Kenaikan harga minyak semenjak 2003: Perbezaan antara semakan

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Semakan semasa pada 06:27, 30 September 2021

Dari pertengahan 1980-an hingga September 2003, harga terlaras inflasi untuk setong minyak mentah di NYMEX lazimnya berada di bawah $25/tong. Pada tahun 2004, harganya mencecah $40, kemudian $50. Pelbagai peristiwa telah menyebabkan harganya mencecah $60 pada 11 Ogos 2005, menembusi $75 untuk masa yang tidak lama pada pertengahan 2006, jatuh balik ke $60/tong pada awal tahun 2007, lalu naik mendadak menjadi $92/tong pada Oktober 2007 dan $99.29/tong untuk niagaan hadapan Disember di Bandar Raya New York pada 21 November 2007^[2] Sepanjang separuh pertama tahun 2008, minyak sering mencatat harga tinggi yang memecah rekod. Pada 29 Februari 2008, harga minyak mencapai $103.05 setong,^[3] lalu mencapai $110.20 pada 12 Mac,^[4] iaitu rekod keenam dalam tujuh hari berniaga.^[5] ^[6] Harga minyak pada 27 Jun 2008 mencecah $141.71 setong, untuk serahan bulan Ogos di NYMAX (selepas baru mencatat $140.56 setong), di sebalik ugutan Libya untuk mengurangkan pengeluaran, serta ramalan presiden OPEC bahawa harga mungkin mencecah $170 menjelang musim panas (di hemisfera utara).^[7]^[8] Harga setong maksimum paling terkini ialah $143.67 yang tercatat pada 29 Jun 2008.^[9]. Harga yang menghampiri takat $95–105 setong (dolar AS 2007) adalah setara dengan rekod terlaras inflasi sepanjang masa pada tahun 1980,^[10] tetapi jelasnya telah ditembusi pada suku pertama tahun 2008. Dari segi harga minyak mentah, catatan AS berpandangan bahawa kali terakhir dilihat harga seumpamanya adalah pada 1860-an. Rujuk sini ^[11], dan laraskan untuk inflasi. Di luar AS, sejarah inflasi dan harga minyak memang berbeza, tetapi pada hakikatnya, selepas dilaras inflasi, harga yang mencecah $120 setong adalah di luar jangkaan sejak zaman terawal sekali penghasilan minyak komersil. Di AS, penggunaan petrol jatuh 0.5% pada dua bulan terawal tahun 2008 akibat harga semakin tinggi,^[12] berbanding penurunan sejumlah 0.4% pada tahun 2007.^[13]

Para pengulas berpendapat kenaikan harga sepanjang tempoh ini disebabkan pelbagai faktor, termasuk laporan dari Jabatan Tenaga Amerika Syarikat dan pihak-pihak lain yang menunjukkan penurunan dalam rizab petroleum,^[14] kebimbangan akan kemuncak penggunaan minyak,^[15] pergolakan di Timur Tengah, dan spekulasi harga minyak.^[16] Sesetengah peristiwa turut menyumbangkan kesan jangka pendek kepada harga minyak, seperti pelancaran misil Korea Utara,^[17] krisis antara Israel dan Lebanon,^[18] pergolakan mengenai tenaga nuklear Iran,^[19] dan "seratus faktor" lagi, termasuk subsidi minyak yang diberi kepada pengguna oleh negara-negara membangun seperti China dan India.^[20]

Punca

Arah aliran harga minyak, 1861–2007, nominal dan dilaras inflasi.

Analisa terperinci perubahan harga minyak dari 1970–2007. Graf ini berasaskan harga minyak nominal, bukan sebenar.

Permintaan

Permintaan minyak mentah sedunia naik pada purata 1.76% setahun dari tahun 1994 hingga 2006, dengan pertumbuhan tertinggi 3.4% pada 2003-2004. Kenaikan permintaan adalah yang tertinggi di negara membangun.^[21] Permintaan minyak sedunia dijangka naik 37% dari takat 2006 menjelang 2030, menurut laporan tahunan Pentadbiran Maklumat Tenaga (EIA) yang bertapak di Amerika Syarikat. Permintaan dijangka mencapai 118 million barrels per day (18.8×10^⁶ m³/d) dari 86 million barrels (13.7×10^⁶ m³) pada tahun 2006, dipacu terutamanya oleh sektor pengangkutan.^[22]^[23]

Nota

^ "Harga Minyak Mentah BP". Department of Energy. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2003-04-24. Dicapai pada 2006-10-24. Excel spreadsheet.
^ "Oil reaches new record above $99". BBC. November 21, 2007. Dicapai pada 2007-11-29.
^ Oil prices pushed to fresh high- http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7270392.stm
^ David Goldman (March 12, 2008). "Oil crosses record $110, despite supply rise" (dalam bahasa English). CNN Money. Dicapai pada 2008-03-12.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ John Wilen (Monday March 10, 3:50 pm). "Gas Prices Near Records, Following Oil" (dalam bahasa English). Associated Press. Dicapai pada 2008-03-10. Check date values in: |date= (bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ "Oil sets fresh record above $109" (dalam bahasa English). BBC News. March 11, 2008. Dicapai pada 2008-03-11.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ bloomberg.com, Oil Is Little Changed After Falling as Investors Sell Contracts
^ bloomberg.com, Oil Rises to Record Above $141 as Investors Buy Commodities
^ Kenneth Musante (June 29, 2008). "Oil breaks new ground above $143" (dalam bahasa English). BBC. Dicapai pada 2008-06-29.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ "What is driving oil prices so high?". BBC. November 5, 2007.
^ {http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/f000000__3a.htm}^{[pautan mati kekal]}
^ Frank Langfitt (March 5, 2008). "Americans Using Less Gasoline" (dalam bahasa English). NPR.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ Marianne Lavelle (March 04, 2008). "Oil Demand Is Dropping, but Prices Aren't" (dalam bahasa English). U.S.News & World Report. Check date values in: |date= (bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ "Record oil price sets the scene for $200 next year". AME. July 6 2006. Dicapai pada 2007-11-29. Check date values in: |date= (bantuan)
^ EnergyBulletin.net | Peak Oil News Clearinghouse
^ The Hike in Oil Prices: Speculation -- But Not Manipulation
^ Missile tension sends oil surging
^ Oil hits $100 barrel, BBC News
^ Iran nuclear fears fuel oil price, BBC News
^ Gross, Daniel (2008-01-05). "Gas Bubble: Oil is at $100 per barrel. Get used to it". Slate.
^ "International Petroleum (Oil) Consumption Data". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Dicapai pada 2007-12-20.
^ "World oil demand 'to rise by 37%'". BBC News. 2006-06-20.
^ "2007 International Energy Outlook: Petroleum and other liquid fuels". U.S. Energy Information Administration. May 2007.

Pautan luar dan sumber

John V. Mitchell (Associate Fellow Chatham House, London): A New Era for Oil Prices; 32 Pages, August 2006 Diarkibkan 2006-08-11 di Wayback Machine
Oil to $386.57 per Barrel! How derivatives drive oil prices up, despite ample supply in physical oil market, (9-Jun-06).
Asia/Pacific: Scary Oil Andy Xie, MorganStanley economist for Asia, commenting on possibility that oil is financial bubble,(16-Jun-2005).
Explanation of pricing mechanism in oil markets Diarkibkan 2006-10-28 di Wayback Machine
The real problems with $50 oil Diarkibkan 2006-10-19 di Wayback Machine, An analysis by Henry C.K. Liu in Asia Times Online, details the economic impact of high oil prices.
The Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas Newsletters
Oil Prices and the Iraq War: Market Interpretations of Military Developments by U.S. Navy CCC Diarkibkan 2006-10-05 di Wayback Machine
Top Saudi Says Kingdom Has Plenty of Oil^{[pautan mati kekal]} "261 billion barrels in reserve..."
Graph of light crude oil price increase^{[pautan mati kekal]}
Oil Industry Combined Graph Graph of oil prices in relation to other fossil fuel prices.
U.S. DOE EIA retail gasoline prices
U.S. DOE EIA retail gasoline and diesel prices charts
an Economist article about oil price inflation and concerns [1] (login required)
World Bank article which states that US$90 per barrel is the equivalent of the 1980 oil shock Diarkibkan 2005-09-05 di Wayback Machine (pdf file, page 18, 473kb)
International Fuel Prices 2005 with diesel and gasoline prices of 172 countries
EU Oil Bulletin Fuel prices in EU countries updated weekly, includes information on taxes and VAT.

[1] "Harga Minyak Mentah BP". Department of Energy. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2003-04-24. Dicapai pada 2006-10-24. Excel spreadsheet.

[2] "Oil reaches new record above $99". BBC. November 21, 2007. Dicapai pada 2007-11-29.

[3] Oil prices pushed to fresh high- http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7270392.stm

[4] David Goldman (March 12, 2008). "Oil crosses record $110, despite supply rise" (dalam bahasa English). CNN Money. Dicapai pada 2008-03-12.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[5] John Wilen (Monday March 10, 3:50 pm). "Gas Prices Near Records, Following Oil" (dalam bahasa English). Associated Press. Dicapai pada 2008-03-10. Check date values in: |date= (bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[6] "Oil sets fresh record above $109" (dalam bahasa English). BBC News. March 11, 2008. Dicapai pada 2008-03-11.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[7] rg.com, Oil Is Little Changed After Falling as Investors Sell Contracts

[8] rg.com, Oil Rises to Record Above $141 as Investors Buy Commodities

[9] Kenneth Musante (June 29, 2008). "Oil breaks new ground above $143" (dalam bahasa English). BBC. Dicapai pada 2008-06-29.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[10] "What is driving oil prices so high?". BBC. November 5, 2007.

[11] {http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/f000000__3a.htm}^{[pautan mati kekal]}

[12] Frank Langfitt (March 5, 2008). "Americans Using Less Gasoline" (dalam bahasa English). NPR.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[13] Marianne Lavelle (March 04, 2008). "Oil Demand Is Dropping, but Prices Aren't" (dalam bahasa English). U.S.News & World Report. Check date values in: |date= (bantuan)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[14] "Record oil price sets the scene for $200 next year". AME. July 6 2006. Dicapai pada 2007-11-29. Check date values in: |date= (bantuan)

[15] EnergyBulletin.net | Peak Oil News Clearinghouse

[16] The Hike in Oil Prices: Speculation -- But Not Manipulation

[17] Missile tension sends oil surging

[18] Oil hits $100 barrel, BBC News

[19] Iran nuclear fears fuel oil price, BBC News

[Gross-20] Gross, Daniel (2008-01-05). "Gas Bubble: Oil is at $100 per barrel. Get used to it". Slate.

[eiaoilconsumption-21] "International Petroleum (Oil) Consumption Data". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Dicapai pada 2007-12-20.

[bbc062006-22] "World oil demand 'to rise by 37%'". BBC News. 2006-06-20.

[eia2007ieo-23] "2007 International Energy Outlook: Petroleum and other liquid fuels". U.S. Energy Information Administration. May 2007.

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@@ Baris 5: / Baris 5: @@
  | title=Harga Minyak Mentah BP
  | publisher=Department of Energy
+ | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030424152757/http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/BPCrudeOilPrices.xls
-}} Excel spreadsheet.</ref>]]
+ | archivedate=2003-04-24
+ | access-date=2006-10-24
+ | url-status=live
+ }} Excel spreadsheet.</ref>]]
 Dari pertengahan 1980-an hingga September 2003, harga terlaras inflasi untuk se[[tong]] minyak mentah di [[Pertukaran Merkantil New York|NYMEX]] lazimnya berada di bawah $25/tong. Pada tahun 2004, harganya mencecah $40, kemudian $50. Pelbagai peristiwa telah menyebabkan harganya mencecah $60 pada 11 Ogos 2005, menembusi $75 untuk masa yang tidak lama pada pertengahan 2006, jatuh balik ke $60/tong pada awal tahun 2007, lalu naik mendadak menjadi $92/tong pada Oktober 2007 dan $99.29/tong untuk niagaan hadapan Disember di [[Bandar Raya New York]] pada 21 November 2007<ref>{{cite news
@@ Baris 49: / Baris 53: @@
  | publisher=BBC
  | date=November 5, 2007
-}}</ref> tetapi jelasnya telah ditembusi pada suku pertama tahun 2008. Dari segi harga minyak mentah, catatan AS berpandangan bahawa kali terakhir dilihat harga seumpamanya adalah pada 1860-an. Rujuk sini <ref>{http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/f000000__3a.htm}</ref>, dan laraskan untuk [[inflasi]]. Di luar AS, sejarah inflasi dan [[harga minyak]] memang berbeza, tetapi pada hakikatnya, selepas dilaras inflasi, harga yang mencecah $120 setong adalah di luar jangkaan sejak zaman terawal sekali penghasilan minyak komersil. Di AS, penggunaan petrol jatuh 0.5% pada dua bulan terawal tahun 2008 akibat harga semakin tinggi,<ref>{{cite news
+}}</ref> tetapi jelasnya telah ditembusi pada suku pertama tahun 2008. Dari segi harga minyak mentah, catatan AS berpandangan bahawa kali terakhir dilihat harga seumpamanya adalah pada 1860-an. Rujuk sini <ref>{http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/f000000__3a.htm}{{Pautan putus|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>, dan laraskan untuk [[inflasi]]. Di luar AS, sejarah inflasi dan [[harga minyak]] memang berbeza, tetapi pada hakikatnya, selepas dilaras inflasi, harga yang mencecah $120 setong adalah di luar jangkaan sejak zaman terawal sekali penghasilan minyak komersil. Di AS, penggunaan petrol jatuh 0.5% pada dua bulan terawal tahun 2008 akibat harga semakin tinggi,<ref>{{cite news
  |url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=87924270
  | title=Americans Using Less Gasoline
@@ Baris 79: / Baris 83: @@
 |publisher=Slate
 |date=2008-01-05}}</ref>
-<!--
 ==Punca==
-{{Double image stack|right|Oil Prices 1861 2007.svg|Oil price chronology-june2007.gif|300|Oil price trend, 1861–2007, both nominal and adjusted to inflation.|Detailed analysis of changes in oil price from 1970–2007. The graph is based on the [[Real vs. nominal in economics|nominal, not real]], price of oil.}}
+{{Double image stack|right|Oil Prices Since 1861.svg|Oil price chronology-june2007.gif|300|Arah aliran harga minyak, 1861–2007, nominal dan dilaras inflasi.|Analisa terperinci perubahan harga minyak dari 1970–2007. Graf ini berasaskan harga minyak nominal, bukan sebenar.}}
-===Demand===
+===Permintaan===
-World crude oil demand grew an average of 1.76% per year from 1994 to 2006, with a high of 3.4% in 2003-2004. Demand growth is highest in the [[developing world]].<ref name=eiaoilconsumption>
+Permintaan minyak mentah sedunia naik pada purata 1.76% setahun dari tahun 1994 hingga 2006, dengan pertumbuhan tertinggi 3.4% pada 2003-2004. Kenaikan permintaan adalah yang tertinggi di [[negara-negara membangun|negara membangun]].<ref name=eiaoilconsumption>
 {{cite web
  |url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/oilconsumption.html
@@ Baris 90: / Baris 94: @@
  |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration
  |accessdate=2007-12-20
-}}</ref>  World demand for oil is projected to increase 37% over 2006 levels by 2030, according to the US-based [[Energy Information Administration]]'s (EIA) annual report. Demand is projected to reach {{convert|118|Moilbbl/d}} from 2006's {{convert|86|Moilbbl}}, driven in large part by the transportation sector.<ref name=bbc062006>{{cite web
+}}</ref> Permintaan minyak sedunia dijangka naik 37% dari takat 2006 menjelang 2030, menurut laporan tahunan [[Pentadbiran Maklumat Tenaga]] (EIA) yang bertapak di Amerika Syarikat. Permintaan dijangka mencapai {{convert|118|Moilbbl/d}} dari {{convert|86|Moilbbl}} pada tahun 2006, dipacu terutamanya oleh sektor pengangkutan.<ref name=bbc062006>{{cite web
   |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5099400.stm
   |title=World oil demand 'to rise by 37%'
@@ Baris 101: / Baris 105: @@
  |publisher=U.S. [[Energy Information Administration]]
  |date=May 2007}}</ref>
+<!--
-As countries [[Economic development|develop]], industry, rapid [[urbanization]] and higher [[living standards]] drive up energy use, most often of oil. Thriving economies such as [[People's Republic of China|China]] and [[India]] are quickly becoming large oil consumers.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7387203.stm Oil price 'may hit $200 a barrel'], BBC News</ref> China has seen oil consumption grow by 8% yearly since 2002, doubling from 1996-2006,<ref name=eiaoilconsumption>
+Apabila negara-negara [[Pembangunan ekonomi|membangun]], industri, [[pembandaran]] pesat dan [[taraf hidup]] lebih tinggi menaikkan penggunaan tenaga, paling banyak sekali adalah minyak. Thriving economies such as [[People's Republic of China|China]] and [[India]] are quickly becoming large oil consumers.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7387203.stm Oil price 'may hit $200 a barrel'], BBC News</ref> China has seen oil consumption grow by 8% yearly since 2002, doubling from 1996-2006,<ref name=eiaoilconsumption>
 {{cite web
  |url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/oilconsumption.html
@@ Baris 308: / Baris 312: @@
 == Pautan luar dan sumber ==
-*[http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/pdf/research/sdp/Oilprices0806.pdf John V. Mitchell (Associate Fellow Chatham House, London): A New Era for Oil Prices; 32 Pages, August 2006]
+*[http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/pdf/research/sdp/Oilprices0806.pdf John V. Mitchell (Associate Fellow Chatham House, London): A New Era for Oil Prices; 32 Pages, August 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811163526/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/pdf/research/sdp/Oilprices0806.pdf |date=2006-08-11 }}
 *[http://dhatz.blogspot.com/2006/06/oil-to-38657-per-barrel.html Oil to $386.57 per Barrel!] How derivatives drive oil prices up, despite ample supply in physical oil market, (9-Jun-06).
 *[http://www.morganstanley.com/GEFdata/digests/20050616-thu.html Asia/Pacific: Scary Oil] Andy Xie, MorganStanley economist for Asia, commenting on possibility that oil is financial bubble,(16-Jun-2005).
-*[http://www.oxfordenergy.org/comment.php?0008 Explanation of pricing mechanism in oil markets]
+*[http://www.oxfordenergy.org/comment.php?0008 Explanation of pricing mechanism in oil markets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028083436/http://www.oxfordenergy.org/comment.php?0008 |date=2006-10-28 }}
-*[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/GE26Dj02.html The real problems with $50 oil], An analysis by Henry C.K. Liu in Asia Times Online, details the economic impact of high oil prices.
+*[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/GE26Dj02.html The real problems with $50 oil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019060601/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/GE26Dj02.html |date=2006-10-19 }}, An analysis by Henry C.K. Liu in Asia Times Online, details the economic impact of high oil prices.
 *[http://www.asponews.org/ The Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas Newsletters]
-*[http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/rsepResources/si/apr03/middleEast.asp Oil Prices and the Iraq War: Market Interpretations of Military Developments by U.S. Navy CCC]
+*[http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/rsepResources/si/apr03/middleEast.asp Oil Prices and the Iraq War: Market Interpretations of Military Developments by U.S. Navy CCC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005014621/http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/rsepResources/si/apr03/middleEast.asp |date=2006-10-05 }}
-*[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/09/AR2005060900148_pf.html Top Saudi Says Kingdom Has Plenty of Oil] "261 billion barrels in reserve..."
+*[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/09/AR2005060900148_pf.html Top Saudi Says Kingdom Has Plenty of Oil]{{Pautan putus|date=Ogos 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} "261 billion barrels in reserve..."
-*[http://www.futuresource.com/charts/charts.jsp?s=CL1%21&o=&a=M&z=800x550&d=LOW&b=CANDLE&st= Graph of light crude oil price increase]
+*[http://www.futuresource.com/charts/charts.jsp?s=CL1%21&o=&a=M&z=800x550&d=LOW&b=CANDLE&st= Graph of light crude oil price increase]{{Pautan putus|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
 *[http://oilnergy.com/1combo.htm Oil Industry Combined Graph] Graph of oil prices in relation to other fossil fuel prices.
 *[http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/wrgp/mogas_home_page.html U.S. DOE EIA retail gasoline prices]
 *[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/oog/info/gdu/gasdiesel.asp U.S. DOE EIA retail gasoline and diesel prices charts]
 *an [[The Economist|Economist]] article about oil price inflation and concerns [http://www.economist.com/agenda/displayStory.cfm?story_id=4268274] (login required)
-*[http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/eap/eap.nsf/Attachments/The+international+&+regional+environment/$File/chapter3.pdf World Bank article which states that US$90 per barrel is the equivalent of the 1980 oil shock] (pdf file, page 18, 473kb)
+*[http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/eap/eap.nsf/Attachments/The+international+&+regional+environment/$File/chapter3.pdf World Bank article which states that US$90 per barrel is the equivalent of the 1980 oil shock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905204028/http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/eap/eap.nsf/Attachments/The+international+%26+regional+environment/%24File/chapter3.pdf |date=2005-09-05 }} (pdf file, page 18, 473kb)
 *[http://www.gtz.de/en/themen/umwelt-infrastruktur/transport/10285.htm International Fuel Prices 2005] with diesel and gasoline prices of 172 countries
-*[http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy/oil/bulletin/index_en.htm EU Oil Bulletin] Fuel prices in EU countries updated weekly, includes information on taxes and VAT.
+*[http://ec.europa.eu/energy/oil/bulletin/index_en.htm EU Oil Bulletin] Fuel prices in EU countries updated weekly, includes information on taxes and VAT.
 [[Kategori:2004]][[Kategori:2005]]
@@ Baris 330: / Baris 334: @@
 [[Kategori:Krisis tenaga]]
 [[Kategori:Masalah ekonomi]]
-[[de:Ölpreis]]
-[[en:Oil price increases since 2003]]
-[[es:Subida del precio del petróleo desde 2004]]
-[[nl:Olieprijs]]
-[[no:Oljeprisen]]
-[[pt:Aumentos do preço do petróleo desde 2004]]