Bahasa Afar
Bahasa Afar | |
---|---|
Afaraf | |
Kawasan | Ethiopia, Eritrea dan Djibouti |
Penutur bahasa | 1.4-1.5 juta |
Afro-Asia
| |
Kod bahasa | |
ISO 639-1 | aa |
ISO 639-2 | aar |
ISO 639-3 | aar |
Afar adalah bahasa Cushitik Timur Tanah Rendah yang dituturkan di Habsyah, Eritrea dan Djibouti. Ia dipercayai mempunyai 1.5 juta penutur, iaitu ethnic Afari. Kata arah asas dalam Afar, seperti lain-lain bahasa Kushitic Timur, ialah Subject Object Verb. Penuturnya mempunyai kadar literasi diantara satu dan tiga peratus. Saudaranya yang terdekat ialah bahasa Saho.
Fonologi
Konsonan
The consonants of the Afar language in the standard orthography are listed below (with IPA notation in brackets):
Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Retroflex | Velar | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stop | voiced | b [b] | d [d] | x [ɖ] | g [g] | |||||
voiceless | t [t] | k [k] | ||||||||
Fricative | voiced | q [ʕ] | ||||||||
voiceless | f [f] | s [s] | c [ħ] | h [h] | ||||||
Nasal | m [m] | n [n] | ||||||||
Approximant | w [w] | l [l] | y [j] | |||||||
Tap | r [r] |
Consonants which close syllables are released, e.g., akʰˡme.
Vowel
- short
- a [ʌ]
- e [e]
- i [i]
- o [o]
- u [u]
- long
- aa [aː]
- ee [eː]
- ii [iː]
- oo [oː]
- uu [uː]
- short
Sentence final vowels of affirmative verbs are aspirated (and stressed), e.g., abeh = aˡbeʰ 'He did.' Sentence final vowels of negative verbs are not aspirated (nor stressed), e.g.,maabinna = ˡmaabinna 'He did not do.' Sentence final vowels of interrogative verbs are lengthened (and stressed), e.g. abee? = aˡbe: 'Did he do?'
Stress
Stress is word-final. Syllables are of the form (C)V(V)(C). One exception is the three-consonant cluster -str-.
Sistem tulisan
Afar may be written either with the Latin alphabet or Ge'ez script.
Latin alphabet
See also
Bibliography
- Bliese, Loren F. (1976) Afar, in Bender, Lionel M. (ed.) The Non-Semitic Languages of Ethiopia. Michigan: African Studies Center, Michigan State University, 133–164.
- Bliese, Loren F. (1981) A generative grammar of Afar (Summer Institute of Linguistics publications in linguistics vol. 65). Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics / Arlington, Texas: University of Texas at Arlington.
- Colby, J.G. (1970) Notes on the northern dialect of the 'Afar language, Journal of Ethiopian Studies, 8, 1, 1–8.
- Hayward, R.J. and Parker, Enid M. (1985) Afar-English-French dictionary with Grammatical Notes in English, London, School of Oriental and African Studies.
- Morin, Didier (1997) Poésie traditionnelle des Afars (Langues et cultures africaines, 21 / SELAF vol. 363). Paris/Louvain: Peeters.
- Parker, Enid M. (2006), English-Afar Dictionary, Washington DC, Dunwoody Press
- Voigt, Rainer M. (1975) Bibliographie des Saho-Afar, Africana Marburgensia, vol. 8, 53–63.
External links
- Bahasa Afar di Ethnologue
- Afar Sample at Language Museum
- The beginning of Genesis 1 in Afar at The Rosetta Project.
- PanAfriL10n page on Afar
![]() |
Wikipedia Bahasa Afar, ensiklopedia bebas |