ସ୍ୱାଧୀନତା ଦିବସ‌ (ଭାରତ)

ସ୍ୱାଧୀନତା ଦିବସ‌
ସ୍ୱାଧୀନତା ଦିବସ‌
	ଲାଲ କିଲ୍ଲାରେ ଉତ୍ତୋଳିତ ଭାରତୀୟ ଜାତୀୟ ପତାକା; ୧୫ ଅଗଷ୍ଟ ଭଳି ଜାତୀୟ ଦିବସମାନଙ୍କରେ ସର୍ବସାଧାରଣ କୋଠାମାନଙ୍କରେ ଏହା ଉତ୍ତୋଳନ କରାଯାଇଥାଏ ।
ଅନ୍ୟ ନାମ	ପନ୍ଦର ଅଗଷ୍ଟ
ପାଳନକାରୀ	ଭାରତ
ପ୍ରକାର	ଜାତୀୟ
ବିଶେଷତା	ଭାରତ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନତାର ଉତ୍ସବ ପାଳିବା
ପାଳନ	ଜାତୀୟ ପତାକା ଉତ୍ତୋଳନ, ପ୍ୟାରେଡ଼ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନ, ଆତସବାଜି, ଦେଶଭକ୍ତିପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସଂଗୀତ ଏବଂ ଜାତୀୟ ସଂଗୀତ ଗାନ, ଭାରତୀୟ ପ୍ରଧାନମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଏବଂ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ରପତିଙ୍କ ଅଭିଭାଷଣ
ତାରିଖ	ଅଗଷ୍ଟ ୧୫
ପୁନଃପୌନିକତା	ବାର୍ଷିକ
ପ୍ରଥମ ପାଳନ	ଅଗଷ୍ଟ ୧୫ ୧୯୪୭

ଭାରତର ସ୍ୱାଧୀନତା ଦିବସ‌ ଏକ ଭାରତୀୟ ଜାତୀୟ ଦିବସ ଅଟେ । ୧୯୪୭ ମସିହାରେ ଭାରତ ଫିରିଙ୍ଗି ଶାସନରୁ ମୁକ୍ତ ହୋଇ ସ୍ୱତନ୍ତ୍ର ଗଣରାଜ୍ୟରେ ପରିଣତ ହୋଇଥିଲା । ତେଣୁ ଏହି ଦିନକୁ ମନେପକାଇବା ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରତିବର୍ଷ ପନ୍ଦର ଅଗଷ୍ଟକୁ ଭାରତର ସ୍ୱାଧୀନତା ଦିବସ ଭାବରେ ପାଳନ କରାଯାଇଥାଏ ।^[୧] ଏହା ଭାରତର ଏକ ପ୍ରଧାନ ଜାତୀୟ ଦିବସ । ଦେଶ ସାରା, ଏହି ଦିନ ପତାକା ଉତ୍ତୋଳନ କରଯାଇଥାଏ ଓ ଉତ୍ସବମାନ ଅୟୋଜନ କରାଯାଇଥାଏ । ରାଜଧାନୀ ଦିଲ୍ଲୀରେ ଏହି ଦିନ ପ୍ରଧାନମନ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଦେଶବାସୀଙ୍କ ନିମନ୍ତେ ଜାତୀୟ ପତାକା ଉତ୍ତୋଳନ କରି ଅଭିଭାଷଣ ଦେଇଥାନ୍ତି ଯାହା ଦେଶସାରା ଟି.ଭି.ରେ ଦେଖାଯାଇଥାଏ । ଏହି ଅଭିଭାଷଣରେ ସେ ଦେଶର ପ୍ରଗତି, ଅସୁବିଧା ଓ ତାହାର ସମାଧାନ ଓ ଆଗକୁ ହେବାକୁ ଥିବା ଉନ୍ନତି ଆଦି ବିଷୟରେ ବଖାଣିଥାନ୍ତି । ଭାରତୀୟ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନତା ସଂଗ୍ରାମ ଓ ସଂଗ୍ରାମୀମାନଙ୍କ ଉପରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ସେ ଅଭିଭାଷଣ ରଖିଥାନ୍ତି ।

୧୯୪୬ରେ, ବ୍ରିଟେନର ଶ୍ରମିକ ସରକାର ୨ୟ ବିଶ୍ୱଯୁଦ୍ଧରେ ବ୍ୟସ୍ତ ହୋଇ ପଡ଼ିଥିଲେ ଓ ନିଜ ଦେଶ ଓ ବିଦେଶୀ ସହଯୋଗ ତଥା ଭାରତୀୟ ସେନାର ସହଯୋଗରେ ମାତିଉଠିଥିବା ଭାରତୀୟମାନଙ୍କୁ ଦମନ କରିବାର ଆଶା ହରାଇଥିଲେ ।^[୨]^[୩] ଏଣୁ ସେମାନେ ଭାରତରେ ଫିରିଙ୍ଗି ଶାସନର ଅନ୍ତ କରିବାକୁ ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ନେଲେ ଓ ୧୯୪୭ର ଆରମ୍ଭରେ ୧୯୪୮ ଜୁନ ଆଗରୁ ବ୍ରିଟେନ ଭାରତରୁ ଶାସନ ଫେରାଇଆଣିବାର ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ପୋଷଣ କଲା । ଭାରତ ଏକ ସାର୍ବଭୌମ ଧର୍ମନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଓ ଗଣତାନ୍ତ୍ରିକ ରାଷ୍ଟ୍ର ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଏ। ସେହି ଦେଶ ନାଗରିକମାନଙ୍କ ମୌଳିକ ଅଧିକାରକୁ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଦେଇ ଥାଏ।

ଇତିହାସ

ସପ୍ତଦଶ ଶତାବ୍ଦୀ ସୁଦ୍ଧା ବ୍ରିଟିଶ ବଣିକମାନେ ଭାରତର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ବାଣିଜ୍ୟକେନ୍ଦ୍ରମାନ ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା କରିସାରିଥିଲେ । ଇଂରେଜ ସରକାର ଅଷ୍ଟାଦଶ ଶତାବ୍ଦୀରେ ନିଜ ବିପୁଳ ସୈନ୍ୟବଳଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ଅନ୍ୟ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ ଦେଶମାନଙ୍କୁ ଅଧିକୃତ କରିବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କଲେ । ୧୮୫୭ ମସିହାରେ ଘଟିଥିବା ପ୍ରଥମ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନତା ସଂଗ୍ରାମ ପରେ ଭାରତୀୟ ସରକାର ଅଧିନିୟମ ୧୮୫୮ ଅନୁସାରେ ବ୍ରିଟିଶ ସରକାର ଭାରତରେ ସାର୍ବଭୌମ ଶାସନ କ୍ଷମତା ଲାଭ କଲେ । ଏହି ସମୟରେ ଭାରତୀୟ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ପରି ଜାତୀୟତାବାଦୀ ସଂସ୍ଥା ଗଠିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ^[୪]^[୫] ଦେଶ ଇତିମଧ୍ୟରେ ମୋନଟାଗୁ-ଚେମସଫୋର୍ଡ଼ ସୁଧାରସବୁ ଦେଖିବା ସହ ରାୱଲଟ ଆଇନର ବର୍ବରତା ମଧ୍ୟ ଅନୁଭବ କରିଥିଲା । ମହାତ୍ମାଗାନ୍ଧୀଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବିତ ସତ୍ୟାଗ୍ରହ ଏବଂ ଅସହଯୋଗ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ ହେତୁ ଏହି ଅବସ୍ଥାର ଗୁରୁତରତା ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।^[୫]

ସ୍ୱାଧୀନତା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଆୟୋଜିତ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନତା ଦିବସ

ଭାରତୀୟ ଜାତୀୟ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ୧୯୨୯ ଲାହୋର ଅଧିବେଶନରେ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନର ଘୋଷଣା^[୬] ହେବା ସହିତ ଅଗଷ୍ଟ ୧୫କୁ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନତା ଦିବସ ଭାବେ ଘୋଷଣା କରାଗଲା ^[୬] ଦେଶବାସୀଙ୍କୁ ବ୍ରିଟିଶଶାସନରେ ଅସହଯୋଗ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ନିବେଦନ କରିବା ସହ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନତା ଲାଭ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ କଂଗ୍ରେସର ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶକୁ ମାନିବାକୁ ମଧ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଇଥିଲା ।^[୭]୧୯୩୦ରୁ ୧୯୪୬ ମସିହା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ କଂଗ୍ରେସ ଜାନୁଆରୀ ୨୬ ତାରିଖକୁ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନତା ଦିବସ ରୂପେ ପାଳନ କରିଥିଲା ।^[୮]^[୯] ସାଧାରଣସଭା ଆୟୋଜନଦ୍ୱାରା ସେତେବେଳେ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନତା ଦିବସ ପାଳିତ ହେଉଥିଲା, ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ଯୋଗ ଦେଇଥିବା ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିମାନେ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନତାର ପ୍ରତିଜ୍ଞା ନେଉଥିଲେ ।

ଆଧାର

↑ lihu Lauterpacht Editor H. Lauterpacht (1958), International Law Reports, vol. 22, Cambridge University Press, p. 147, ISBN 9780949009364 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help); horizontal tab character in |author= at position 24 (help).
↑ Hyam 2007, p. 106 Quote:By the end of 1945, he and the Commander-in-chief, General Auckinleck were advising that there was a real threat in 1946 of large scale anti-British Disorder amounting to even a well-organised rising aiming to expel the British by paralysing the administration. Quote:...it was clear to Attlee that everything depended on the spirit and reliability of the Indian Army:"Provided that they do their duty, armed insurrection in India would not be an insolube problem. If, however, the Indian Army was to go the other way, the picture would be very different... Quote:...Thus, Wavell concluded, if the army and the police "failed" Britain would be forced to go. In theory, it might be possible to revive and reinvigorate the services, and rule for another fifteent to trwenty years, but:It is a fallacy to suppose that the solution lies in trying to maintain status quo. We have no longer the resources, nor the necessary prestige or confidence in ourselves.
↑ Brown 1994, p. 330 Quote: "India had always been a minority interest in British publicity life; no great body of public opinion now emerged to argue that war-weary and impoverished Britain should send troops and money to hold it against its will in an empire of doubtful value. By late 1946 both Prime Minister and Secretary of State for India recognized that neither international opinion no their own voters would stand for any reassertion of the raj, even if there had been the men, money, and administrative machinery with which to do so." Sarkar 1983, p. 418 Quote: "With a war weary army and people and a ravaged economy, Britain would have had to retreat; the Labour victory only quickened the process somewhat." Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 212 Quote: "More importantly, though victorious in war, Britain had suffered immensely in the struggle. It simply did not possess the manpower or economic resources required to coerce a restive India."
↑ government, Sumit (1983). Modern India, 1885–1947. Macmillan. pp. 1–4. ISBN 978-0-333-90425-1.
↑ ^୫.୦ ^୫.୧ Metcalf, B.; Metcalf, T. R. (9 October 2006). A Concise History of Modern India (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68225-1.
↑ ^୬.୦ ^୬.୧ Wolpert, Stanley A. (12 October 1999). India. University of California Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-520-22172-7. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
↑ Datta, V. N. (2006). "India's Independence Pledge". In Gandhi, Kishore (ed.). India's Date with Destiny. Allied Publishers. pp. 34–39. ISBN 978-81-7764-932-1. We recognise, however, that the most effective way of getting our freedom is not through violence. We will therefore prepare ourselves by withdrawing, so far as we can, all voluntary association from British Government, and will prepare for civil disobedience, including non-payment of taxes. We are convinced that if we can but withdraw our voluntary help and stop payment of taxes without doing violence, even under provocation; the need of his inhuman rule is assured. We therefore hereby solemnly resolve to carry out the Congress instructions issued from time to time for the purpose of establishing Purna Swaraj.
↑ Vohra, Ranbir (2001). The Making of India: a Historical Survey. M. E. Sharpe. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-7656-0711-9. Archived from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
↑ Ramaseshan, Radhika (26 January 2012). "Why January 26: the History of the Day". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2012.

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[1] u Lauterpacht Editor H. Lauterpacht (1958), International Law Reports, vol. 22, Cambridge University Press, p. 147, ISBN 9780949009364 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help); horizontal tab character in |author= at position 24 (help).

[Hyam106-2] Hyam 2007, p. 106 Quote:By the end of 1945, he and the Commander-in-chief, General Auckinleck were advising that there was a real threat in 1946 of large scale anti-British Disorder amounting to even a well-organised rising aiming to expel the British by paralysing the administration. Quote:...it was clear to Attlee that everything depended on the spirit and reliability of the Indian Army:"Provided that they do their duty, armed insurrection in India would not be an insolube problem. If, however, the Indian Army was to go the other way, the picture would be very different... Quote:...Thus, Wavell concluded, if the army and the police "failed" Britain would be forced to go. In theory, it might be possible to revive and reinvigorate the services, and rule for another fifteent to trwenty years, but:It is a fallacy to suppose that the solution lies in trying to maintain status quo. We have no longer the resources, nor the necessary prestige or confidence in ourselves.

[3] Brown 1994, p. 330 Quote: "India had always been a minority interest in British publicity life; no great body of public opinion now emerged to argue that war-weary and impoverished Britain should send troops and money to hold it against its will in an empire of doubtful value. By late 1946 both Prime Minister and Secretary of State for India recognized that neither international opinion no their own voters would stand for any reassertion of the raj, even if there had been the men, money, and administrative machinery with which to do so." Sarkar 1983, p. 418 Quote: "With a war weary army and people and a ravaged economy, Britain would have had to retreat; the Labour victory only quickened the process somewhat." Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 212 Quote: "More importantly, though victorious in war, Britain had suffered immensely in the struggle. It simply did not possess the manpower or economic resources required to coerce a restive India."

[4] vernment, Sumit (1983). Modern India, 1885–1947. Macmillan. pp. 1–4. ISBN 978-0-333-90425-1.

[metcalf_conc-5] ୫.୦ ^୫.୧ Metcalf, B.; Metcalf, T. R. (9 October 2006). A Concise History of Modern India (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68225-1.

[Wolpert1999-6] ୬.୦ ^୬.୧ Wolpert, Stanley A. (12 October 1999). India. University of California Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-520-22172-7. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2012.

[Gandhi2006-7] Datta, V. N. (2006). "India's Independence Pledge". In Gandhi, Kishore (ed.). India's Date with Destiny. Allied Publishers. pp. 34–39. ISBN 978-81-7764-932-1. We recognise, however, that the most effective way of getting our freedom is not through violence. We will therefore prepare ourselves by withdrawing, so far as we can, all voluntary association from British Government, and will prepare for civil disobedience, including non-payment of taxes. We are convinced that if we can but withdraw our voluntary help and stop payment of taxes without doing violence, even under provocation; the need of his inhuman rule is assured. We therefore hereby solemnly resolve to carry out the Congress instructions issued from time to time for the purpose of establishing Purna Swaraj.

[Vohra2001-8] Vohra, Ranbir (2001). The Making of India: a Historical Survey. M. E. Sharpe. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-7656-0711-9. Archived from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2012.

[telegraph_26_jan-9] Ramaseshan, Radhika (26 January 2012). "Why January 26: the History of the Day". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2012.

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