Bahasa Afar

Bahasa Afar
Bahasa Afar
Afaraf
Kawasan	Ethiopia, Eritrea dan Djibouti
Penutur bahasa	1.4-1.5 juta
Keluarga bahasa	Afro-Asia Cushitik Cushitik Timur Tanah Rendah Cushitik Timur Saho-Afar Bahasa Afar; ; ; ; ;
Kod bahasa
ISO 639-1	aa
ISO 639-2	aar
ISO 639-3	; aar

Afar adalah bahasa Cushitik Timur Tanah Rendah yang dituturkan di Habsyah, Eritrea dan Djibouti. Ia dipercayai mempunyai 1.5 juta penutur, iaitu ethnic Afari. Kata arah asas dalam Afar, seperti lain-lain bahasa Kushitic Timur, ialah Subject Object Verb. Penuturnya mempunyai kadar literasi diantara satu dan tiga peratus. Saudaranya yang terdekat ialah bahasa Saho.

Fonologi

Konsonan

The consonants of the Afar language in the standard orthography are listed below (with IPA notation in brackets):

		Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Retroflex	Velar	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Stop	voiced	b [b]		d [d]			x [ɖ]	g [g]
Stop	voiceless			t [t]				k [k]
Fricative	voiced								q [ʕ]
Fricative	voiceless		f [f]	s [s]					c [ħ]	h [h]
Nasal		m [m]		n [n]
Approximant		w [w]			l [l]	y [j]
Tap				r [r]

Consonants which close syllables are released, e.g., akʰˡme.

Vowel

short
- a [ʌ]
- e [e]
- i [i]
- o [o]
- u [u]
long
- aa [aː]
- ee [eː]
- ii [iː]
- oo [oː]
- uu [uː]

Sentence final vowels of affirmative verbs are aspirated (and stressed), e.g., abeh = aˡbeʰ 'He did.' Sentence final vowels of negative verbs are not aspirated (nor stressed), e.g.,maabinna = ˡmaabinna 'He did not do.' Sentence final vowels of interrogative verbs are lengthened (and stressed), e.g. abee? = aˡbe: 'Did he do?'

Stress

Stress is word-final. Syllables are of the form (C)V(V)(C). One exception is the three-consonant cluster -str-.

Sistem tulisan

Afar may be written either with the Latin alphabet or Ge'ez script.

Latin alphabet

A, B, T, S, E, C, K, X, I, D, Q, R, F, G, O, L, M, N, U, W, H, Y a, ba, ta, sa, e, ca, ka, xa, i, da, qa, ra, fa, ga, o, la, ma, na, u, wa, ha, ya

Bibliography

Bliese, Loren F. (1976) Afar, in Bender, Lionel M. (ed.) The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia. Michigan: African Studies Center, Michigan State University, 133–164.
Bliese, Loren F. (1981) A generative grammar of Afar (Summer Institute of Linguistics publications in linguistics vol. 65). Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics / Arlington, Texas: University of Texas at Arlington.
Colby, J.G. (1970) Notes on the northern dialect of the 'Afar language, Journal of Ethiopian Studies, 8, 1, 1–8.
Hayward, R.J. and Parker, Enid M. (1985) Afar-English-French dictionary with Grammatical Notes in English, London, School of Oriental and African Studies.
Morin, Didier (1997) Poésie traditionnelle des Afars (Langues et cultures africaines, 21 / SELAF vol. 363). Paris/Louvain: Peeters.
Parker, Enid M. (2006), English-Afar Dictionary, Washington DC, Dunwoody Press
Voigt, Rainer M. (1975) Bibliographie des Saho-Afar, Africana Marburgensia, vol. 8, 53–63.

External links

Bahasa Afar di Ethnologue
Afar Sample at Language Museum
The beginning of Genesis 1 in Afar at The Rosetta Project.
PanAfriL10n page on Afar