Berlin

Articul per Ladin Gherdëina

Berlin
Blason de Berlin	Bandiera de Berlin
Blason	Bandiera
Nfurmazions prinzipeles
Stat	Germania Germania
Stat federel	Berlin Berlin
Fundazion	13ejim secul do Gejù Crist
Populazion	3 755 251 ab. (31 dezëmber 2022)
Densità	4 214,1 ab./km²
Geografia
Coordinedes	52°31'N, 13°23'E
Autëza	34 m
Spersa	891,1 km²
Auter
Targa de l'auto	B
Codesc de la posta	10115–14199
Gemeindeschlüssel	11000000
Plata internet	www.berlin.de/politik-verwaltung-buerger/
Cherta
Berlin Berlin (Germania)

Berlin (pronunzià [bɛʁˈliːn] (scota su)) ie la capitela y la majera zità de la Germania y ënghe un di 16 stac federei (Bundesländer). Si 3,7 milions de abitanc ne'n fej la majera zità de l'Union Europea n cont de abitanc tl chemun. Berlin ie ncertleda ite dal Brandenburg y ie tacheda adum cun Potsdam, la capitela dl Brandenburg. L raion urban de Berlin à na populazion de ntëur a 4,5 milions de abitanc, cie che ne'n fej l segondo majer raion urban de la Germania do la Ruhr. L raion Berlin-Brandenburg à ntëur a 6,2 milions de abitanc y ie la terzo majer raion metropolitan de la Germania do i raions Rain-Ruhr y Rain-Main.

Berlin ie sui ëures de la Spree, che tl raion de Spandau va te la Havel (y chëla va po te la Elbe). La zità à n grum de lec tl vest y sud. L majer de chisc ie l Müggelsee. Berlin à n tlima temperà. Belau n terz de la spersa de la zità ie bosc, parchs y verzons, ruves, canai y lec.

Berlin fova stata documenteda per l prim iede tl 13ejim secul ala ncrujeda de doi mpurtantes rutes comerzieles. Berlin fova deventeda la capitela dl Margraviat de Brandenburg (1417–1701), dl Rëni de Pruscia (1701–1918), dl Mper Tudësch (1871–1918), de la Republica de Weimar (1919–1933) y de la Germania nazista (1933–1945). Berlin ti ani 1920 fova l majer chemun al mond. Do la Segonda Viera Mundiela y la ocupazion de la zità da pert de la forzes che ova venciù, ie la zità stata spartida; Westberlin fova deventà n exclav de la Germania dl Vest, ncertleda ite dal Mur de Berlin (da agost 1961 a nuvëmber 1989) y da la Germania de l'Est. Ostberlin fova deventeda la capitela de la Germania de l'Est y Bonn chëla de la Germania dl Vest. Do la Reunificazion tudëscia tl 1990 ie Berlin inò deventeda la capitela de duta la Germania.

Berlin ie na zità mundiela de cultura, pulitica, media and scienza. Si economia se basa sun firmes high-tech y firmes tl setor di servijes, cun n grum de industries creatives, de nrescida, firmes de media y sales per fieres. Berlin ie n hub cuntinentel per l trasport sun scines y te l'aria y à n sistem de trasport publich scialdi cumplex. L raion metropolitan ie na destinazion turistica scialdi renumeda.

Berlin ie la sënta de n numer de universiteies renumedes sëura l mond, sciche l'Università Humboldt, l'Università Tecnica, l'Università Liedia, l'Università d'Ert, ESMT Berlin, la Scola Hertie y l Bard College Berlin. L Zoologischer Garten ie l zoo plu vijità de l'Europa y un de i plu mpurtanc al mond. L studio Babelsberg fova l prim gran cumplex de studios da film al mond y a Berlin vën fac plu y plu films nternaziunei. La zità ie cunesciuda per si festivals, plu sortes de architetura, vita da nuet, ert de al didancuei y na cualità de vita scialdi auta.

Berlin à trëi sic de l'Arpejon Mundiela UNESCO: Museumsinsel; i Palac y parchs de Potsdam y Berlin; y la Siedlungen der Berliner Moderne. Autri luesc mpurtanc ie la Porta de Brandenburg, l Cësa dl Reichstag, l Potsdamer Platz, l Memorial ai Judieres mazei de l'Europa, l Memorial dl Mur de Berlin, la East Side Gallery, la Culona de Vitoria de Berlin, l Dom de Berlin y la Tor Televijiva de Berlin, che ie la strutura plu auta te la Germania. Berlin à n grum de museums, galeries, biblioteches y orchestres. Danter chisc ie la Alte Nationalgalerie, l Bode-Museum, l Pergamonmuseum, l Deutsches Historisches Museum, l Museum di Judieres de Berlin, l Museum für Naturkunde, l Humboldt Forum, la Bibliotech Statela de Berlin, l'Opra Statela de Berlin, i Berliner Philharmoniker y l Marathon de Berlin.

Storia

Dal 12ejim al 16ejim escul

Cherta de Berlin tl 1688

La prima evidënzes de nridlamënc tl raion de Berlin ie i sedims de na cësa dl 1174 che ie stata abineda te giavedes te Berlin Mitte, y n tram de lën che ie stat datà al 1192. I prim tesć sun luesc ulache al didancuei ie Berlin ie de la fin dl 12ejim secul. Spandau ie stat nunzià per l prim iede tl 1197 y Köpenick tl 1209. La pert zentrela de Berlin se à cul tëmp furmà da doi luesc. Cölln sun la Fischerinsel ie stat nunzià te n documënt dl 1237, y Berlin, sun l'auter ëur de la Spree tl raion che ie sën l Nikolaiviertel, ie stata nunzieda te n documënt dl 1244. L ann 1237 vën tëut coche la fundazion de la zità. La doi ziteies ie cul tëmp cresciudes adum y prufitova de vester sun la rutes comerzieles Via Imperii da Brugge a Novgorod.

Tl 1307 oveles furmà na lianza cun na pulitica coletiva de viers de autra ziteies, ntant sce la aministrazion de la ziteies fova mo for spartida.

Tl 1415 ie Friedrich I. von Brandenburg deventà l prinz-litadëur dl Margraviat de Brandenburg y ova renià nfin al 1440. Tl 15ejim secul oven metù su Berlin-Cölln coche la capitela dl margraviat y i cumëmbri de la familia Hohenzollern ovà da ilò inant renià a Berlin nfin al 1918, n iede coche litadëures de Brandenburg, pona coche rëisc de la Pruscia, y ala fin coche cozeri de la Germania. Tl 1443 ova Friedrich II. von Brandenburg, cunesciù coche Eisenzahn, scumencià a fabriché l palaz de Berlin te la zità de Berlin-Cölln. Dal 1470 inant fova Berlin-Cölln deventeda la nueva residënza da rë. Tl 1539 fova i litadëures y la zità deventei ufizielmënter luteran.

Dal 17ejim al 19ejim secul

Catedrela de Berlin (man ciancia) y l Palaz de Berlin (man drëta) tl 1900

La Viera di 30 Ani danter l 1618 y l 1648 ova devastà Berlin. N terz de la cëses fova states desdrudes y la zità ova perdù mesa si populazion. Friedrich Wilhelm, cunesciù coche l "Gran Litadëur" (Großer Kurfürst), ova metù na scumenciadiva de dé mpuls ala imigrazion y la toleranza religëusa. Cul Edict de Potsdam tl 1685 ova Friedrich Wilhelm dat asil politich ai Huguenots franzëusc. Chësc ova purtà pro che tl 1700 fova belau l 30% de la populazion de Berlin franzëusc.

Geografia

Tlima

Temperatures mesanes y prezipitazions per Berlin Jen Fau Mer Aur Mei Jun Lug Ago Set Uto Nov Dez Mesaria mascima (°C) 2,9 4,2 8,5 13,2 18,9 21,6 23,7 23,6 18,8 13,4 7,1 4,4 Ø 13,4 Mesaria minima (°C) −1,9 −1,5 1,3 4,2 9,0 12,3 14,3 14,1 10,6 6,4 2,2 −0,4 Ø 5,9 Prezipitazions (mm) 42,3 33,3 40,5 37,1 53,8 68,7 55,5 58,2 45,1 37,3 43,6 55,3 Σ 570,7 Dis cun prezipitazions (d) 10,0 8,0 9,1 7,8 8,9 9,8 8,4 7,9 7,8 7,6 9,6 11,4 Σ 106,3 T e m p e r a t u r a 2,9 −1,9 4,2 −1,5 8,5 1,3 13,2 4,2 18,9 9,0 21,6 12,3 23,7 14,3 23,6 14,1 18,8 10,6 13,4 6,4 7,1 2,2 4,4 −0,4 Jen Fau Mer Aur Mei Jun Lug Ago Set Uto Nov Dez P r e z i p i t a z i o n s 42,3 33,3 40,5 37,1 53,8 68,7 55,5 58,2 45,1 37,3 43,6 55,3   Jen Fau Mer Aur Mei Jun Lug Ago Set Uto Nov Dez Funtana: DWD, Daten: 1971–2000

Capitela

Berlin ie la capitela de la Republica Federela de la Germania. L presidënt de la Germania, che aldò de la costituzion à na funzion scialdi mé zerimoniela, à si residënza ufiziela tl Palaz Bellevue.

• 
  L palaz de la Canzelaria Federela, la sënta dl Canzelier de la Germania
• 
  L Palaz dl Reichstag, la sënta dl Bundestag
• 
  L ciastel Bellevue, la sënta dl Presidënt de la Germania
• 
  La Majon di Seniëures de Pruscia, la sënta dl Bundesrat de la Germania
• 
  La sënta dl Bundesnachrichtendienst

L spustamënt dl guviern federel y dl Bundestag da Bonn a Berlin fova per la gran pert finà tl 1999. N valgun ministeresc y n valgun pitli dipartimënc resta mo a Bonn. L da mo for na discuscion sce spusté nce l rest di ministeresc. A Berlin ie l Ufize di Afares Furesć y i ministeresc y dipartimënc de la Defendura, Giustizia y Prutezion di Cunsumadëures, Finanza, Dedite, Afares de Economia y Energia, Lëur y Afares Soziei, Afares de Familia, Jënt Vedla, Ëiles y Jëuni, Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Nurimënt y Lëur da Paur, Cooperazion Economica y Svilup, Sanità, Trasport y Nfrastrutura Digitela y l Educazion y Nrescida.

A Berlin dal 158 ambascedes y nce n gran numer de think tanks, sindacac, urganizaions non-profit, grupes de lobby y asoziazions prufescioneles.

Demografia

Populazion de Berlin, 1880–2012

Populazion storica

Ann	Pop.	±%
1721	65 300	—
1750	113 289	+73.5%
1800	172 132	+51.9%
1815	197 717	+14.9%
1825	220 277	+11.4%
1840	330 230	+49.9%
1852	438 958	+32.9%
1861	547 571	+24.7%
1871	826 341	+50.9%
1880	1 122 330	+35.8%
1890	1 578 794	+40.7%
1900	1 888 848	+19.6%
1910	2 071 257	+9.7%
1920	3 879 409	+87.3%
1925	4 082 778	+5.2%
1933	4 221 024	+3.4%
1939	4 330 640	+2.6%
1945	3 064 629	−29.2%
1950	3 336 026	+8.9%
1960	3 274 016	−1.9%
1970	3 208 719	−2.0%
1980	3 048 759	−5.0%
1990	3 433 695	+12.6%
2000	3 382 169	−1.5%
2010	3 460 725	+2.3%
2020	3 664 088	+5.9%
Cër mudamënc te la grandëza de la populazion pudëssa nce vester la gauja de mudamënc te la divijion aministrativa.

Ai 31 dezëmber 2022 ova Berlin na populazion de 3 755 251 abitanc sun na spersa de 891,1 km². La zità à na densità de 4 214,1 abitanc per km².

Berlin ie la majera zità de l'Union Europea n cont de la populazion dedite di cunfins dl chemun. Tl 2019 l raion urban ova ntëur a 4,5 milions de abitanc. Tl 2019 ova l raion urban funzionel na populazion de ntëur a 5,2 milions de persons. Dut l raion de la capitela Berlin-Brandenburg à na populazion de plu de 6 milions sun na spersa de 30 546 km².

Nazionaliteies

Residënza per naziunalità (31 dezëmber 2019)
Stat	Populazion
Total di abitanc registrei	3,769,495
Germania	2,992,150
Turchia	98,940
Polonia	56,573
Siria	39,813
Talia	31,573
Bulgaria	30,824
Ruscia	26,640
Romania	24,264
Stac Unii	22,694
Vietnam	20,572
Franzia	20,223
Serbia	20,109
Riam Unì	16,751
Spania	15,045
Grecia	14,625
Croazia	14,430
India	13,450
Ucraina	13,410
Afghanistan	13,301
Cina	13,293
Bosnia y Herzegovina	12,691
Rest dl Mez Urient y Asia	88,241
Rest de l'Europa	80,807
Africa	36,414
Other Americas	27,491
Oceania and Antarctica	5,651
Stateless or Unclear	24,184

Infrastrutura

Trasport

Stredes

La nfrastrutura de trasport de Berlin ie scialdi cumplessa y pieta na varianzion de veles per la mobilità urbana. De n dut passa 979 puenc sëura i 197 km de eghes (ruves y canai) te la zità. 5422 km de stredes passa tres Berlin, de chëles che 77 km ie autostredes. In 2013, 1.344 million motor vehicles were registered in the city. Cun 377 auti per 1000 abitanc tl 2013 (570/1000 te la Germania), à Berlin coche na zità urientela globala un di numeri plu basc de auti per abitanc. Tl 2012 fova n servisc 7600 taxis, la gran pert te n culëur beige. Dal 2011 incà dal nce na cumpëida de servijes tres app per spartì e-auti y e-scooters.

Ferata

L Berlin Hauptbahnhof ie la majera stazion dla ferata a partimënc de l'Europa.

Linies de ferata a distanza culeghea Berlin cun duta la majera ziteies de la Germania y cun n grum de ziteies di stac Europeics che cunfina. Linies regioneles dl Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg pieta servijes ai raions dl Brandenburg ntëurvia y al Mer Baltich. La Stazion Zentrela de Berlin ie la majera stazion dla ferata a partimënc de l'Europa. La Deutsche Bahn fej jì la ferates a auta velozità Intercity-Express a destinazions naziuneles sciche Hamburg, Minca, Köln, Stuttgart, Frankfurt sul Main y autres. La fej ënghe jì na ferata express per l aeroport y ferates a na cumpëida de destinazions nternaziuneles sciche Viena, Praga, Zürich, Varsavia, Breslau, Budapest y Amsterdam.

Trasport sun ega

Berlin ie culegheda ai ruves Elbe y Oder tres la Spree y la Havel. L ne da deguna cunescions per passajieres a auta frecuenza sun ega da y de viers de Berlin, ma na pert de la marcianza vën traspurteda sun l'eghes. L majer port de Berlin, l Westhafen, ie tl raion Moabit. L ie na luegia per trasport y de magasin per l trasport sun ega tl antertiera cun na mpurtanza che crësc.

Curieres danter ziteies

Sciche autra ziteies tudësces à nce Berlin plu y plu servijes de curieres danter ziteies. La zità à plu de 10 stazions da la curieres cun servijes che porta dloncora te la Germania y l'Europa. La majera ie l Zentraler Omnibusbahnhof Berlin.

Trasport publich

La metro de Berlin ala stazion Heidelberger Platz

I Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG) y la Deutsche Bahn (DB) aministrea de plu sistems de trasport urban.

Sistem	Stazions / Linies / Lunghëza	Passajiers a l'ann	Operadëur / Notes
S-Bahn	166 / 16 / 331 km (206 mi)	431 000 000 (2016)	DB / Mainly overground rapid transit rail system with suburban stops
U-Bahn	173 / 10 / 146 km (91 mi)	563 000 000 (2017)	BVG / Mainly underground rail system / 24h-service on weekends
Tram	404 / 22 / 194 km (121 mi)	197 000 000 (2017)	BVG / Operates predominantly in eastern boroughs
Curiera	3227 / 198 / 1,675 km (1,041 mi)	440 000 000 (2017)	BVG / Extensive services in all boroughs / 62 Night Lines
Bastimënt	6 lines		BVG / Transportation as well as recreational ferries

Travelers can access all modes of transport with a single ticket.

Public transportation in Berlin has a long and complicated history because of the 20th-century division of the city, where movement between the two halves was not served. Since 1989, the transport network has been developed extensively; however, it still contains early 20th century traits, such as the U1.

Aeroporc

Aeroport Berlin Brandenburg

Aeroporc a Berlin, leprò chëi che ne vën nia plù adurvei (data: novëmber 2020)

Tipica streda per la rodes tl Prenzlauer Berg

Berlin à un n aeroport nternaziunel cumerziel: l Aeroport Berlin Brandenburg (BER), che ie puech dedora dai cunfins de Berlin, tl sud-est de la zità, tl stat federel Brandenburg. Si costruzion ova scumencià tl 2006 cun la ntenzion de sustituì i doi aeroporc Berlin Tegel (TXL) y Berlin Schönefeld (SXF) coche l sëul aeroport cumerziel de Berlin. Previously set to open in 2012, after extensive delays and cost overruns, it opened for commercial operations in October 2020. The planned initial capacity of around 27 million passengers per year is to be further developed to bring the terminal capacity to approximately 55 million per year by 2040.

Before the opening of the BER in Brandenburg, Berlin was served by Tegel Airport and Schönefeld Airport. Tegel Airport was within the city limits, and Schönefeld Airport was located at the same site as the BER. Both airports together handled 29.5 million passengers in 2015. In 2014, 67 airlines served 163 destinations in 50 countries from Berlin. Tegel Airport was a focus city for Lufthansa and Eurowings while Schönefeld served as an important destination for airlines like Germania, easyJet and Ryanair. Until 2008, Berlin was also served by the smaller Tempelhof Airport, which functioned as a city airport, with a convenient location near the city center, allowing for quick transit times between the central business district and the airport. The airport grounds have since been turned into a city park.

Jì cun la roda

Articul prinzipel: Jì cun la roda a Berlin

Berlin is well known for its highly developed bicycle lane system. It is estimated Berlin has 710 bicycles per 1000 residents. Around 500,000 daily bike riders accounted for 13% of total traffic in 2010. Cyclists have access to 620 km (385 mi) of bicycle paths including approximately 150 km (93 mi) of mandatory bicycle paths, 190 km (118 mi) of off-road bicycle routes, 60 km (37 mi) of bicycle lanes on roads, 70 km (43 mi) of shared bus lanes which are also open to cyclists, 100 km (62 mi) of combined pedestrian/bike paths and 50 km (31 mi) of marked bicycle lanes on roadside pavements (or sidewalks). Riders are allowed to carry their bicycles on Regionalbahn, S-Bahn and U-Bahn trains, on trams, and on night buses if a bike ticket is purchased.

Galaria de fotografies

• Berlin
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

Cëla nce

• Lista de la majera ziteies te la Germania

Referënzes

Funtanes

• Chandler, Tertius (1987). Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census. Edwin Mellen Pr. ISBN 978-0-88946-207-6.
• Gill, Anton (1993). A Dance Between Flames: Berlin Between the Wars. John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-4986-1.
• Gross, Leonard (1999). The Last Jews in Berlin. Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7867-0687-7.
• Large, David Clay (2001). Berlin. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02632-6.
• Read, Anthony; David Fisher (1994). Berlin Rising: Biography of a City. W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-03606-0.
• Ribbe, Wolfgang (2002). Geschichte Berlins. Bwv – Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8305-0166-4.
• Roth, Joseph (2004). What I Saw: Reports from Berlin 1920–33. Granta Books. ISBN 978-1-86207-636-5.
• Daum, Andreas, ed. (2006). Berlin ‒ Washington, 1800‒2000: Capital Cities, Cultural Representation, and National Identities. Berghahn. ISBN 978-0-521-84117-7.
• Daum, Andreas. Kennedy in Berlin. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-85824-3.
• Taylor, Frederick (2007). The Berlin Wall: 13 August 1961 – 9 November 1989. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-06-078614-4.
• Maclean, Rory (2014). Berlin: Imagine a City. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-84803-5.