Lihat sumber bagi MP3

{{Bezakan|MPEG-3}}
{{Infobox format fail
| name = MPEG-1 atau MPEG-2 Audio Layer III
| icon = [[Fail:Mp3.svg|64px]]
| logo = 
| extension = .mp3<ref name="mp3-name">{{cite web |url=http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/EN/pr/Presse/pressemitteilungen_2005/20050712_PM_MP3.jsp |title=Happy Birthday MP3! |publisher=Fraunhofer IIS |date=12 Julai 2005 |accessdate=18 Julai 2010}}</ref>
| mime = audio/mpeg,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3003 |title=The audio/mpeg Media Type — RFC 3003 |publisher=IETF |date=November 2000 | accessdate =7 Disember 2009}}</ref> audio/MPA,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3555#page-24 |title= MIME Type Registration of RTP Payload Formats — RFC 3555 |publisher=IETF |date=Julai 2003 |accessdate=7 Disember 2009}}</ref> audio/mpa-robust<ref name="rfc5219">{{cite web |url=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5219 |title=A More Loss-Tolerant RTP Payload Format for MP3 Audio — RFC 5219 |publisher=IETF |date=Februari 2008 |accessdate=7 Disember 2009}}</ref>
| type code =
| uniform type =
| magic =
| owner = [[Fraunhofer Society]]
| released = {{Start date|1995|df=yes}}<ref name="11172-3">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=22412 |title= ISO/IEC 11172-3:1993 – Information technology — Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s — Part 3: Audio |publisher=ISO |year=1993 |accessdate=14 Julai 2010}}</ref>
| latest release version =
| latest release date = <!-- {{Start date and age|YYYY|mm|dd|df=yes}} -->
| genre = Format pemampatan audio, [[format fail audio]]
| container for =
| contained by =
| extended from =
| extended to =
| standard = [[ISO/IEC 11172-3]],<ref name="11172-3" /> <br/>[[ISO/IEC 13818-3]]<ref name="13818-3">{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=22991 |title= ISO/IEC 13818-3:1995 – Information technology — Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information — Part 3: Audio |publisher=ISO |year=1995 |accessdate=14 Julai 2010}}</ref>
| free = lihat [[#Paten|isu pelesenan dan paten]] di bawah
| url =
}}
'''MP3''' (dengan lebih tepat lagi, '''MPEG-1/2 Lapisan 3''') ialah sejenis algoritma [[audio digital]] yang mampu memampatkan saiz data audio yang asal sambil mengekalkan kualiti dan hasil bunyi yang sama atau hampir sama dengan audio yang asal, menggunakan teknologi [[pemampatan hilang]].

Populariti MP3 meningkat secara mendadak pada pertengahan 1990-an dengan munculnya perisian [[pemain audio digital]] seperti [[Winamp]]. Populariti MP3 disebabkan oleh sifatnya yang mampu memampatkan fail audio sehingga 11 kali ganda tanpa menjejaskan kualiti bunyi. Akibatnya, aktiviti [[cetak rompak]] serta muat turun lagu MP3 secara haram mula muncul secara berleluasa. Pengguna boleh memuat turun lagu MP3 secara percuma sama ada melalui beberapa laman web tertentu ataupun melalui perisian [[rakan-ke-rakan]].

== Sejarah ==
Sebelum [[sambungan nama fail]] ''.mp3'' dipilih Fraunhofer Society pada 14 Julai 1995, ia menggunakan sambungan ''.bit''.<ref name="mp3-name" />

=== Pembangunan ===
Algoritma pemampata data audio hilang mengambil peluang dari had persepsi pendengaran manusia yang dikenali sebagai pemaskaan auditori. Pada tahun 1894, seorang ahli fizik Amerika Alfred M. Mayer melaporkan bahawa nada boleh dinyah dengar oleh nada frekuensi lain yang lebih rendah.<ref name="Mayer1894" /> Pada tahun 1959, Richard Ehmer menggambarkan satu set lengkap keluk auditori berkaitan fenomena ini.<ref name="Ehmer1959" /> Ernst Terhardt ''et al.'' mencipta satu algoritma yang menggambarkan pemaskaan auditori dengan dengan kejituan yang tinggi.<ref name="Terhardt1982" />  Kerja ini ditambah kepada pelbagai laporan daripada penulis bermula sejak Fletcher, dan untuk kerja-kerja yang pada mulanya menentukan nisbah kritikal dan lebar jalur kritikal.

Kod dan pengekodan (CODEC) pemaskaan psikoakustik ("psychoacoustic masking") pertama kali dicadangkan pada tahun 1979, nampaknya secara bebas, oleh Manfred R. Schroeder , et al.<ref name="Schroeder1979" /> dari Makmal Telefon Bell, Inc. di Murray Hill, [[New Jersey]], dan MA Krasner<ref name="Krasner" /> kedua-duanya di [[Amerika Syarikat]]. Krasner adalah yang pertama untuk menerbitkan dan menghasilkan perkakasan untuk suara (tidak boleh digunakan sebagai mampatan bit muzik), tetapi penerbitan kerjanya sebagai Laporan Teknikal Lincoln Laboratory agak terpencil tidak mempengaruhi segera arus pembangunan kodek psikoakustik. Manfred Schroeder sudah menjadi tokoh yang terkenal dan dihormati masyarakat di seluruh dunia sebagai jurutera akustik dan elektrik, tetapi kertas kerjanya tidak ramai disedari, kerana ia menggambarkan keputusan negatif disebabkan sifat tertentu suara dan gandaan pengekodan teramal linear (linear predictive coding - LPC) LPC) terdapat dalam suara.

Kedua-dua Krasner dan Schroeder dibina di atas kerja yang dilakukan oleh Eberhard F. Zwicker dalam bidang penalaan dan pemaskaan jalur frekuensi kritikal,<ref name="Zwicker" /><ref name="Eberhard" /> yang seterusnya dibina atas penyelidikan asas bidang tersebut dari Harvey Fletcher dan rakan usaha sama beliau di Bell Labs.<ref name="Fletcher" /> Pelbagai algoritma pemampatan audio (kebanyakannya perseptual) dilaporkan di ''IEEE refereed Journal'' dalam Bidang Tertentu Komunikasi.<ref name="Voice Coding for Communications" /> Jurnal tersebut melaporkan pada bulan Februari 1988 mengenai pelbagai bidang luas teknologi mampatan bit audio berfungsi, sebahagian darinya menggunakan pemaskaan auditori sebagai sebahagian daripada reka bentuk asas mereka, dan beberapa yang menunjukkan pelaksanaan perkakasan masa nyata.

Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) ("Kumpulan Pakar Gambar Bergerak ") telah ditubuhkan pada tahun 1988 melalui inisiatif Hiroshi Yasuda ("Nippon Telegraph dan Telephone") dan Leonardo Chiariglione. Yasuda mengetuai satu inisiatif di Jepun, yang dipanggil Digital Audio and Picture Architecture (DAPA) (Senibina Audio Dan Gambar Digital"), manakala Chiariglione mengetuai satu inisiatif di Eropah, yang dipanggil Pengkod Imej Bergerak untuk Storan ("Coding of Moving Images for Storage") (COMIS). Kedua-dua akhirnya berjumpa pada Mei 1988 untuk bekerjasama pada standard global.<ref name="Chiariglione"/>

==Lihat juga==
* [[MPEG]]
* [[Pemain MP3]]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="mp3-name">{{cite web | url = http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20050712005686/en/Fraunhofer-IIS-Happy-Birthday-MP3! | title = Happy Birthday MP3! | publisher = Fraunhofer IIS | date = 12 July 2005 | accessdate = 18 July 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name="audio/mpeg">{{cite web | url = http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3003 | title = The audio/mpeg Media Type&nbsp;— RFC 3003 | publisher = IETF | date = November 2000 | accessdate = 7 December 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="RTP">{{cite web | url = http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3555#page-24 | title = MIME Type Registration of RTP Payload Formats&nbsp;— RFC 3555 | publisher = IETF | date = July 2003 | accessdate = 7 December 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="rfc5219">{{cite web | url = http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5219 | title = A More Loss-Tolerant RTP Payload Format for MP3 Audio&nbsp;— RFC 5219 | publisher = IETF | date = February 2008 | accessdate = 4 December 2014 }}</ref>
<ref name="11172-3">{{ cite web | url = http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=22412 | title = ISO/IEC 11172-3:1993&nbsp;– Information technology&nbsp;— Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s&nbsp;— Part 3: Audio | publisher = ISO | year = 1993 | accessdate = 14 July 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name="13818-3">{{ cite web | url = http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=22991 | title = ISO/IEC 13818-3:1995&nbsp;– Information technology&nbsp;— Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information&nbsp;— Part 3: Audio | publisher = ISO | year = 1995 | accessdate = 14 July 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name="Jayant1993">{{ cite journal | doi = 10.1109/5.241504 | last1 = Jayant | first1 = Nikil | last2 = Johnston | first2 = James | last3 = Safranek | first3 = Robert | journal = Proceedings of the IEEE | volume = 81 | issue = 10 | pages = 1385–1422 | date = October 1993 | title = Signal Compression Based on Models of Human Perception }}</ref>
<ref name="Chiariglione">{{ cite web|url=http://ride.chiariglione.org/MPEG%27s_1st_steps.php |title=Riding the Media Bits&nbsp;— MPEG's first Steps |first=Leonardo |last=Chiariglione |date=6 September 2009 |accessdate=4 December 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101091827/http://ride.chiariglione.org/MPEG%27s_1st_steps.php |archivedate=1 November 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>
<ref name="cd-1991">{{cite web | url = http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/kurihama91/kurihama_press.htm | title = MPEG Press Release, Kurihama, November 1991 | author = ISO | date = November 1991 | publisher = ISO | accessdate = 17 July 2010 | archive-date = 2011-05-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110503174827/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/kurihama91/kurihama_press.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>
<ref name="neuron2-cd-1991">{{cite web | url = http://ecee.colorado.edu/~fmeyer/class/ecen4532/mpeg1-layerIII.pdf | format = PDF | title = CD 11172-3 - CODING OF MOVING PICTURES AND ASSOCIATED AUDIO FOR DIGITAL STORAGE MEDIA AT UP TO ABOUT 1.5 MBIT/s Part 3 AUDIO | author = ISO | date = November 1991 | accessdate = 17 July 2010 | archive-date = 2013-12-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235927/http://ecee.colorado.edu/~fmeyer/class/ecen4532/mpeg1-layerIII.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>
<ref name="dis-1992">{{cite web | url = http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/london/london_press.htm | title = MPEG Press Release, London, 6 November 1992 | author = ISO | date = 6 November 1992 | publisher = Chiariglione | accessdate = 17 July 2010 | archive-date = 2010-08-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100812034709/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/london/london_press.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>
<ref name="mpeg-audio-faq-bc">{{ cite web | url = http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/faq/mp1-aud/mp1-aud.htm | title = MPEG Audio FAQ Version 9 - MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 BC | author = ISO | date = October 1998 | publisher = ISO | accessdate = 28 October 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="Mayer1894">{{ cite journal | last = Mayer | first = Alfred Marshall | title = Researches in Acoustics | journal = London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine | volume = 37 | pages = 259–288 | year = 1894 | doi = 10.1080/14786449408620544 | issue = 226
 }}</ref>
<ref name="Ehmer1959">{{ cite journal | doi = 10.1121/1.1907853 | last = Ehmer | first = Richard H. | journal = The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America | volume = 31 | page = 1253 | year = 1959 | title = Masking by Tones Vs Noise Bands | issue = 9
 | bibcode = 1959ASAJ...31.1253E }}</ref>
<ref name="Terhardt1982">{{ cite journal | doi = 10.1121/1.387544 | last1 = Terhardt | first1 = E. | last2 = Stoll | first2 = G. | last3 = Seewann | first3 = M. | journal = The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America | volume = 71 | page = 679
 | date = March 1982 | title = Algorithm for Extraction of Pitch and Pitch Salience from Complex Tonal Signals | issue = 3
 | bibcode = 1982ASAJ...71..679T }}</ref>
<ref name="Schroeder1979">{{ cite journal | doi = 10.1121/1.383662 | author1-link = Manfred R. Schroeder | last1 = Schroeder | first1 = M.R. | last2 = Atal | first2 = B.S. | last3 = Hall | first3 = J.L. | journal = The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America | volume = 66 | page = 1647
 | date = December 1979 | title = Optimizing Digital Speech Coders by Exploiting Masking Properties of the Human Ear | issue = 6
 | bibcode = 1979ASAJ...66.1647S }}</ref>
<ref name="Krasner">{{ cite journal | last = Krasner | first = M. A. | title = Digital Encoding of Speech and Audio Signals Based on the Perceptual Requirements of the Auditory System | date = 18 June 1979 | url = http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16011 }}</ref>
<ref name="Zwicker">{{ cite journal | last = Zwicker | first = E. F. | title = On the Psycho-acoustical Equivalent of Tuning Curves | journal = Proceedings of the Symposium on Psychophysical Models and Physiological Facts in Hearing; held at Tuzing, Oberbayern, April 22–26, 1974 | year = 1974 }}</ref>
<ref name="Eberhard">{{ cite book | url = http://asa.aip.org/books/ear.html | trans_title = The Ear as a Communication Receiver | title = Das Ohr als Nachrichtenempfänger | first1 = Eberhard | last1 = Zwicker | first2 = Richard | last2 = Feldtkeller | others = Trans. by Hannes Müsch, Søren Buus, and Mary Florentine | origyear = 1967 | year = 1999 }}</ref>
<ref name="Fletcher">{{ cite book | title = Speech and Hearing in Communication | first = Harvey | last = Fletcher | publisher = Acoustical Society of America | year = 1995 | isbn = 1-56396-393-0 }}</ref>
<ref name="Voice Coding for Communications">{{ cite journal | journal = IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications | title = Voice Coding for Communications | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | date = February 1988 }}</ref>
<ref name="Brandenburg">{{ cite conference | last1 = Brandenburg | first1 = Karlheinz | last2 = Seitzer | first2 = Dieter | title = OCF: Coding High Quality Audio with Data Rates of 64 kbit/s | conference = 85th Convention of Audio Engineering Society | date = 3–6 November 1988 | url = http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=4721 }}</ref>
<ref name="Johnston1988">{{ cite journal | doi = 10.1109/49.608 | last = Johnston | first = James D. | journal = IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 314–323
 | date = February 1988 | title = Transform Coding of Audio Signals Using Perceptual Noise Criteria
 }}</ref>
<ref name="BusinessWeek_2007">{{ cite web | first = Jack | last = Ewing | title = How MP3 Was Born | work = [[Bloomberg BusinessWeek]] | date = 5 March 2007 | url = http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/mar2007/gb20070305_707122.htm | accessdate = 24 July 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="Sterne">{{ cite book | last = Sterne | first = Jonathan | title = MP3: The Meaning of a Format Reproduction | year = 2012 | publisher = Duke University Press | location = Durham }}</ref>
<ref name="santa-clara-1990">{{ cite press release | url = http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/santa_clara90/santa_clara_press.htm | title = Status report of ISO MPEG | publisher = [[International Organization for Standardization]] | date = September 1990 }}</ref>
<ref name="Aspec">{{ cite web | url = http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=5682 | work = AES E-Library | title = Aspec-Adaptive Spectral Entropy Coding of High Quality Music Signals | year = 1991 | accessdate = 24 August 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name="sydney1993">{{ cite press release | url = http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/sydney93/sydney_press.htm | title = Adopted at 22nd WG11 meeting | publisher = [[International Organization for Standardization]] | date = 2 April 1993 | accessdate = 18 July 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name="Brandenburg1997">{{ cite journal | url = http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=7871 | title = Overview of MPEG Audio: Current and Future Standards for Low-Bit-Rate Audio Coding | last1 = Brandenburg | first1 = Karlheinz | last2 = Bosi | first2 = Marina | journal = Journal of the Audio Engineering Society | volume = 45 | issue = 1/2 | pages = 4–21
 | date = February 1997 | accessdate = 30 June 2008
 }}</ref>
<ref name="MPEG-2.5">{{ cite web | url = http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/EN/bf/amm/projects/mp3/index.jsp | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080124200925/http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/EN/bf/amm/projects/mp3/index.jsp | archivedate = 24 January 2008 | publisher = [[Fraunhofer IIS]] | title = MP3 technical details (MPEG-2 and MPEG-2.5) | quote = "MPEG-2.5" is the name of a proprietary extension developed by Fraunhofer IIS. It enables MP3 to work satisfactorily at very low bitrates and introduces the additional sampling frequencies 8 kHz, 11.025 kHz and 12 kHz.
 | date = September 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="MPEG-2.5-2">{{ cite web | first = Predrag | last = Supurovic | title = MPEG Audio Frame Header | date = 22 December 1999 | url = http://www.mpgedit.org/mpgedit/mpeg_format/mpeghdr.htm | accessdate = 29 May 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="mp3tech-iso13818-3">{{ cite web | url = http://www.mp3-tech.org/programmer/docs/iso13818-3.zip | format = ZIP | title = ISO/IEC 13818-3:1994(E) - Information Technology&nbsp;— Generic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio: Audio | date = 11 November 1994 | accessdate = 4 August 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name="motherofmp3">{{cite web | url = http://www.suzannevega.com/music-facts/ | work = The Official Community of Suzanne Vega | title = Fun Facts: Music | access-date = 2017-06-01 | archive-date = 2014-03-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140310000309/http://www.suzannevega.com/music-facts/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>
<ref name="paris_press">{{ cite web | url = http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/paris94/paris_press.htm | title = Approved at 26th meeting (Paris) | author = MPEG | date = 25 March 1994 | accessdate = 5 August 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name="singapore_press">{{ cite web | url = http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/singapore94/singapore_press.htm | title = Approved at 29th meeting | date = 11 November 1994 | author = MPEG | accessdate = 5 August 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name="ISO/IEC TR 11172-5:1998">{{ cite web | url = http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=25029 | title = ISO/IEC TR 11172-5:1998 - Information technology -- Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s -- Part 5: Software simulation | author = ISO | accessdate = 5 August 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name="Software_Simulation.zip">{{ cite web | url = http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/c025029_ISO_IEC_TR_11172-5_1998(E)_Software_Simulation.zip | title = ISO/IEC TR 11172-5:1998 - Information technology -- Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s -- Part 5: Software simulation (Reference Software) | format = ZIP | accessdate = 5 August 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name="MP3_Todays_Technology">{{ cite web | title = MP3 Today's Technology | work = Lots of Informative Information about Music | year = 2005 | url = http://www.513rocks.com/MP3_Todays_Technology_158.shtml 
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704065939/http://513rocks.com/MP3_Todays_Technology_158.shtml |archivedate=4 July 2008 
|accessdate=2016-09-15 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>
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<ref name="Giesler">{{ cite journal | doi = 10.1086/522098 | title = Conflict and Compromise: Drama in Marketplace Evolution | year = 2008 | last1 = Giesler | first1 = Markus | journal = Journal of Consumer Research | volume = 34 | issue = 6 | pages = 739–753 }}</ref>
<ref name="mpeg1">{{ cite web | publisher = [[International Organization for Standardization]] | year = 2006 | url = http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=25371 | title = ISO/IEC 11172-3:1993/Cor 1:1996 | accessdate = 27 August 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="Amorim">{{ cite web | last = Amorim | first = Roberto | title = Results of 128 kbit/s Extension Public Listening Test | date = 3 August 2003 | url = http://listening-tests.freetzi.com/html/128kbps_Extension_public_listening_test_results.htm | accessdate = 17 March 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="listening-test-128-2006">{{ cite web | last = Mares | first = Sebastian | title = Results of the public multiformat listening test @ 128 kbps | date = December 2005 | url = http://listening-tests.freetzi.com/mf-128-1/results.htm | accessdate = 17 March 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="Dougherty">{{ cite web | url = http://radar.oreilly.com/2009/03/the-sizzling-sound-of-music.html | title = The Sizzling Sound of Music | work = O'Reilly Radar | first = Dale | last = Dougherty | date = 1 March 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="noisey">{{cite web|url=http://noisey.vice.com/blog/yntht-there-are-ghosts-in-your-mp3s|title=Meet the Musical Clairvoyant Who Finds Ghosts In Your MP3s|work=NOISEY}}</ref>
<ref name="schroeder2015">{{cite web|url=http://kernelmag.dailydot.com/issue-sections/features-issue-sections/12144/ghost-in-mp3-compression-audio/|title=The ghosts in the mp3}}</ref>
<ref name="hull2015">{{cite web|url=https://news.virginia.edu/content/lost-and-found-uva-grad-student-discovers-ghosts-mp3|title=Lost and Found: U.Va. Grad Student Discovers Ghosts in the MP3|work=UVA Today}}</ref>
<ref name="Maguire2014">http://speech.di.uoa.gr/ICMC-SMC-2014/images/VOL_1/0243.pdf</ref>
<ref name="Woon-Seng">{{ cite book | title = Embedded signal processing with the Micro Signal Architecture | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Lg0aN3vYw20C&pg=PA382&dq=128+kbit+mp3#v=onepage&q=128%20kbit%20mp3&f=false | author = Woon-Seng Gan | author2 = Sen-Maw Kuo | page = 382 | isbn = 978-0-471-73841-1 | year = 2007 | publisher = [[Wiley-IEEE Press]] }}</ref>
<ref name="Bouvigne">{{ cite web | last = Bouvigne | first = Gabriel | title = freeformat at 640 kbit/s and foobar2000, possibilities? | date = 28 November 2006 | url=https://hydrogenaud.io/index.php?PHPSESSID=aimg728m4eib19iggvujst7ju3&topic=38808.msg452751#msg452751| accessdate = 15 September 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="LAME_GPSYCHO">{{ cite web | url = http://lame.sourceforge.net/vbr.php | work = LAME MP3 Encoder | title = GPSYCHO&nbsp;– Variable Bit Rate | accessdate = 11 July 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="TwoLAME">{{ cite web | url = http://www.twolame.org/doc/vbr.html | title = TwoLAME: MPEG Audio Layer II VBR | accessdate = 11 July 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 BC">{{ cite web | author = ISO MPEG Audio Subgroup | url = http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/faq/mp1-aud/mp1-aud.htm#15 | title = MPEG Audio FAQ Version 9: MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 BC | accessdate = 11 July 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="brandenburg">{{ cite web | url = http://www.telos-systems.com/support/tech-talk/138-guest-papers/267-mp3-and-aac-explained | title = MP3 and AAC Explained | last = Brandenburg | first = Karlheinz | year = 1999 | format = PDF }}</ref>
<ref name="Limitations">{{cite web | url = http://www.mp3-tech.org/content/?Mp3%20Limitations | title = MP3 Tech&nbsp;— Limitations | last = Bouvigne | first = Gabriel | year = 2003 | access-date = 2017-06-01 | archive-date = 2011-01-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110107101602/http://www.mp3-tech.org/content/?Mp3%20Limitations | url-status = dead }}</ref>
<ref name="LAME Y">{{ cite web | title = LAME Y switch | url = http://wiki.hydrogenaud.io/index.php?title=LAME_Y_switch | website = Hydrogenaudio Knowledgebase | accessdate = 23 March 2015 }}</ref>
<ref name="Rae">{{ cite web | last1 = Rae | first1 = Casey | title = Metadata and You | url = https://futureofmusic.org/blog/2009/08/06/metadata-and-you | website = Future of Music Coalition | accessdate = 12 December 2014 }}</ref>
<ref name="Patel">[Performance of a Software MPEG Video Decoder, Ketan Patel, Brian C. Smith, and Lawrence A. Rowe, ACM Multimedia 1993 Conference, http://bmrc.berkeley.edu/research/mpeg/software/Old/Mpeg93.ps.gz Berkeley.edu]{{Dead link | date = November 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="mpegfa31.txt">[http://bmrc.berkeley.edu/research/mpeg/software/Old/mpegfa31.txt Berkeley.edu] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723213246/http://bmrc.berkeley.edu/research/mpeg/software/Old/mpegfa31.txt |date=23 July 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="big-list">{{ cite web | title = A Big List of MP3 Patents (and supposed expiration dates) | url = http://www.tunequest.org/a-big-list-of-mp3-patents/20070226/ | work = tunequest | date = 26 February 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="Cogliati">{{ cite web | url = http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2008/7/18/232618/312 | title = Patent Status of MPEG-1, H.261 and MPEG-2 | work = [[Kuro5hin]] | first = Josh | last = Cogliati | date = 20 July 2008}} This work failed to consider patent divisions and continuations.</ref>
<ref name="US5812672">{{USPTO Patent|patnum=5812672}}</ref>
<ref name="Patent expiration">{{cite web|url=http://www.osnews.com/story/24954/US_Patent_Expiration_for_MP3_MPEG-2_H_264|title=US Patent Expiration for MP3, MPEG-2, H.264 |publisher=OSNews.com}}</ref>
<ref name="ffii">{{ cite web | title = Acoustic Data Compression&nbsp;– MP3 Base Patent | publisher = [[Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure]] | date = 15 January 2005 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070715144709/http://eupat.ffii.org/patents/samples/ep287578/index.en.html | archivedate = 15 July 2007 | url = http://eupat.ffii.org/patents/samples/ep287578/index.en.html | accessdate = 24 July 2007 | deadurl = yes }}</ref>
<ref name="Technicolor">[http://www.technicolor.com/en/hi/discover/intellectualproperty ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504042035/http://www.technicolor.com/en/hi/discover/intellectualproperty |date=4 May 2011 }}</ref>
<ref name="Kistenfeger">{{ cite web|first=Muzinée |last=Kistenfeger |title=The Fraunhofer Society (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, FhG) |publisher=British Consulate-General Munich |date=July 2007 |url=http://www.britischebotschaft.de/en/embassy/r&t/notes/rt-fs005_Fraunhofer.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020818073018/http://www.britischebotschaft.de/en/embassy/r%26t/notes/rt-fs005_Fraunhofer.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=18 August 2002 |accessdate=24 July 2007 |df= }}</ref>
<ref name="chillingeffects">{{ cite web | title = Early MP3 Patent Enforcement | publisher = [[Chilling Effects Clearinghouse]] | date = 1 September 1998 | url = http://www.chillingeffects.org/patent/notice.cgi?NoticeID=464 | accessdate = 24 July 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="ZDNet India">{{ cite web | title = Audio MPEG and Sisvel: Thomson sued for patent infringement in Europe and the United States&nbsp;— MP3 players stopped by customs | work = ZDNet India | date = 6 October 2005 | url = http://www.zdnetindia.com/news/pressreleases/stories/128960.html | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011105618/http://zdnetindia.com/news/pressreleases/stories/128960.html | archivedate = 11 October 2007 | accessdate = 24 July 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="SISVEL">{{ cite web | url = http://www.sisvel.com/index.php/sisvel-news/156-sisvel-grants-motorola-an-mp3-and-mpeg-2-audio-patent-license | title = grants Motorola an MP3 and MPEG 2 audio patent license | publisher = SISVEL | date = 2005-12-21 | accessdate = 2014-01-18 }}</ref>
<ref name="SanDisk MP3 seizure">{{ cite web | first = Erica | last = Ogg | title = SanDisk MP3 seizure order overturned | work = [[CNET News]] | date = 7 September 2006 | url = http://news.cnet.com/2100-1047_3-6113326.html | accessdate = 24 July 2007 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121104164009/http://news.cnet.com/2100-1047_3-6113326.html | archivedate = 4 November 2012 }}</ref>
<ref name="Patent Wild West">{{ cite web | title = Sisvel brings Patent Wild West into Germany | work = IPEG blog | date = 7 September 2006 | url = http://ipgeek.blogspot.com/2006/09/sisvels-brings-patent-wild-west-into.html | accessdate = 24 July 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="law360">{{ cite web | title = Apple, SanDisk Settle Texas MP3 Patent Spat | work = IP Law360 | date = 26 January 2009 | url = http://www.law360.com/registrations/user_registration?article_id=84475 | accessdate = 16 August 2010 }}</ref>
<ref name="Kelly">{{ cite web | title = Baker Botts LLP Professionals: Lisa Catherine Kelly&nbsp;— Representative Engagements | work = [[Baker Botts LLP]] | url = http://www.bakerbotts.com/lawyers/detail.aspx?id=2aa26940-06f4-44a3-865e-12b66912eed5 | accessdate = 15 September 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210220753/http://www.bakerbotts.com/lawyers/detail.aspx?id=2aa26940-06f4-44a3-865e-12b66912eed5 |archivedate=10 December 2014|deadurl=yes}}</ref>
<ref name="MP3 payout">{{ cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6388273.stm | accessdate = 30 June 2008 | publisher = [[BBC News]] | date = 22 February 2007 | title = Microsoft faces $1.5bn MP3 payout }}</ref>
<ref name="Microsoft wins reversal">{{ cite web | title = Microsoft wins reversal of MP3 patent decision | url = http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-9755745-7.html | accessdate = 17 August 2010 | publisher = [[CNET]] | date = 6 August 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="Alcatel-Lucent">{{ cite web|title=Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit Decision |url=http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/opinions/07-1546.pdf |format=PDF |date=25 September 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029083229/http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/opinions/07-1546.pdf |archivedate=29 October 2008 |df= }}</ref>
}}

==Bacaan lanjut==
* {{cite journal |url=http://computationalculture.net/article/reflections-on-the-mp3-format |journal=Computational Culture |year=2014 |author= [[Geert Lovink]] |title= Reflections on the MP3 Format: Interview with Jonathan Sterne |number=4 |issn=2047-2390 }}

== Pautan luar ==
{{commons category|MP3}}
{{Prone to spam|date=April 2013}}
{{Z148}}

* {{dmoz|World/Deutsch/Computer/Multimedia/Audio/MP3/}}
* [http://www.mp3-history.com/ MP3-history.com], The Story of MP3: How MP3 was invented, by Fraunhofer IIS
* [http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/ MPEG.chiariglione.org], MPEG Official Web site
* [http://wiki.hydrogenaud.io/index.php?title=MP3 HydrogenAudio Wiki], MP3
* RFC 3119, A More Loss-Tolerant RTP Payload Format for MP3 Audio
* RFC 3003, The audio/mpeg Media Type


{{Compression Formats}}{{Tunas-teknologi}}
[[Kategori:Format fail komputer]]
[[Kategori:MPEG]]
[[Kategori:MP3|*]]
[[Kategori:Kodek audio]]
[[Kategori:Pemampatan data]]
[[Kategori:Piawai terbuka]]