US.

|-

| [[Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services]]

| [[United States of America]], [[Virginia]], [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]]

| 4

|

|

| This facility is part of the Department of General Services of the Commonwealth of Virginia. It is so called "surge" BSL-4 capacity.

|-

| [[National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility]] (NBAF)

| [[United States of America]], [[Kansas State University]], [[Manhattan, Kansas]]

| 4

|

|

| Facility to be operated by the [[Department of Homeland Security]], and replace the Plum Island Animal Disease Center.  Planned to be operational by 2014.

|-

| [[Plum Island Animal Disease Center]]

| [[United States of America]], [[New York]], [[Plum Island (New York)|Plum Island]]

| 3-ag

|

|

| Facility scheduled to be replaced by the [[National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility]]. Researches zoonotic pathogens only.

|-

| [[Saint Louis University]] Doisy Research Building

| [[United States of America]], [[Missouri (stan)|Missouri]], [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]]

| 3

|

|

| Saint Louis University's new center for biomedical research. Monkeypox is the primary BSL-3 agent studied.

|-

| [[University of California, Berkeley]]

| [[United States of America]], [[California]], [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]

| 3

|

|

| [http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/bsl3/index.html The UC Berkeley BSL3 Facility] is currently housed in a single location but will be expanded in 2011 to include a second site (in a building under construction).

|-

| [[University of California, Los Angeles]]

| [[United States]], [[California]], [[Los Angeles]]

| 3

|

|

|

|-

|[[Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires]]

| [[Argentina]], [[Buenos Aires]], [[Castelar]]

| 3-A

|

|

|Instituto de Virologia (CICVyA)

|-

| Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Department of Veterinary Services

| [[Malaysia]], [[Ipoh]], [[Perak]]

| 3

|

|

| This facility created a breakthrough in identifying the Nipah virus, which is classified internationally as a BSL-4 agent.

|-

| University of Malaya

| [[Malaysia]], [[Kuala Lumpur]]

| 3

| 2010

|

|}

== Zobacz też ==
* [[Biosafety]]

* [[Biocontainment]]

* [[Biological hazard]]

* [[Safety engineering]]

* [[Security engineering]]

* [[Select agent]]

* [[Laboratory Response Network]]

== Przypisy ==
{{Przypisy}}

== External links ==

* The Sunshine Project: [http://www.sunshine-project.org/biodefense Map of US Biodefense Labs]

* [http://www.interpol.org/Public/BioTerrorism/links/biocontainmentLab.asp Biocontainment laboratories @ the Interpol Bioterrorism Prevention Resource Centre]

* [http://www2.gsu.edu/~wwwvir/index.html Georgia State University's National B Virus Resource Center (BSL4 Lab)]

* [http://www.TradelineInc.com/BIO2009 The 2009 International Conference on Biocontainment Facilities]

[[:Kategoria:Bezpieczeństwo]]

[[:Kategoria:Biologia]]

[[de:Biologische Schutzstufe]]
[[en:Biosafety level]]
[[es:Niveles de bioseguridad]]
[[fr:Danger biologique]]
[[id:Level keselamatan biologi]]
[[it:Laboratorio P4]]
[[nl:Biosafety level]]
[[ja:バイオセーフティーレベル]]