Caliak sumber untuak Paparangan Badar

[[File:Siyer-i Nebi - Imam Ali und Hamza bei dem vorgezogenen Einzelkampf in Badr gegen die Götzendiener.jpg|thumb|Adegan dari ''[[Siyer-i Nebi]]'', [[Hamzah bin Abdul Muthalib|Hamzah]] jo [[Ali bin Abi Thalib|Ali]] mamimpin pasukan Muslim di Badar. Tulisannyo barupo kaligrafi [[Naskh (kaligrafi)|Naskh]] [[Bahaso Turki Utsmaniyah|Turki Utsmaniyah]].]]

'''Paparangan Badar''' ({{lang-ar|غَزْوَةُ بَدْرٍ}}) adolah paparangan nan tajadi pado tanggal 13 Maret 624 M (17 Ramadhan 2 H)<ref>W. Montgomery Watt (1956), [https://archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp ''Muhammad at Medina''] Oxford: Clarendon Press, p.&nbsp;12. Watt notes that the date for the battle is also recorded as the 19th or the 21st of Ramadan (15 or 17&nbsp;March 624).</ref> di dakek kota [[Kota Badar|Badar]] kini ko, [[Provinsi Madinah]] di [[Arab Saudi]], antaro kaum [[Muslim]] jo suku [[Bani Quraisy|Quraisy]]. [[Muhammad]], nan mamimpin pasukan Sahabatnyo, mangalahan Quraisy nan dipimpin dek [[Amr bin Hisyam]], nan labiah dikenal dikalangan Muslim sabagai Abu Jahal. Paparangan ko manandoi dimulainyo parang anam tahun antaro Muhammad jo sukunyo. Sabalum paparangan ko, kaum Muslim jo urang-urang [[Makah|Makkah]] alah talibaik babarapo paparangan ketek pado akhia tahun 623 jo awal tahun 624 M.

Katiko alah [[Hijrah|bahijrah]] ka [[Madinah]], Muhammad ingin manangkok kafilah dagang Quraisy nan malewati Madinah. Babarapo hari sabalum paparangan, sabuah kafilah dagang dari [[Syam]] nan dipimpin dek [[Abu Sufyan bin Harb]] nio malinteh. Muhammad mangumpuan sakolompok pasukannyo untuak manyarang. Namun Abu Sufyan mangatahui rancana ko sahinggo maubah haluan jo maambiak rute lain nan labiah jauah dari Markas Muhammad di Madinah sarato mangirim utusan ka Makkah untuak mamintak bantuan. Amr bin Hisyam mamimpin pasukan bakakuatan hampia saribu urang, mandakek i Badar jo bakamah di bukik kasiak al-'Udwatul Quswa.

Badar adolah paparangan gadang patamo antaro kaum Muslim jo suku Quraisy Makkah. Maju dari utara, kaum Muslim mahadok i panduduak Makkah. Paparangan dimulai jo duel antaro para pajuang di kaduo sisi, sasudah tu urang-urang Makkah manyarang kaum Muslim di bawah palinduangan anak panah. Kaum Muslim mambaleh jo mamatahan garih patahanan Quraisy, mambunuah babarapo pamimpin pantiang Quraisy tamasuak Abu Jahal jo [[Umayyah bin Khalaf]].

Kamanangan Muslim mampakuek posisi Muhammad; urang-urang Madinah sangaik basumangek untuak bagabuang dalam ekspedisi lainnyo sarato suku-suku di lua Madinah sacaro tabukak basakutu jo Muhammad.<ref>{{cite book|title=Muhammad at Medina|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1956|author=William Montgomery Watt|page=17|quote=The people of Medina were much readier to join Muhammad's expeditions...The friendly tribes between Medina and the sea were presumably more ready to help Muhammad openly...Pagan nomads in the neighbourhood of Medina were much readier to profess Islam.}}</ref> Paparangan ko tacatat dalam [[sijarah Islam]] sabagai kamanangan nan manantuan karano campua tangan [[Allah|Allah SWT]], jo manuruik sumber lainnyo karano kahebatan strategi Muhammad.

== Latar balakang ==
Sasudah Hijrah ka Madinah pado tahun 622 M, panduduak Madinah mamiliah Muhammad manjadi pamimpin masyarakat. Pangikuik Muhammad mamutuihan untuak manyarang kafilah dagang urang Makkah katiko malewati Madinah. Kaputusan ko diambiak sabagai tanggapan ateh paaniayoan nan dilakuan dek urang-urang Makkah sarato maambiak paso tanah jo harato bando kaum Muslim nan Hijrah.<ref name="Esposito4">John Esposito, ''Islam'', Expanded edition, Oxford University Press, p.4-5</ref>

Pado awal tahun 624, kafilah dagang Quraisy nan dipimpin dek Abu Sufyan bin Harb mambaok harato jo barang dari Syam (kamungkinan [[Jalur Gaza|Gaza]]){{Sfn|Watt|1956|p=10-11}} pulang ka Makkah. Inyo mambaok barang dagangan sanilai 50.000 dinar jo dijago dek 70 urang. Kafilah ko sangaik gadang, mungkin karano babarapo kafilah nan labiah ketek bagabuang jo kafilahnyo demi kaamanan. Kasadoan pamodal takamuko di Makkah maambiak bagian dalam usaho padagangan ko,{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007|p=100-101}} jo karanonyo mampunyoi kainginan kuek salamaik baliak ka Makkah.{{Sfn|Watt|1956|p=10-11}}

Muhammad mangatahui tantang kafilah ko jo mamutuihan untuak mahadangnyo karano duo alasan. Patamo, kalanjuikan kabijakan maambiak baliak harato dari kaum Quraisy nan alah manyita harato bando kaum Muslim di Makkah sasudah bahijrah.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007|p=100-101}} Kaduo, sarangan nan bahasia akan mambuek panduduak Makkah takasan jo dapek batindak sabagai pancagah sarangan ka Madinah di wakatu nan kamuko.{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007|p=100-101}}

Abu Sufyan mangirim kaba ka Makkah bahwasannyo kafilah tu dalam bahayo, mamintak bala bantuan untuak malinduangi kafilah tu katiko malewati Madinah. Sumber-sumber Muslim tradisional manulih bahwa mato-mato Abu Sufyan alah maagiah tahu tantang persiapan Muslim untuak manyarang, sabuah rencana nan dijalankan manjalang [[Ramadan|Ramadhan]].{{Sfn|Ramadan|2007|p=100-101}} Maingek kafilah mamaraluan wakatu saminggu untuak sampai ka Badar, Abu Sufyan pasti alah mangiriman permintaan bala bantuan ka Makkah sabalum persiapan kaum Muslim dimulai.{{Sfn|Watt|1986|p=867-868}} Abu Sufyan sabalumnyo memang acok mangiriman mato-mato ka Muhammad untuak mancaliak pagerakannyo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mubārakfūrī |first=Ṣafī al-Raḥmān |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA267 |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet |date=2002 |publisher=Darussalam |isbn=978-9960-899-55-8 |language=en}}</ref> Surang panulih banamo Watt manyatoan Abu Sufyan adolah “salah ciek urang paliang cadiak di Makkah” jo pasti alah maantispiasi sarangan Muslim.{{Sfn|Watt|1956|p=10-11}}

Muhammad alah mangumpuan pasukan ketek nan tadiri sakitar 300 urang untuak mahadang kafilah tu. Mato-mato Abu Sufyan maagiah tau tantang rencana kaum Muslim ko, sahinggo Abu Sufyan mangirim utusan ka Makkah banamo Damdam bin 'Amr al-Ghifari. Satibo di Makkah, Damdam mangarek hiduang jo talingo untonyo, mambaliakan pelananyo, mancabiak bajunyo sarato manangih:<ref name=":0" />

{{Quote|"Wahai urang Quraisy! Barang dagangan kalian! Baitu pulo Abu Sufyan. Kafilah tu dihadang dek Muhammad jo sahabat-sahabatnyo. Ambo indak tau a nan katajadi. Toloang! Toloang!"}}

Abu Sufyan alah maubah haluan kafilahnyo manuju [[Lauik Sirah]] sarato luluih dari ancaman Muslim jo kadatangan Damdam di Makkah.

== Paparangan ==
=== Pajalanan Muslim manuju Badar ===
[[File:Badr campaign recolorized.svg|thumb|493x493px|Peta paparangan Badar, manunjuakan rute nan diambiak dek Abu Sufyan untuak malinduangi kafilah dagangnyo dari Syam manuju Makkah, rute nan diambiak dek Abu Jahal dari Makkah ka Badar, sarato rute nan diambiak Muhammad jo umat Muslim dari Madinah ka Badar.]]

Muhammad dapek mangumpuan pasukan nan tadiri dari 313–317 urang. Jumlah pastinyo babedo-bedo, namun jumlah nan ditarimo sacaro umum iolah 313. Pasukan ko tadiri dari 82 [[Kaum Muhajirin|Muhajirin]], 61 urang dari [[Bani Aus]], sarato 170 dari [[Bani Khazraj]].<ref name=":0" /> Pasukan ko indak dilengkapi jo paralatan parang nan langkok untuak mahadok i konflik gadang jo indak siap. Pasukan Muhammad hanyo mampunyoi duo ikua kudo, yaitu punyo [[Zubair bin Awwam]] jo [[Miqdad bin Aswad]]. Kasadoan pasukan mampunyoi 70 ikua unto, aratinyo pasukan tu hanyo punyo sikua unto untuak duo atau tigo urang nan dinaiak i sacaro bagantian.<ref name="Lings, pp. 138–139">Lings, pp. 138–139</ref><ref name=":0" /> Muhammad babagi unto jo Ali bin Abi Thalib sarato Marthad bin Abi Marthad al-Ghanawi. Kapamimpinan sarato pamarentahan Madinah dipicayoan kapado [[Ibnu Ummi Maktum]], namun kamudian pindah ka [[Abu Lubabah bin Abdul-Mundzir|Abu Lubaba bin 'Abd al-Mundhir]]. Muhammad manyarahan panji putiah kapado [[Mush'ab bin Umair|Mus'ab bin 'Umair al-Qurashi al-'Abdari]]. Pasukan dibagi manjadi duo: ciek dari 82 Muhajirin jo nan lainnyo dari 231 Anshar. Bandera Muhajirin dipacik dek Ali bin Abi Thalib, sadangkan bandera [[Kaum Anshar|Anshar]] dipacik dek [[Sa’ad bin Mu’adz]]. Az-Zubair mamimpin sayok suok sarato sayok kida dek al-Miqdad. Jo pasukan bagian balakang dikomandoi dek Qays bin Abi Sa'sa'ah.<ref name=":0" />

Jo Muhammad mamimpin, pasukan babarih di sapanjang jalan utamo manuju Makkah, dari utara.<ref name=":0" /> Di Safra’, Muhammad mangirim Basbas al-Juhani jo 'Adi al-Juhan untuak maintai kaum Quraisy. [[Utsman bin Affan]] indak ikuik dalam paparangan ko karano istrinyo, anak Muhammad banamo [[Ruqayyah binti Muhammad|Ruqayyah]], sakik.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sahih al-Bukhari: Volume 4, Book 53, Number 359|url=http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/053.sbt.html#004.053.359|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720142403/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/053.sbt.html|archive-date=20 July 2010|access-date=16 September 2010|publisher=Usc.edu}}</ref> [[Salman al-Farisi]] juo indak pai baparang, karano inyo masih alun bebas.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 September 2002|title=Witness-pioneer.org|url=http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s5.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205021747/http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SM_tsn/ch4s5.html|archive-date=5 February 2010|access-date=19 March 2010|publisher=Witness-pioneer.org}}</ref>

=== Quraisy maju manuju Badar ===
Suku-suku Quraisy kacuali [[Bani 'Adi]] bagageh mangumpuan pasukan nan bajumlah sakitar 1.300 urang, 100 kudo jo sajumlah gadang unto. Manggarik capek manuju Badar, urang-urang tu malewati lambah 'Usfan, Qadid jo al-Juhfah. Di al-Juhfah, utusan lain dari Abu Sufyan maagiah tau tantang kaamana barang dagangan jo harato kafilah. Sasudah manarimo pasan tu, pasukan Quraisy manyatoan kagembiraannyo jo manunjuakan kainginan untuak baliak ka Makkah. Abu Jahal indak nio baliak jo basikareh untuak malanjuikan parjalanan ka Badar, jo mangadoan alek di sinan untuak manunjuakan kapado kaum Muslim jo suku-suku di sekitarnyo bahwasannyo urang-urang tu labiah unggul. Talapeh dari ancaman jo dasakan Abu Jahal, [[Bani Zahrah]] nan bajumlah 300 urang mamisahan diri dari pasukan jo baliak ka Makkah, ateh saran [[Al-Akhnas bin Syuraiq|al-Akhnas bin Shurayq]]. Suku Muhammad, [[Bani Hasyim]], juo ingin mamisahan diri tapi diancam dek Abu Jahal.<ref name=":0" /> Banyak tokoh-tokoh Quraisy, tamasuak Abu Jahal, [[Al-Walid bin Utbah bin Abi Sufyan|Walid bin 'Utbah]], [[Utbah bin Rabi’ah]], jo Umayyah bin Khalaf, bagabuang dalam pasukan Quraisy. Alasannyo baragam; ado nan ingin malinduangi kapantiangan finansial urang-urang tu di kafilah; nan lain ingin mambalehan dandam Ibn al-Hadrami, surang panjago nan dibunuah dalam salah ciek panghadangan kafilah di [[Nakhlah]]; sarato ado nan bakainginan untuak manang murah malawan pasukan Muslim nan saketek.<ref>Martin Lings, pp. 139–140.</ref> Amr bin Hisyam digambarkan mampamaluan Umayyah bin Khalaf agar bagabuang dalam paparangan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sahih al-Bukhari: Volume 5, Book 59, Number 286|url=http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/059.sbt.html#005.059.286|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816202325/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/059.sbt.html|archive-date=16 August 2010|access-date=16 September 2010|publisher=Usc.edu}}</ref>

=== Rencana kaum Muslimin ===
Muhammad maadoan [[dewan parang]] untuak maninjau situasi jo mamutuihan rencana nan kadilakuan. Manuruik babarapo cendikiawan Muslim, [[Surek Al-Anfal]] ayaik 5-8 diturunan sabagai pangganti katakuikan sabagian pasukan akan patamuan tu. [[Abu Bakar ash-Shiddiq|Abu Bakar]] adolah urang patamo nan mangecek pado patamuan tu jo inyo mayakinan Muhammad.<ref name=":0" /> [[Umar bin Khattab|Umar]] barikuiknyo, kamudian al-Miqdad ibn 'Amr tagak jo bakato:<ref name=":0" /><ref name="The Message">{{cite book|last1=Subhani|first1=Ayatullah Jafar|title=The Message|publisher=Islamic Seminary Publications|location=Karachi, Pakistan|chapter=30}}</ref>

{{Quote|"Ya Rasulullah! Lanjuikanlah kamano Allah maarahan engkau, karano kami basamo engkau. Kami indak akan mangatoan a nan dikatoan [[Bani Israil]] kapado [[Musa]]: "Pailah engkau jo Tuhan engkau sarato baparanglah dan kami akan disiko sajonyo"; malainkan kami akan mangatoan: "Pailah engkau jo Tuhan engkau jo baparanglah dan kami akan baparang basamo engkau". Demi Allah! Jikok engkau mambaok kami ka Birk al-Ghimad, kami akan taruih baparang basamo engkau malawan para pambelanyo sampai engkau mamanangannyo".<ref name=":0" /><ref name="The Message" />}}

Muhammad kamudian mamujinyo jo badoa untuaknyo, namun tigo urang nan alah mangecek iolah Muhajirin, nan jumlahnyo hanyo sapatigo dari jumlah panduduak Madinah. Muhammad ingin mandanga pandapek dari kaum Anshar, nan indak bakomitmen untuak baparang dilua wilayah urang-urang tu sasuai jo [[Pajanjian Aqabah Kaduo|Pajanjian Aqabah]]. Muhammad kamudian sacaro indak langsung mamintak kaum Anshar untuak mangecek, nan dipahami dek [[Sa'ad bin Mu'adz]] jo mamintak ijin untuak mangecek. Muhammad basagiro maagiah ijin dan Sa'ad bakato:

{{Quote|"Wahai Nabi Allah! Kami baiman jo kami basaksi bahwasannya apo nan engkau baok adolah kabanaran. Kami bajanji taguah akan kataatan jo pangorbanan kami. Kami akan manaati engkau jo ikhlas dalam apo pun nan engkau parintahkan kapado kami, dan demi Allah, siapo nan mangutuih engkau jo kabanaran, jikok engkau mahadokan kami ka lauik ko dan engkau tajun ka dalamnyo, mako sadionyo kami akan maikuik i nyo jo indak surang pun diantaro kami nan akan tatingga. Kami indak kabarekan untuak mahadok i musuah bisuak pagi. Sungguah kami tabah dalam paparangan jo taguah dalam mahadok i pajuangan. Kami baharok Allah akan manunjuakan kapado engkau malalui tangan kami tindakan barani nan manyanangan mato engkau. Mako pimpinlah kami manuju medan parang ateh namo Allah".<ref name=":0" />}}

Muhammad takasan jo kasatiaan sarato sumangek pangorbanannyo, mamarintahan parjalanan manuju Badar untuak dilanjuikan.<ref name=":0" />

Pado hari Minggu, 11 Maret (15 Ramadhan), kaduo pasukan barado sakitar sahari pajalanan dari Badar. Muhammad jo Abu Bakar alah malakuan pangintaian jo bahasia manamuan lokasi kamah kaum Quraisy. Urang-urang tu basobok jo surang [[Urang Badui|badui]] tuo di dakeknyo nan darinyo dikatahui jumlah pasti kakiatan Quraisy. Patang harinyo, Muhammad mautuih Ali, Zubair, sarato [[Sa'ad bin Abi Waqqas]] untuak maintai Quraisy dan bahasia manangkok duo urang pambaok aianyo di sumua Badar. Baharok duo urang tu mangatoan bahwa mereka baasa dari kafilah, kaum Muslim maraso ngeri mandanga urang tu dari pasukan utamo Quraisy.<ref name="book19">{{cite web |url=http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/muslim/019.smt.html#019.4394 |title=Sahih Muslim: Book 19, Number 4394 |publisher=Usc.edu |access-date=16 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820122650/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/muslim/019.smt.html#019.4394 |archive-date=20 August 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Indak pueh jo jawaban duo urang tu, katiko Muhammad sadang [[Sumbayang|Sholat]], babarapo Muslim manangani urang tu hinggo nyo baduto, sahinggo Muhammad mangutuak kareh tindakan tu. Kamudian Muhammad surang nan langsung batanyo ka pado duo urang tu. Bisuaknyo Muhammad mamarintahan pajalanan ka Badar hinggo tibo di hadokan urang-urang Quraisy.<ref name=":0" />

Katiko pasukan Muslim tibo dari timur, Muhammad awalnyo mamiliah bakamah di sumua patamo nam disobokan. Al-Hubab bin al-Mundhir, bagaimanopun, batanyo kapadonyo apokah pilihan ko ateh parintah Allah atau pandapek Muhammad sajo. Katiko Muhammad maacuahan apo nan dimintak tarakhia tu, Hubab manyaranan agar umat Muslim manampeki sumua nan paliang dakek jo pasukan Quraisy, jo mamblokir atau mahancuan sumua nan lain. Muhammad manarimo saran tu jo rencana tu dijalanan pado tangah malam. Muhammad juo alah maagiahan parintah tegas untuak indak mamulai sarangan tanpa izinnyo. Muhammad mahabihan sapanjang malam tanggal 12 Maret (16 Ramadhan) Sholat jo badoa. Pasukan Muslim manikmati lalok lamak dimalam hari tu, nan diyakini sabagai berkah dari Allah.<ref name=":0" />

=== Rencana kaum Quraisy ===
Walaupun saketek nan dikatahui tantang kamajuan pasukan Quraisy sajak maninggaan Makkah hinggo tibo di Badar, ado babarapo hal nan paralu diparatian: walaupun banyak tantara Arab nan biaso mambaok padusi jo anak-anak katiko baparang untuak memotivasi, pasukan Quraisy indak malakuannyo. Tampaknyo urang-urang Quraisy hanyo malakuan saketek atau bahkan indak ado malakuan upayo apo pun untuak mahubuangi sakutu-sakutunyo nan taseba di tanah [[Hijaz]].<ref>Lings, p. 154.</ref> Kaduo fakta tu manunjuakan bahwasannyo kaum Quraisy indak mampunyoi wakatu untuak mampasiapan paparangan karano tagageh untuak malinduangi kafilah. Salain itu, diyakini urang-urang tu maharokan kamanangan nan murah malawan pasukan Muslim nan saketek.

Karano pasukan Muhammad indak mahancuan atau marampeh kasadoan sumua di Badar, babarapo urang Quraisy mandakeki sumua nan dikuasoi Muslim untuak maambiak aia. Kasadoannyo disarang kacuali [[Hakim bin Hizam]] nan kamudian manarimo [[Islam]]. Pado tangah malam tanggal 13 Maret (17 Ramadhan), kaum Quraisy mambongka kamah jo babarih di lambah Badar. [[Umair bin Wahab|Umair bin Wahab al-Jumahi]] maintai pasukan Muslim jo malaporkan 300 urang nan ka baparang sampai urang tarakhia.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Lings, pp. 143–144.</ref><ref>Armstrong, pp. 174–175.</ref> Sasudah misi pangintaian lainnyo, inyo malaporkan pasukan Muslim indak akan ado nan mampakuek sarato indak barencana untuak malakukan panyarangan apo pun.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Iko samakin malamahan sumangek kaum Quraisy, karano paparangan di Arab sacaro tradisional indak banyak manimbuan korban, jo mamicu patikaian diantaro tokoh-tokoh Quraisy. Namun, manuruik tradisi Arab, Amr bin Hisyam maredam perbedaan pandapek nan masih ado jo manyaruan raso hormat kaum Quraisy sarato manuntuik agar urang-urang tu mamanuahi baleh dandam darah mereka.<ref>Lings, pp. 144–146.</ref>

=== Duel ===
Paparangan dimulai jo Aswad bin Abdul Asad, salah cuek laki-laki dari suku Abu Jahal, [[Bani Makhzum]], basumpah akan minum di sumua nan dikuasoi Muslim atau mahancuannyo atau mati karanonyo. Mananggapi itu, Hamzah bin Abdul Muthalib, salah surang mamak Muhammad maju malawannyo dalam duel. Hamzah manyarang kaki Aswad sabalum maagiah sarangan lain nan mambunuahnyo. Mancaliak tu, tigo urang Quraisy [[Utbah bin Rabi'ah]] basamo dunsanaknyo [[Shaibah bin Rabi'ah]] sarato anaknyo [[Walid bin Utbah]] maju dari barisan. Tigo urang dari Anshar maju malawan, nan disoraki dek Quraisy karano urang-urang tu hanyo nio malawan Muhajirin sarato maindaan pasalisiahan nan indak paralu jo suku lain. Karano itu, Hamzah mandakek jo mamanggia [[Ubaidah bin Harits]] sarato Ali bin Abi Thalib untuak bagabuang jo inyo. Pataruangan antaro Hamzah jo Shaibah sarato Ali jo Walid bajalan capek jo kakalahan Quraisy, sadangkan Ubaidah manang tapi taluko parah. Mancaliak tu, Hamzah jo Ali basagiro mambaok Ubaidah ka hadap Muhammad dan maningga.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Razwy|first1=Sayed Ali Asgher|title=A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims|pages=136–137}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book|last1=Muir|first1=Sir William|title=The Life of Mohammed|date=1877|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Glubb|first1=Sir John|title=The Great Arab Conquests|date=1963}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Hujan anak panah maikuik i duel tu dari kaduo balah pihak disusua babarapo duel lainnyo nan sabagian gadang dimanangan dek Muslim. Pasukan Quraisy kamudian manyarang pasukan Muslim mambabi buto.<ref name=":0" />

=== Sarangan Quraisy jo sarangan baliak Muslim ===
Katiko pasukan Quraisy manyarang, Muhammad badoa kapado Allah sambia mauluan tangan ka kiblat:

{{Quote|"Ya Allah! Jikok kalompok (Muslim) ko kalah hari ko, indak ado nan kamanyambah Engkau lai".}}

Muhammad taruih badoa sampai jubahnyo jatuah dari bahunyo, lalu Abu Bakar maambiaknyo jo malatakannyo baliak di bahunyo jo bakato:

{{Quote|“Wahai Nabi Allah, engkau alah cukuik basaru kapado Tuhan engkau. Dia pasti akan mamanuihi apo nan Dia janjikan kapado engkau.}}

Muhammad mamarintahan untuak manyarang baliak sasudah tu, maambuangan saganggam kareke ka arah pasukan Quraisy nan mungkin marupokan tradisi Arab sambia mangatoan “Hancuan muko-muko tu!”<ref name="armstrong176">Armstrong, p. 176.</ref><ref name="lings148">Lings, p. 148.</ref> Pasukan Muslim mambalehnyo jo mamakiakan "''Yā manṣūr amit!''" nan bararti “Hai engkau nan alah diagiah kamanangan dek Allah, bunuahlah!” jo kamudian manyarabu barisan Quraisy. Akibaiknyo, pasukan Quraisy tacarai barai dan malarian diri. Kaum Muslim mangaikan kajadian pacarai baraian ko jo campua tangan Allah, takah nan dinyatoan dalam [[Al-Qur'an]] surek ka 8 ayat 12, bahwasannyo Allah mailhami [[Malaikaik|malaikat]] untuak manguekan urang-urang baiman, jo manyebaan katakuikan di dalam hati urang-urang Quraisy. Paparangan tu sandiri balansuang hanyo babarapo jam dan salasai pado patang harinyo.<ref name="armstrong176" /> Al-Qur'an manggabarkan kakuatan sarangan Muslim dalam banyak ayaik, nan mangacu kapado ribuan malaikat turun dari [[Sarugo]] di Badar untuak manakuik i pasukan Quraisy.<ref name="lings148" /><ref>Quran: [[Al-i-Imran]] {{cite Quran|3|123|end=125|t=y|tn=y|style=nosup|expand=no|quote=Allah had helped you at Badr, when ye were a contemptible little force; then fear Allah; thus May ye show your gratitude. Remember thou saidst to the Faithful: "Is it not enough for you that Allah should help you with three thousand angels (Specially) sent down? "Yea, – if ye remain firm, and act aright, even if the enemy should rush here on you in hot haste, your Lord would help you with five thousand angels Making a terrific onslaught.}}</ref> Iko juo manggambarkan bagaimano Dubilih, pamimpin Jin, nan disabuikan bawujud Suraqa bin Malik malarian diri dari medan parang sasudah mancaliak malaikat. Sumber-sumber Muslim maanggap hal iko sacaro harfiah, jo ado babarapo [[Hadis|hadits]] di mano Muhammad mambahas malaikat [[Jibril]] jo paran nan inyo mainkan dalam paparangan tu.<ref name=":0" />

== Sasudah paparangan ==
=== Tawanan parang sarato panabuihannyo ===
Tigo hari sasudah paparangan,<ref name=":0" /> Muhammad maninggan Badar manuju Madinah. Manganai palakuan kapado tawanan, Abu Bakar bapandapek bahwa tawanan tu harus ditabuih, karano urang-urang tu masih dunsanak surang. Umar manantang ko, jo mangatoan bahwa dalam Islam indak ado konsep hubuangan darah, dan bahwasannyo kasadoan tawanan harus dieksekusi, jo satiok urang harus maeksekusi tawanan nan sadarah jo nyo. Muhammad manarimo saran Abu Bakar untuak mamintak tabuih tawanan.{{Sfn|Rippin|2009|p=213}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Nomani|first=Shibli|author-link=Shibli Nomani|translator=Zafar Ali Khan|translator-link=Zafar Ali Khan|title=Al-Farooq: the life of Omar the Great|url=https://archive.org/details/AlFarooqEnglishByShaykhAllamahShibliNomanir.a_201601|volume=I|page=[https://archive.org/details/AlFarooqEnglishByShaykhAllamahShibliNomanir.a_201601/page/n81/mode/2up 56]|year=1939|publisher=Sh. Muhammad Ashraf|location=Kashmiri Bazar, Lahore}}</ref> Sakitar 70 tawanan nan tacatat dipalukan sacaro manusiawi, tamasuak sajumlah tokoh-tokoh Quraisy.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/052-sbt.php| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013003022/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/052-sbt.php| url-status=dead| archive-date=13 October 2012| title=Sahih Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 52, Number 252| quote=Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah: When it was the day (of the battle) of Badr, prisoners of war were brought including Al-Abbas who was undressed. The Prophet looked for a shirt for him. It was found that the shirt of 'Abdullah bin Ubai would do, so the Prophet let him wear it. That was the reason why the Prophet took off and gave his own shirt to 'Abdullah. (The narrator adds, "He had done the Prophet some favor for which the Prophet liked to reward him.")| access-date=20 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="The Life of Mahomet">{{cite book|last1=Muir|first1=William|title=The Life of Mahomet|date=1861|publisher=Smith, Elder and Co.|location=London|page=122|edition=Volume 3|url=https://archive.org/stream/lifemahometandh02muirgoog#page/n138/mode/2up|access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref> Sabagian gadang tawanan dibebasan sasudah mambayia uang tabuih jo nan bisa mambaco dibebasan katiko alah maajaan sapuluah urang Muslim mambaco jo manulih.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FLoUAAAAYAAJ&q=teach | title=The Life of Mahomet: With Introductory Chapters on the Original Sources for the Biography of Mahomet, and on the Pre-Islamite History of Arabia |author= William Muir |volume= 1 |page=ix |year= 1861 |location= London |publisher=Smith, Elder and Co | isbn=9780524073797 | access-date=19 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.al-islam.org/life-muhammad-prophet-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/battles|title=Battles|date=18 October 2012|website=www.al-islam.org}}</ref>

=== Mambuang mayaik ===
Sasudah paparangan marado, Muhammad mamarintahan agar 24 mayaik pamimpin Quraisy dibuah ka sabuah sumua kariang nan kumuah. Babarapo hari kamudian Muhammad baliak ka sumua tu sarayo mangecek kapado mayaik-mayaik tu, mamanggia namonyo masiang-masiang.

{{Quote|“Apokah kau akan sanang jikok kau manaati Allah jo Rasul-Nyo? Kami alah manamuan kabanaran apo nan dijanjian Tuhan kami kapado kami. Apokah kau alah manamuan kabanaran apo nan dijanjian Tuhan kau kapado kau?”<ref>Sahih al Bukhari Volume 5 Book 59 Hadith 314 

https://www.sahih-bukhari.com/Pages/results.php</ref>}}

=== Korban ===
Meskipun para ahli mampakiroan jumlah korban Quraisy sakitar 70 urang, hanyo namo-namo nan manonjol nan dikatahui. Namun, namo-namo 14 Muslim nan maningga, baiak sasudah parang karano luko nan didaritonyo, kasadoannyo dikatahui.

Urang Quraisy takenal nan tabunuah dalam paparangan diantaronyo [[Amr bin Hisyam]] (Abu Jahal), [[Umayyah bin Khalaf]], [[Utbah bin Rabi'ah]], [[Shaibah bin Rabi'ah]], Walid bin Utbah, sarato Aswad bin Abdul Asad. [[Nadir bin Harits]] jo [[Uqbah bin Abu Mu’ait]] juo maningga, tapi indak jaleh apo panyababnyo. Manuruik babarapo sumber, kaduo urang tu tabunuah di madan parang nan kamudian dikubuan di lubang yang samo,<ref name=":32" /><ref>[[Sahih Bukhari]]: Volume 1, Book 9, Number 499</ref><ref>Al Tabaqat-al-Kubra, Muhammad Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2, p. 260, ghazwatul Badr, Darul Ihya'it-Turathil-'Arabi, Beirut, Lebanon, First Edition, (1996)</ref> sadangkan manuruik [[Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri|Safiur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri]] manulih kaduonyo manjadi tawanan nan kamudian dieksekusi dek Ali.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":32">[[Sahih Bukhari]]: Volume 1, Book 4, Number 241</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Korban Muslim di Badar
|-
|Haritha bin Suraqa al-Khazraji
|{{Lang|ar|حارثہ بن سراقة الخزرجي}}
|-
|Zish Shamalain bin 'Abdi 'Amr al-Muhajiri
|{{Lang|ar|ذو الشمالين بن عبد عمر المهاجري}}
|-
|Rafi' bin al-Mu'alla al-Khazraji
|{{Lang|ar|رافع بن المعلاء الخزرجي}}
|-
|Sa'd bin Khaythama al-Awsi
|{{Lang|ar|سعد بن خيثمة الأوسي}}
|-
|Safwan bin Wahb al-Muhajiri
|{{Lang|ar|صفوان بن وهب المهاجري}}
|-
|'Aaqil bin al-Bukayr al-Muhajiri
|{{Lang|ar|عاقل بن البكير المهاجري}}
|-
|'Ubayda bin al-Harith al-Muhajiri
|{{Lang|ar|عبيدة بن الحارث المهاجري}}
|-
|'Umayr bin al-Humam al-Khazraji
|{{Lang|ar|عمير بن الحمام الخزرجي}}
|-
|'Umayr bin Abu Waqqas al-Muhajiri
|{{Lang|ar|عمير بن أبو وقاس المهاجري}}
|-
|'Awf bin al-Harith al-Khazraji
|{{Lang|ar|عوف بن الحارث الخزرجي}}
|-
|Mubashir bin 'Abdul Mundhir al-Awsi
|{{Lang|ar|مبشر بن عبدالمنذر الأوسي}}
|-
|Mu'awwidh bin al-Harith al-Khazraji
|{{Lang|ar|معوذ بن الحارث الخزرجي}}
|-
|Mihja' bin Salih al-Muhajiri
|{{Lang|ar|مهجاء بن صالح المهاجري}}
|-
|Yazid bin al-Harith bin Fushum al-Khazraji
|{{Lang|ar|يزيد بن الحارث بن فصحم الخزرجي}}
|}

== Implikasi ==
Paparangan Badar sangaik bapangaruah pado kabangkikan duo urang nan manantuan jalannyo sijarah Arab pado abaik barikuiknyo. Nan patamo adolah Muhammad, nan barubah dari urang buangan Makkah manjadi pamimpin komunitas jo [[nagara kota]] baru di Madinah. Marshall Hodgson manambahan bahwasannyo Badar mamaso nagara-nagara Arab lainnyo untuak “maanggap umat Islam sabagai panantang jo calon pawarih prestise jo paran politik (Quraisy)”. Indak lamo kamudian, Muhammad mausia [[Bani Qaynuqa]], salah ciek suku [[Urang Yahudi|Yahudi]] di Madinah karano malakuan panyarangan kapado wanita Muslim sahinggo malanggar pajanjian damai. Suku tu juo dikenal mangancam posisi politik Muhammad. Diwakatu nan samo, [[Abdullah bin Ubayy]], lawan utamo Muhammad di Madinah, mandapeki posisinyo lamah. Dia hanya mampu maagiahan tantangan nan tabateh kapado Muhammad.<ref>Hodgson, pp. 176–178.</ref>

Panarimo manfaat utamo lainnyo dari paparangan ko iolah Abu Sufyan bin Harb, nan salamaik dari panghadangan. Kamatain Abu Jahal sarato banyak tokoh-tokoh Quraisy lainnyo maagiah Abu Sufyan kasempatan untuak mamimpin suku Quraisy. Akibaiknyo, katiko Muhammad [[Pambukakan Makkah|bagarak ka Makkah]] anam tahun kamudian, Abu Sufyan-lah nan mambantu marundiangan panyarahan diri sacaro damai. Abu Sufyan kamudian manjadi pajabaik tinggi di Karajaan Islam, jo anaknyo [[Mu'awiyah bin Abu Sufyan|Mu'awiyah]] kamudian mandirian [[Kekhalifahan Umayyah]].

Hamzah nan mambunuah salah ciek pamimpin Quraisy sarato sajumlah pajabaik tinggi Quraisy lainnyo manjadi incaran baleh dandam. Inyo [[Wahsyi bin Harb|tabunuah]] di [[Paparangan Uhud|parang Uhud]] jo badannyo disaik-saik.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cook |first=David |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm70867078 |title=Martyrdom in Islam |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85040-7 |series=Themes in islamic history |location=Cambridge, UK ; New York |pages=24-25 |oclc=ocm70867078}}</ref> Di kamudian hari, paparangan Badar manjadi baitu pantiang sahinggo [[Ibnu Ishaq]] mamasuakan daftar namo langkok pasukan Muslim dalam biografinyo tantang Muhammad. Dalam banyak hadis, para veteran nan baparang di Badar dianggap hanyo formalitas, jo mereka bahkan mungkin alah manarimo gaji di tahun-tahun barikuiknyo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/059.sbt.html#005.059.357 |title=Sahih al-Bukhari: Volume 5, Book 59, Number 357 |publisher=Usc.edu |access-date=16 September 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816202325/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/059.sbt.html| archive-date= 16 August 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref> Kamatian veteran Badar tarakhia tajadi pado [[Parang Sudaro Islam I|Fitnah Patamo]].<ref>[http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/059.sbt.html#005.059.358 Sahih Al-Bukhari: Volume 5, Book 59, Number 358] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816202325/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/059.sbt.html#005.059.358 |date=16 August 2010 }}.</ref>

== Rujuakan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliografi ==
=== Buku jo artikel ===
* {{cite book|author=Ali, Abdullah Yusuf|author-link=Abdullah Yusuf Ali |title=The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation & Commentary|publisher=Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an; Reissue edition|year=1987|isbn=0-940368-32-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Armstrong, Karen|author-link=Karen Armstrong | title=Muhmmad: Biography of the Prophet|publisher=HarperCollins|year=1992|isbn=0-06-250886-5|title-link=Muhammad: a Biography of the Prophet (book) }}
* {{cite book|author=Crone, Patricia|author-link= Patricia Crone|title = Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam|publisher=Blackwell|year=1987}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hayward |first1=Joel |author1-link=Joel Hayward |title=The Warrior Prophet: Muhammad and War |year=2022 |publisher=Claritas Books |isbn=9781800110045}}
* {{cite book|author=Hodgson, Marshall|author-link=Marshall Hodgson|title=The Venture of Islam: The Classical Age of Islam|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|year=1974|isbn=0-226-34683-8|url=https://archive.org/details/ventureofislamco00hodg}}
* {{cite book|author=Lings, Martin|author-link=Martin Lings|title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources|publisher=Inner Traditions International|year=1983|isbn=0-89281-170-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Mubarakpuri |first=Safi-ul-Raḥmān |title=Ar-Raheeq Al Makhtum: The Sealed Nectar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA267 |year=2002 |publisher=Darussalam |isbn=9960-899-55-1 |access-date=2016-03-16}}
* {{cite book|author=Nicolle, David|author-link=David Nicolle |title=Armies of the Muslim Conquest|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|year=1993|isbn=1-85532-279-X}}
* {{cite book | last=Ramadan|first=Tariq | author-link=Tariq Ramadan | title=In the Footsteps of the Prophet | location=United States of America | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-19-530880-8 | url=https://archive.org/details/infootstepsofpro00rama }}
* {{cite book |last=Rippin |first=Andrew |title=The Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4051-8820-3 |location=Chichester, West Sussex |url-access=}}
* {{cite book|last=Watt|first= W. Montgomery|author-link=Montgomery Watt|title=Muhammad at Medina|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1956|title-link=Muhammad at Medina (book)}}
*{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Badr
| encyclopedia = THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM: NEW EDITION
| last=Watt
| first= W. Montgomery
| volume = 1
| pages = 867-868
| publisher = E. J. Brill
| year = 1986
}}

=== Rujuakan dariang ===
* {{cite web| title=Translation of Malik's Muwatta.| work=USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts| url=http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/muwatta/| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017073827/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/muwatta/| archive-date=17 October 2010| url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web| title=Translation of Sahih Muslim.| work=USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts| url=http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/muslim/| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017073822/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/muslim/| archive-date=17 October 2010| url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Translation of Sahih al-Bukhari. |work=USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts |url=http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017071704/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/ |archive-date=17 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web| title=Partial Translation of Sunan Abu-Dawud.| work=USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts| url=http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/abudawud/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017073817/http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/abudawud/| archive-date=17 October 2010| url-status=dead}}

== Bacaan tambahan ==
* [[Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri|Al Mubarakpuri, Safiur Rahman]] (2002). ''The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Noble Prophet ‌‍ﷺ.'' [[Riyadh]]: [[Darussalam Publishers]]. {{ISBN|978-603-50011-0-6}}
* Najeebabadi, Akbar Shah (2000). ''The History of Islam''. [[Riyadh]]: [[Darussalam Publishers]].
* Abu Khalil, Shauqi (2003). ''Atlas of the Qur'an: Places. Nations. Landmarks.'' [[Riyadh]]: [[Darussalam Publishers]] {{ISBN|9960-897-54-0}}



[[Kategori:Paparangan nan dipimpin Muhammad]]
[[Kategori:Paparangan Badar]]