Gustavus Mahler
Gustavus Mahler (natus Kaliště u Humpolce Bohemiae die 7 Iulii 1860; mortuus die 18 Maii 1911 Vindobonae) fuit Austriacus recentioris aetatis Romantici compositor et unus ex magnis sui saeculi conductoribus orchestralibus. Compositiones eius Austro-Germanicam saeculi undevicensimi recentioris memoriam et modernismum saeculi vicensimi ineuntis conectebant. Vivus inlustrem statum ut conductor certe habebat, sed sua musica populo grata late factus est solum post tempora neglegentiae, quae interdictionem eius exsecutionis in multo Europae per aetatem Nazistam comprehendebant. Post 1945, hac musicá a novis audientibus sensim inventá et celebratá, Mahler factus est unus ex frequentissime exsecutis et discis divulgatis omnium compositorum — quem statum ipse saeculo vicensimo uno iam sustinet.
![Gustavus Mahler: imago](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Photo_of_Gustav_Mahler_by_Moritz_N%C3%A4hr_01.jpg/150px-Photo_of_Gustav_Mahler_by_Moritz_N%C3%A4hr_01.jpg)
![Gustavus Mahler: subscriptio](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mahler-signature.svg/150px-Mahler-signature.svg.png)
Obitus: 18 Maii 1911; Vindobona
Patria: Imperium Austriacum, Cisleitania
Familia
Coniunx: Alma Mahler-Werfel
Proles: Anna Mahler, Maria Anna Mahler
Memoria
Humili loco natus, Mahler potestates musicas iuvenis monstravit. Suis studiis in Conservatorio Vindobonae anno 1878 confectis, proficientem locorum ducis orchestrae seriem in theatris operaticis Europae obtinebat, quorum ultimus, anno 1897, fuit director Theatri operatici aulici Vindobonensis. Decem Vindobonae annos, Mahler—qui se ab Iudaismo ad Catholicismum ut locum obtineret convertit—inimicitias oppugnationesque perpetuas ex diurnis antisemiticis sustinebat. Nihilominus, novitas artificiorum eiusque altitudo? normarum exsecutionis existimationem eius confirmaverunt ut unus ex maximis operarum conductoribus, praecipue ut interpres ludorum scaenicorum Ricardi Wagner et Wolfgangi Mozart. Media aetate breviter fuit director Operae Metropolitanae et Orchestrae Philharmonicae Novi Eboraci.
Operum universitas sat parva est - multum enim suae vitae, musicam componebat solum per occasionem, usitate aetate, quod maximam partem conductor erat — et constat ex generibus symphoniarum et carminum, praeter unum quartetum clavile.? Plurimae suae decem symphoniae sunt grandissima artificia, quorum nonnulla varios soloistis? et choris et amplificatis copiis orchestralibus utuntur. Haec artificia primo exsecuta saepe erant res controversae, quae tarde populo iudicibusque grata factae sunt; exceptio fuit prima Symphoniae Octavae exsecutio elata, Monaci anno 1910 confecta. Proximi Mahler successores musici fuerunt compositores Scholae Vindobonensis Alterius, notissime Arnoldus Schoenberg, Albanus Berg, et Antonius Webern. Inter compositores medii et serioris saeculi vicensimi quos Mahler auctoritas musica movebat fuerunt Demetrius Szostakowicz et Beniaminus Britten. Honoris eius vitae operumque causa, Internationale Gustavi Mahler Institutum anno 1955 constitutum est.
Novem symphonias, inter eas, Symphonia sexta, Das Lied von der Erde et compluria carmina cyclica composuit. Orchestras Vindobonae et Novi Eboraci annos duxit; Wiener Staatsoper praefectus fuit. Multas suarum compositionum musicae aliorum compositorum adsimulavit, sicut Mozart, Wagner, et Bruckner.
Familia
recensereFamilia Mahler ex Bohemia orientali venit, et in rebus humilibus vivebat. Compositoris avia fuerat institor viaria.[1] Bohemia tum erat pars Imperii Austro-Hungarici; familia Mahler ad minoritatem? inter Bohemos pertinebat, et erat Iudaica. Ex his rebus compositor iuvenis perpetuum exilii sensum evolvebat, "semper se interponens, numquam hospitio acceptus."[2] Bernardus Mahler, institoris filius compositorisque pater, se raedarius et deinde caupo ad gradum petite bourgeoisie? elevavit.[3] Parvam domum in vico Kaliště (Theodisce: Kalischt) emit, et anno 1857 Mariam Frank, feminam anno undevicensimo suae aetatis duxit, filiam hominis qui in vico saponem manufaciebat. Promixo anno, Maria primum suorum quattuordecim liberorum peperit, Isidorem filium, qui infans mortuus est. Duos annos post, die 7 Iulii 1860, suus filius alter, Gustavus, natus est.[4]
Notae
recensereBibliographia
recensere- Barham, Jeremy, et Vladimír Karbusický, eds. 2005. "Gustav Mahler's Musical Jewishness." In Perspectives on Gustav Mahler. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-7546-0709-7.
- "Bartered Bride at Metropolitan." 1909. The New York Times, 20 Februarii.
- Blaukopf, Kurt. 1974. Gustav Mahler. Harmondsworth, UK: Futura Publications Ltd. ISBN 0-86007-034-4.
- Carr, Jonathan. 1998. Mahler: A Biography. Woodstock, Novi Eboraci: The Overlook Press. ISBN 0-87951-802-2.
- Cooke, Deryck. 1980. Gustav Mahler: An Introduction to his Music. Londini: Faber Music. ISBN 0-571-10087-2.
- Cooke, Deryck. 1964. Mahler and the Eighth Symphony. Performance notes, 29 Maii. Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society.
- Copland, Aaron, et Richard Kostelanetz, eds. 2004. Aaron Copland, a reader: Selected writings, 1923–72. Londini: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93940-2.
- de La Grange, Henry-Louis. 1995. Vienna: The Years of Challenge (1897–1904). Gustav Mahler, 2. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-315159-6.
- de La Grange, Henry-Louis. 2000. Vienna: Triumph and Disillusion (1904–1907). Gustav Mahler, 3. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-315160-X.
- Franklin, Peter. 2010. "Mahler, Gustav." In Oxford Music Online, ed. Laura Macy.
- Freed, Richard. 2007. Symphony No. 1 (Mahler). The Kennedy Centre.
- "Gustav Mahler Conducts." 1908. The New York Times, 30 Novembris. http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/arts/mahler1.pdf. Retrieved 21 March 2010. PDF format
- "Gustav Mahler Dies in Vienna." 1911. The New York Times, 18 Maii. http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/arts/105027769.pdf.
- Harrison, Julius. 1934. "The Orchestra and Orchestral Music." In The Musical Companion, ed. A. L. Bacharach, 127–282. Londini: Victor Gollancz.
- Hussey, Dyneley. 1934. "Vocal Music in the 20th Century." In The Musical Companion, ed. A. L. Bacharach, 454–466. Londini: Victor Gollancz.
- "International Gustav Mahler Society, Vienna." The International Gustav Mahler Society. https://web.archive.org/web/20120814202909/http://www.gustav-mahler.org/english/.
- Kennedy, Michael. 2010. "Mahler's mass following." The Spectator (Londini), 13 Ianuarii.
- Kozinn, Allan. 1989. "Ashkenazy Mining A Mahler Vein." The New York Times, 3 Februarii.
- Mahler, Alma. 1968. Gustav Mahler: Memories and Letters. Londini: John Murray.
- Mitchell, Donald (1995). The Early Years. Gustav Mahler,1. Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-20214-7.
- Mitchell, Donald. 1975. The Wunderhorn Years: Chronicles and Commentaries. Gustav Mahler, 2. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-10674-9.
- Mitchell, Donald, et Andrew Nicholson. 1999. The Mahler Companion. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-816376-2.
- Niekerk, Carl. 2010. Reading Mahler: German Culture and Jewish Identity in Fin-de-siècle Vienna. Rochester, Novi Eboraci: Camden House. ISBN 978-1-57113-467-7.
- Sadie, Stanley, ed. 1980. New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Vol. 11. Londini: Macmillan.
- Schiff, David. 2001. "Music: The Man who Mainstreamed Mahler." The New York Times, 4 Novembris.
- Schonberg, Harold. 1970. The Lives of the Great Composers. Vol. II. Londini: Futura Publications. ISBN 0-86007-723-3.
- Shaw, George Bernard. 1981. Shaw's Music, Volume III 1893–1950. Londini: The Bodley Head. ISBN 0-370-30333-4.
- Smith, William Ander. 1990. The Mystery of Leopold Stokowski. Cranbury, N.J.: Associated University Presses Ltd.
- Snowman, Daniel. 2009. The Gilded Stage: A Social History of Opera. Londini: Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1-84354-466-1.
- Steen, Michael. 2003. The Lives & Times of the Great Composers. Londini: Icon Books. ISBN 978-1-84046-679-9.
Haec stipula ad biographiam spectat. Amplifica, si potes! |
Ureli Corelli Hill 1842 • Theodorus Eisfeld 1848 • Carolus Bergmann 1855 • Leopoldus Damrosch 1876 • Theodorus Thomas 1877 • Antonius Seidl 1891 • Aemilius Paur 1898 • Gualtherius Damrosch 1902 • Basilius Safonov 1906 • Gustavus Mahler 1909 • Iosephus Stransky 1911 • Ignatius Waghalter 1924 • Gulielmus Mengelberg 1924 • Arthurus Toscanini 1928 • Ioannes Barbirolli 1936 • Arthurus Rodzinski 1943 • Bruno Walter 1947 • Leopoldus Stokowski 1949 • Demetrius Metropulus 1950 • Leonardus Bernstein 1958 • Georgius Szell 1969 • Petrus Boulez 1971 • Zubin Mehta 1978 • Curtius Masur 1991 • Lorin Maazel 2002 • Alanus Gilbert 2009 | |