Deleng sumberé Tivoli, Italia

{{Infobox CityIT |
  img_coa           = Tivoli-Stemma.png|
  official_name              = Comune Tivoli|
  region            = [[Lazio]] |
  provinsi          = [[Provinsi Roma]] |
  elevation_m          = 235|
  area_total_km2   = 68 |
  population_as_of  = [[31 Dhésèmber]], [[2005]] |
  population_total = 65999|
  population_density_km2 =682|
  timezone          = [[Central European Time|CET]], [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]+1 |
  coordinates       = {{coor dms|41|57|36|N|12|48|0|E|type:landmark_scale:10000}} |
  frazioni          = Tivoli Terme, Villa Adriana, Campolimpido, Favale  |
  telephone         = 0774|
  postalcode        = 00019|
  gentilic          = Tiburtini|
  saint             = [[Saint Lawrence|St. Lawrence Martyr]], [[St. Symphorosa]] |
  day               = [[August 10]] |
  mayor              =  Marco Vincenzi (since June [[2003]])|
  website           = [http://www.comune.tivoli.rm.it] |
}}
'''Tivoli''', cara klasik '''Tibur''', iku sawijining [[kutha]] kuna kang dumunung ing  [[Provinsi Roma]], region [[Latium|Lazio]], [[Italia]], watara 30&nbsp;km saka kutha [[Roma]]. Jembar wewengkon 68&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> lan cacahing sing ndunungi 65.999 jiwa kanthi kapadhetan 971 jiwa/km<sup>2</sup>. 
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==History==
[[Gaius Julius Solinus]] cites [[Cato the Elder]]'s lost ''Origines'' for the story that the city was founded by Catillus the Arcadian, a son of [[Amphiaraus]], who came there having escaped the slaughter at [[Thebes, Greece]]. Catillus and his three sons Tiburtus, Coras, and Catillus drove out the [[Siculi]] from the Aniene plateau and founded a city they named Tibur in honor of Tiburtus. According to a more historical account, Tibur was instead a colony of [[Alba Longa]]. Historical traces of settlement in the area dates back to the [[13th century BC]].

[[Virgil]] in his ''[[Aeneid]]'' makes Coras and the younger Catillus twin brothers and the leaders of military forces from Tibur aiding [[Turnus]].
[[Image:tivoli overview.jpg|thumb|left|Tivoli seen from the Monti Tiburtini.]]
{{main|Tiburtine Sibyl}}
From Etruscan times Tibur, a [[Sabine]] city, was the seat of the Tiburtine Sibyl. There are two small temples above the falls, the rotunda traditionally associated with [[Vesta (mythology)|Vesta]] and the rectangular one with the Sibyl of Tibur, whom [[Marcus Terentius Varro|Varro]] calls '[[Albunea]]', the water nymph who was worshipped on the banks of the Anio as a tenth Sibyl added to the nine mentioned by the Greek writers. In the nearby woods, [[Faunus]] had a sacred grove. During the [[Ancient Rome|Roman age]] Tibur maintained a certain importance,  being on the way (the [[Via Tiburtina]], extended as the [[Via Valeria]]) that Romans had to follow to cross the mountain regions of the [[Apennine Mountains|Apennines]] towards the [[Abruzzo]], the region where lived some of its fiercest enemies such as [[Volsci]], [[Sabini]] and [[Samnites]].

===Roman Tibur===
[[Image:Adam Elsheimer 006.jpg|thumb|left|Landscape with the Temple of Vesta in Tivoli, by Adam Elsheimer, ''c.'' 1600]]
At first an independent ally of [[History of Rome|Rome]], Tibur allied itself with the [[Gauls]] in [[361 BC]]. Vestiges remain of its defensive walls of this period, in ''opus quadrata''. In [[338 BC]], however, Tibur was defeated and absorbed by the Romans. The city acquired Roman citizenship in [[90 BC]] and became a resort area famed for its beauty and its copious good water, and was enriched by many [[Roman villa]]s. The most famous one, of which the ruins remain, is the ''Villa Adriana'' ([[Hadrian's Villa]]). [[Maecenas]] and [[Augustus]] also had villas at Tibur, and the poet [[Horace]] had a modest villa: he and [[Catullus]] and [[Statius]] all mention Tibur in their poems.  In [[273]], [[Zenobia]], the captive queen of [[Palmyra]], was assigned a residence here by the Emperor [[Aurelian]]. The 2nd-century temples of Hercules Victor is currently in the process of being excavated. The present Diazza del Duomo occupies the Roman forum.

[[Image:Christian Wilhelm Ernst Dietrich 007.jpg|thumb|Waterfalls of Tivoli, Christian Wilhelm Ernst Dietrich, 1745–1750.]]

The name of the city came to be used in diminutive form as ''Tiburi'' instead of ''Tibur'' and so transformed through ''Tibori'' to ''Tiboli'' and finally to ''Tivoli''. But its inhabitants are still called ''Tiburtini'' and not ''Tivolesi''.

In [[547]], in the course of the [[Gothic War (535–552)|Gothic War]], the city was fortified by the Byzantine general [[Belisarius]], but was later destroyed by [[Totila]]'s army. After the end of the war it became a Byzantine duchy, later absorbed into the [[Papal States|Patrimony of St. Peter]]. After Italy was conquered by [[Charlemagne]] Tivoli was under the authority of a count, representing the emperor.

===Medieval Tivoli===
From the [[10th century]] onwards Tivoli, as an independent commune governed by its elected consuls, was the fiercest rival of Rome in the struggle for the control over the impoverished central Lazio. Emperor [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto III]] conquered it in [[1001]], and Tivoli fell under the [[Papal States|Papal]] control. Tivoli however managed to keep a variable level of independence until the [[15th century]]: symbols of the city's strength were the Palace of Arengo, the ''Torre del Comune'' and the church of St. Michael, all built in this period, as well as the new line of walls (authorized in 1155), needed to house the increasing population. Reminders of the internal turbulence of communal life are the tower houses that may be seen in  Vicolo dei Ferri, Via Postera, Via del Seminario and Via del Colle.

In the [[13th century]] the Senate of Rome succeeded in imposing a tribute on the city, and arrogated to itself the right of appointing a count to govern it in conjunction with the local consuls. In the [[14th century]] Tivoli sided with the [[Guelphs and Ghibellines|Guelph]]s and strongly supported [[Pope Urban VI|Urban VI]] against [[Antipope Clement VII]]. King [[Ladislaus of Sicily]] was twice repulsed from the city, as well as the famous [[Condottieri|condottiero]] [[Braccio da Montone]].

[[Image:rocca.pia.castle.in.tivoli.arp.jpg|thumb|left|The castle of Rocca Pia, built in 1461 by [[Pope Pius II]]]]
===Renaissance Tivoli===
During the [[Renaissance]] popes and cardinals did not limit their embellishment program to Rome, and erected several buildings in Tivoli also. In [[1461]] [[Pope Pius II]] built the massive Rocca Pia to control the always riotous population, and as a symbol of the permanence of papal temporal power here.

From the [[16th centuries]] the environs of the city saw further villa construction. The most famous of these is the [[Villa d'Este]], begun in [[1549]] by [[Pirro Ligorio]] for Cardinal [[Ippolito II d'Este]] and richly decorated with an ambitious program of [[fresco]]es by the [[Zuccari]] brothers and other. In [[1527]] Tivoli was sacked by bands of the supporters of the [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|emperor]] and the [[Colonna]], important archives being destroyed during the attack. In [[1547]] it was again occupied, by the [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba|Duke of Alba]] in a war against [[Pope Paul IV|Paul IV]], and in [[1744]] by the [[Austria]]ns.

In [[1835]] [[Pope Gregory XVI]] added the [[Villa Gregoriana]], a villa complex pivoting around the Aniene's falls. These were created through a tunnel in the Monte Catillo, to give an outlet to the waters of the Aniene sufficient to preserve the city from inundations like the devastating one of [[1826]].

[[Image:part.of.tivoli.near.rome.arp.jpg|thumb|left|A part of Tivoli, and its surroundings, seen from the upper terraces of the [[Villa d'Este]]. Some of the trees of the Villa's gardens are at lower left.]]

===Modern Tivoli===
In [[1944]] Tivoli suffered heavy damage under an [[Allies|Allied]] bombing, which totally destroyed the [[Jesuit]] Church of Jesus.

Tivoli's long-standing reputation as a stylish resort has inspired other sites named [[Tivoli]].

Recently uncovered ruins under Hadrian's villa have revealed what appears to be a headless sphinx and many other invaluable finds. According to a Yahoo news article, the site will be open some time in Spring 2007.

==Economy==
Tivoli's quarries are important for the production of [[travertine]], a particular white [[calcium carbonate]] rock used in building  most Roman monuments. The water power of the falls supplies some of the electricity that lights Rome. The slopes of the neighbouring hills are covered with olives, vineyards and gardens; the most important local industry is the manufacture of paper.
 
[[Image:Villa manlio vopisco.jpg|thumb|Villa of Manlio Vopisco]]
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== Dhémografi ==
'''Tuwuhing sing ndunungi'''

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== Pemandhangan wigati ==
* [[Villa Adriana]]- [[UNESCO]]  [[Situs Warisan Donya]] ([[1999]]).
* [[Villa d'Este]]
* [[Villa Gregoriana]]
* '''Rocca Pia'''
* ''' Kuil Tiburtine Sibyl'''
* '''Kuil Hercules'''
* ''' Katedral St. Lawrence '''(Duomo, rebuilt in [[1635]]–[[1640|40]])

== Pranala njaba ==
{{commons|Tivoli}}
{{Catholic}} 
* [http://www.comune.tivoli.rm.it/04Cultura/Guida_fotografica_inglese.htm Tivoli's monuments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114040323/http://www.comune.tivoli.rm.it/04Cultura/Guida_fotografica_inglese.htm |date=2009-01-14 }}
* [http://www.tibursuperbum.it/eng/index.htm Tivoli - Discover the city] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206224452/http://www.tibursuperbum.it/eng/index.htm |date=2010-02-06 }}
* [http://www.italianvisits.com/lroma/tivoli/ Tivoli] on ItalianVisits.com
* [http://www.sitiunesco.it/index.phtml?id=30&PRISCILLA_SESSION=02e89c606241bd5c6e3e41702c493aa8 Partimonio UNESCO:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003542/http://www.sitiunesco.it/index.phtml?id=30&PRISCILLA_SESSION=02e89c606241bd5c6e3e41702c493aa8 |date=2007-09-28 }} Tivoli {{it icon}}
* [http://panoramiques.net/accueil.php?mots=tivoli Tivoli Villa d'Este Villa d'Adrien 360 panoramas] {{fr icon}}

{{Provinsi Roma}}
{{Latium}}
{{Italia}}

[[Kategori:Kutha ing Latium]]
[[Kategori:Kutha ing Itali]]
[[Kategori:Itali]]
[[Kategori:Situs Warisan Donya ing Italia]]


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