Quantum redactiones paginae "Sapor" differant
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Eruditi Sanscrite scribentes sex sapores enumerare solent, videlicet ''madhura'' dulcis, ''lavaṇa'' salsus, ''kaśaya'' acerbus, ''amla'' acidus, ''kaṭu'' acer, ''tikta'' amarus.<ref>Vide e.g. ''[[Suśrutasaṃhitā]]'' 1.42 [https://archive.org/stream/englishtranslati01susruoft#page/382/mode/2up versio Anglica]; ''[[Carakasaṃhitā]]'' 26.40 sqq.[https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_47357/page/n421/mode/2up Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna, interpr.] [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.326551/page/n217/mode/2up Shree Gulabkunverba Ayurvedic Society, interprr.]</ref> |
Eruditi Sanscrite scribentes sex sapores enumerare solent, videlicet ''madhura'' dulcis, ''lavaṇa'' salsus, ''kaśaya'' acerbus, ''amla'' acidus, ''kaṭu'' acer, ''tikta'' amarus.<ref>Vide e.g. ''[[Suśrutasaṃhitā]]'' 1.42 [https://archive.org/stream/englishtranslati01susruoft#page/382/mode/2up versio Anglica]; ''[[Carakasaṃhitā]]'' 26.40 sqq.[https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_47357/page/n421/mode/2up Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna, interpr.] [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.326551/page/n217/mode/2up Shree Gulabkunverba Ayurvedic Society, interprr.]</ref> |
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Apud Sinas quinque sapores enumerantur,<ref>五味令人口爽 ''wǔ wèi lìng rén kǒu shuǎng'' "Quinque sapores os hebetant" per paradoxum: ''[[Laocius]]'' [http://www.tao-te-king.org/12.htm 12]</ref> qui sunt 酸 ''suān'' amarus, 苦 ''kǔ'' acer, 甜 ''tián'' dulcis, 辣 ''là'' pungens vel 熱 ''rè'' calidus, 咸 ''xián'' salsus.<ref>K. C. Chang, ''Food in Chinese Culture'' (Novo Portu, 1977) p. 68</ref> Coqui autem [[Sichuan|provinciae |
Apud Sinas quinque sapores enumerantur,<ref>五味令人口爽 ''wǔ wèi lìng rén kǒu shuǎng'' "Quinque sapores os hebetant" per paradoxum: ''[[Laocius]]'' [http://www.tao-te-king.org/12.htm 12]</ref> qui sunt 酸 ''suān'' amarus, 苦 ''kǔ'' acer, 甜 ''tián'' dulcis, 辣 ''là'' pungens vel 熱 ''rè'' calidus, 咸 ''xián'' salsus. Enumeratio iam abhinc duo milia ducentos annos reperitur in ''[[Veres autumnique domini Lü|Veribus autumnisque domini Lü]]'', a [[Lü Buwei]] editis: ibi philosophica de arte coquinaria dissertatio ad coquum mythicum [[Yi Yin]] attribuitur.<ref>''[[Veres autumnique domini Lü]]'' 14/2.1, 14/3.4 (John Knoblock, Jeffrey Riegel, edd. et interprr., ''The Annals of Lü Buwei'' [Stanfordiae, 2000] pp. 306-311). Cf. K. C. Chang, ''Food in Chinese Culture'' (Novo Portu, 1977) p. 68</ref> Coqui autem [[Sichuan|provinciae Sichuanensis]] sextum saporem 麻 ''má'' "torporentem" addunt, ab aromate eorum indigena [[Zanthoxyli fructus|zanthoxylo]] effectum, cum sapore pungenti aequilibrem (麻辣 ''má là'').<ref>[[Fuchsia Dunlop]], ''The Food of Sichuan'' (Londinii: Bloomsbury, 2019) pp. 21-24, cf. 471-474; Gernot Katzer, "[http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Zant_pip.html Sichuan pepper]"</ref> |
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Europaeorum recentiorum [[Ioannes Anthelmus Brillat-Savarin|Brillat-Savarin]] sapores infinitos esse agnovit;<ref>[[Ioannes Anthelmus Brillat-Savarin]], ''[[Physiologie du goût]]'' (1826) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8626673x/f90 vol. 1 p. 72]</ref> plurimi autem aut quattuor accipiunt aut ([[osmazomum|osmazomo]] vel ''umami'' addito) quinque. |
Europaeorum recentiorum [[Ioannes Anthelmus Brillat-Savarin|Brillat-Savarin]] sapores infinitos esse agnovit;<ref>[[Ioannes Anthelmus Brillat-Savarin]], ''[[Physiologie du goût]]'' (1826) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8626673x/f90 vol. 1 p. 72]</ref> plurimi autem aut quattuor accipiunt aut ([[osmazomum|osmazomo]] vel ''umami'' addito) quinque. |
Emendatio ex 13:54, 12 Ianuarii 2022
Sapor est gustus naturalis et proprius pomorum, holerum, carnium, fungorum aliorumque edulium. Caseus, qui iucunde sapit, saporem iucundum habet, et piscis, qui mare sapit, saporem marinum habet. Sapor et gustatus non idem est. Eadem est enim inter gustatum et saporem differentia, quae generaliter inter sensus et sensibilia est. Sapor est, qui sua vi propria in alimentis exstat. Quem sensum obiectivum melli ingenitum Marcus Tullius Cicero ita describit: "Ut enim mel, etsi dulcissimum est, suo tamen proprio genere saporis, non comparatione cum aliis dulce esse sentitur."[1] Eandem sapiendi vim in pomis tempore maturatum Ovidius describit: "[Tempus,] ne sint tristi poma sapore, cavet."[2] Interdum gustus eodem sensu adhibetur, sicut apud Cornelium Celsum legimus: "Adtrahaturque spiritu is sucus, donec in ore gustus [= sapor] eius sentiatur."[3]
An sapores similibus contrariisve discernamus philosophi Graeci antiqui differebant. Anaxagoras (saeculo V a.C.n.) contrariis: "id enim quod calore frigoreve par sit neque calefacere, neque refrigerare; neque vero dulce acidumve per ea ipsa cognosci, sed frigidum per calidum, potabile per salsum, dulce per acidum secundum cuiusque defectum (ista enim omnia in nobis adesse) ... omnem vero sensum coniunctum esse cum dolore ... omne enim dissimile tangendo incommodum affert".[4]
Numerum saporum alii aliter recensuerunt. Inter primos, qui de hac re scripserint, Menestor (eodem fere saeculo) sapores infinitos exstitisse scripserit si iterum doxographiam Theophrasti accipimus.[5] Huic fortasse coaevus Empedocles multa de sensu, pauca de sapore cecinit, sed quattuor sapores nominavit, videlicet dulcem, amarum, acidum, pungentem, qui secundum similitudines in corpora humana suscipiuntur:
- ὣς γλυκὺ μὲν γλυκὺ μάρπτε, πικρὸν δ' ἐπὶ πικρὸν ὄρουσεν,
- ὀξὺ δ' ἐπ' ὀξὺ ἔβη, δαερὸν δ' ἐποχεῖτο δαηρῶι.
- Sic dulcia quaerunt dulcia, amara advolant ad amara,
- acuta petunt acuta, calida cum calidis coeunt.[6]
Plato (voce Timaei) χυμούς seu sapores permultos exstitisse censuit quorum typos e mixturis aquosis derivatos quattuor nominat, οἶνος vinum, ἐλαιηρὸν εἶδος genus oleosum, μέλι mel, ὀπός sucus;[7] mox genera saporum septem enumerat, στρυφνά acerba, αὐστηρά austera, πικρά amara, ἁλυκά salsa, δριμέα acra, ὀξύ acidum, γλυκύ dulce.[8] A Theophrasto sapores septem enumerantur: γλυκύς dulcis, λιπαρός pinguis, πικρός amarus, αὐστηρός austerus, δριμύς acer, ὀξύς acidus, στρυφνός acerbus, dubitante octavus ἁλμυρός salsus, repugnante nonus decimusque οἰνώδης vinosus et γαλακτώδης lacteus.[9] Ille enim, sicut Plato, interdum alimentis obrussis utitur ad sapores definiendos, e.g. de fructibus scribens:
- Sucorum vero alii sunt vinosi [οἱνώδεις], ut vitis, mori, myrti; alii oleosi [ἑλαώδεις], ut oleae, lauri, nucis, amygdalae, piceae, pini, abietis; alii mellei [μελιτώδεις], ut fici, palmae, castaneae; alii acres, ut origani, thymbrae, cardami, sinapis; alii amari, ut apsinthii, centaurii. Tum etiam odoribus suavibus [εὑωδίαις] insignes, ut anisi, cedridis; alii aquei [ὐδαρεῖς] esse videntur, ut cotoneorum; alii acidi, ut punicorum et quorundam malorum, huic generi autem omnes vinosi adnumerandi; alii denique sunt alius generis, de quibus omnibus accuratius disseremus in libello de saporibus" [nobis deperdito].[10]
Eruditi Sanscrite scribentes sex sapores enumerare solent, videlicet madhura dulcis, lavaṇa salsus, kaśaya acerbus, amla acidus, kaṭu acer, tikta amarus.[11]
Apud Sinas quinque sapores enumerantur,[12] qui sunt 酸 suān amarus, 苦 kǔ acer, 甜 tián dulcis, 辣 là pungens vel 熱 rè calidus, 咸 xián salsus. Enumeratio iam abhinc duo milia ducentos annos reperitur in Veribus autumnisque domini Lü, a Lü Buwei editis: ibi philosophica de arte coquinaria dissertatio ad coquum mythicum Yi Yin attribuitur.[13] Coqui autem provinciae Sichuanensis sextum saporem 麻 má "torporentem" addunt, ab aromate eorum indigena zanthoxylo effectum, cum sapore pungenti aequilibrem (麻辣 má là).[14]
Europaeorum recentiorum Brillat-Savarin sapores infinitos esse agnovit;[15] plurimi autem aut quattuor accipiunt aut (osmazomo vel umami addito) quinque.
Notae
- ↑ Fin. 3.34.
- ↑ Trist. 4.6.12.
- ↑ Med. 6.8.1b.
- ↑ Theophrastus, De sensu 27-29; emendata Friderici Wimmer versio
- ↑ Menestor 7 Vorsokr. apud Theophrastum, De causis plantarum 6.3.5
- ↑ Empedocles B 90 Vorsokr. apud Plutarchum, Quaestiones convivales 663a; versio F. G. A. Mullachii leviter emendata
- ↑ Plato, Timaeus 59e-60a, cf. Theophrastus, De sensu 89
- ↑ Plato, Timaeus 65c-66c
- ↑ Theophrastus, De causis plantarum 6.4.1-2, cf. 6.3.3
- ↑ Theophrastus, Historia plantarum 1.12.1; emendata Friderici Wimmer versio
- ↑ Vide e.g. Suśrutasaṃhitā 1.42 versio Anglica; Carakasaṃhitā 26.40 sqq.Kaviraj Avinash Chandra Kaviratna, interpr. Shree Gulabkunverba Ayurvedic Society, interprr.
- ↑ 五味令人口爽 wǔ wèi lìng rén kǒu shuǎng "Quinque sapores os hebetant" per paradoxum: Laocius 12
- ↑ Veres autumnique domini Lü 14/2.1, 14/3.4 (John Knoblock, Jeffrey Riegel, edd. et interprr., The Annals of Lü Buwei [Stanfordiae, 2000] pp. 306-311). Cf. K. C. Chang, Food in Chinese Culture (Novo Portu, 1977) p. 68
- ↑ Fuchsia Dunlop, The Food of Sichuan (Londinii: Bloomsbury, 2019) pp. 21-24, cf. 471-474; Gernot Katzer, "Sichuan pepper"
- ↑ Ioannes Anthelmus Brillat-Savarin, Physiologie du goût (1826) vol. 1 p. 72
Bibliographia
- De sapore
- Linda M. Bartoshuk, "The psychophysics of taste" in American Journal of Clinical Nutrition vol. 31 (1978) pp. 1068-1077
- Nirupa Chaudhari, Stephen D. Roper, "The cell biology of taste" in Journal of Cell Biology vol. 190 pp. 285-296 (9 Augusti 2010)
- Virginia B. Collings, "Human taste response as a function of locus of stimulation on the tongue and soft palate" in Perception & Psychophysics vol. 16 (1974) pp. 169–174
- D. P. Hanig, "Zur Psychophysik des Geschmackssinnes" in Philosophische Studien vol. 17 (1901) pp. 576-623
- Thomas Hummel, J. F. Delwiche, C. Schmidt, K.-B. Hüttenbrink, "Effects of the form of glasses on the perception of wine flavors: a study in untrained subjects" in Appetite vol. 41 (2003) pp. 197–202
- Carl Pfaffmann, "Neurophysiological mechanisms of taste" in American Journal of Clinical Nutrition vol. 31 (1978) pp. 1058–1067 Situs venalis
- De saporibus enumeratis
- Annick Faurion, "Naissance et obsolescence du concept de quatre qualités en gustation" in Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée vol. 35 (1988) pp. 21-40
- Cordelia A. Running, Bruce A. Craig, Richard D. Mattes, "Oleogustus: The Unique Taste of Fat" in Chemical Senses vol. 40 (2015) pp. 507-516
- De singulis saporibus
- Jennifer Billing, Paul W. Sherman, "Antimicrobial functions of spices: why some like it hot" in Quarterly review of biology vol. 73 (1998) pp. 3-49 JSTOR
Nexus externi
- "Classical Blunders" apud Association for Psychological Science
- Richard Gawel, "Challenging the Tongue Taste Map"