Deleng sumberé Kali Sindu

{{Geobox
<!-- *** Name section *** --> 
| name = Sindu
| native_name = 
| other_name = Sindh
| other_name1 = Sindhu
| other_name2 = Hindhu
| other_name3 = Abasin
| other_name4 = Sengge Chu
| other_name5 = Yìndù
<!-- *** Image *** >
| image = Indus.A2002274.0610.1km.jpg
| image_size = 
| image_caption = Gambar Satelit Kali Sindu.
<!-- *** Country etc. *** -->
| country = China
| country1 = India
| country2 = Pakistan
| state = Kashmir
| state1 = Punjab
| state2 = Sindh
| region =  
| region1 =
| district = 
| district1 = 
| city = 
| city1 = 
<!-- *** Geography *** -->
| length = 3200
| length_round =-2
| length_note = approx.
| watershed = 1165000
| watershed_round =-4
| watershed_note = approx.
| discharge_location = Arabian Sea

| discharge = 6600
| discharge_round =-4
| discharge_note = approx.
| discharge_max = 
| discharge_min = 
| discharge1_location = 
| discharge1 =

<!-- *** Source *** -->
| source_name = Confluence of the Sengge and Gar rivers
| source_location = Tibetan Plateau
| source_district =
| source_region = 
| source_state = Tibet
  | source_country = China
| source_lat_d = 
| source_lat_m = 
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| source_lat_NS = 
| source_long_d = 
| source_long_m = 
| source_long_s = 
| source_long_EW = 
| source_elevation = 
| source_length = 
<!-- *** Mouth *** -->
| mouth_name = Sapta Sindhu
| mouth_location = Sindh
| mouth_district =
| mouth_region =
| mouth_state = 
| mouth_country = Pakistan
| mouth_lat_d = 
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| mouth_elevation = 0
<!-- *** Tributaries *** -->
| tributary_left = 
| tributary_left1 = 
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| tributary_right1 = 
<!-- *** Free fields *** -->
| free_name = 
| free_value = 
<!-- *** Map sea *** -->
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}}

'''Kali Sindu''' {[[Urdu]]: {{lang|urd|سندھ}} '''''Sindh'''''; [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]: {{lang|snd|سنڌو}} '''''Sindhu'''''; [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (Shahmukhi: سندھ, Gurmukhi: ਸਿੰਧੂ) '''''{{IAST|Sindhu}}'''''; [[Hindi]] lan [[basa Sangsekerta|Sangsekerta]]: सिन्धु '''''{{IAST|Sindhu}}'''''; [[basa Pèrsin|Pèrsin]]: '''{{lang|fas|Hindhu}}'''حندو ; [[basa Pashto|Pashto]]: '''{{lang|pus|Abasin}}''' ّآباسن"''Bapaké Kali-kali''"; [[basa Tibetan|Tibetan]]: '''{{lang|tib|Sengge Chu}}''' "''Kali Singa''"; [[basa Cina|Cina]]: {{lang|zh|印度}} '''''Yìndù'''''; [[basa Yunani|Yunani]]: Ινδός '''''Indos'''''} iku kali kang paling dawa lan wigati ing [[Pakistan]]. Kali iki minangka kang paling dawa lan nomer telu gedhé dhéwé ing babagan iliné banyu saben taun, ing anak bawana India (''[[Indian subcontinent]]''). Wong Iggris biyasa njenengaké 'India' kanggo kabèh anak bawana, dhedhasar sebutan kali iki. Asal sumber kali iki ing dhataran [[Tibetan Plateau|Tibetan]] ing sacedhaké [[Tlaga Mansarovar]]. Kali Indus mili ngliwati dhistrik [[Ladakh]] ing [[Jammu & Kashmir]] lan laladan lor [[Pakistan]], mili terus sabanjuré mangidul tumuju menyang [[Sagara Arabia]] cedhak kutha pelabuhan [[Karachi]]. Dawané kali watara 3,180 kilomèter (1,976 mil). Laladan kang digaringaké déning kali iki jembaré punjul 1,165,000 km<sup>2</sup> (450,000 mil<sup>2</sup>). Ilèn banyu rata-rata watara 207 km<sup>3</sup>.

Miwiti saka panggonan kang dhuwur ing donya kanthi lèlèhan ès ([[glaciers]]), kali iki mènèhi warna tumrap ékosistem kang wujud alas kanthi hawa kang sedhengan, [[dhataran]] lan laladan kang gersang. Bebarengan karo kali [[Kali Chenab|Chenab]], [[Kali Ravi|Ravi]], [[Kali Sutlej|Sutlej]], [[Kali Jhelum|Jhelum]], [[Kali Beas|Beas]] lan kali mati [[Kali Sarasvati|Sarasvati]], kali Sindu maujud dadi delta ''[[Sapta Sindhu]]'' ("Kali Pitu") ing provinsi [[Sindh]] ing Pakistan. Kali iki duwé 20 anak kali utama.

Kali Sindu nyadiakaké sumber wigati banyu tumrap ékonomi Pakistan-mligi lumbung pangan {''breadbasket'') yaiku provinsi [[Provinsi Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], kang dadi sumber wigati produk tetanèn ing Pakistan, lan [[Sindh]]. Tembung "Punjab" iku kombinasi saka tembung basa [[Basa Pèrsi|Pèrsi]] 'panj' (پنج) ''lima'', lan 'āb' (آب) ''banyu'', kang kanthi barès dadi ''Lemah utawa tlatah limang kali''. Lima kali kang dadi jenengé Punjab mau yaiku, kali [[Kali Beas|Beas]], [[Kali Jhelum|Jhelum]], [[Kali Chenab|Chenab]], [[Kali Ravi|Ravi]] lan [[Kali Sutlej|Sutlej]]. Kali iki uga njurung anané indhustri-indhustri gedhé lan cepakan banyu ngombé (''potable water'') ing Pakistan. 
Sumber utama banyu Kali Sindu yaiku dumunung ing [[Tibet]]; miwiti saka patemon antarané Kali Sengge lan Kali Gar kang mili saka pagunungan Nganglong Kangri lan Gangdise Shan. Sabanjuré Kali Sindu mili tumuju lor-kulon ngliwati [[Ladakh]]-[[Baltistan]] menyang [[Kali Gilgit|Gilgit]], ing kidulé pagunungan [[Karakoram]]. Jeram-jeram Shyok, Shigar lan Gilgit nggawa lèlèhan banyu ès menyang kali utama. Kali iki mbaka sethithik ménggok mangidul, metu saka pebukitan antarané [[Peshawar]] lan [[Rawalpindi]]. Kali Sindu ngliwati jurang-jurang kang gedhé banget, watara 4,500-5,200 mèter (15,000-17,000 feet) jeroné, cedhak pagunungan [[Nanga Parbat]]. Sabanjuré mili alon-alon ngliwati Hazara, lan digawé bendungan ing Wadhuk Tarbela. [[Kali Kabul]] nggabung marang kali iki ing cedhak [[Attock]]. Sisa rute kali iki menyang sagara yaiku ngliwati dhataran ing tlatah [[Punjab]] lan [[Sind]], lan iliné dadi alon-alon lan ménggak-mènggok. Kali iki nggabung karo [[Kali Panjnad]] ing [[Mithankot]]. Sawisé titik patemon iku, kali iki, sawijining wektu diarani '''Kali Satnad''' (''sat'' = pitu, ''nadi'' = kali), awit kali mau saiki nggawa banyu saka Kali Kabul, Kali Sindu lan lima kali ing Punjab. Ngliwati [[Jamshoro, Pakistan|Jamshoro]], kali iki mungkasi ilèné ing sawijining delta gedhé ing sisih wétané [[Thatta]].

Kali Sindu iku saka sethithik kali ing donya kang duwé arus pasang surut ombak (''tidal bore''). Sistem Kali Indus iku olèh sumber banyu saka salju lan lèlèhan ès (glacier) saka Karakoram, [[Hindu Kush]] lan pagunungan Himalaya ing Tibet, Kashmir lan [[Pakistan]] sisih lor. Ilèné kali uga ditentokaké déning mangsa-kurang banget banyuné ing sajeroning mangsa anyep winter, nanging banjir ing mangsa katiga (''monsoon''), yaiku saka sasi Juli nganti September. Uga ana bukti yèn tansah nggèsèr ilèné wiwit jaman prasajarah-yaiku ménggok mangulon saka arah tumuju menyang [[Rann of Kutch]].

== Sajarah ==
[[Gambar:Map of Vedic India.png|thumb|200px|Posisi Kali Sindhu ing [[Vedic period|Vedic India]].]]
[[Gambar:Indus sites.png|thumb|200px|Situs arkéologi Lembah Indus.]]
{{Main|Indus Valley Civilization|History of Sindh|Sajarah Punjab}}
Situs ''[[Paleolithic]]'' wis tinemu ing [[Pothohar]], kanthi piranti saka watu [[Budaya Soan]]. 
Ing [[Gandhara]] kuna, bukti anané manungsa guwa watara 15,000 taun kapungkur tinemu ing [[Mardan]]. 
Kutha utama ing [[Peradaban Lembah Indus]], kaya [[Harappa]] lan [[Mohenjo-daro]], wis ana wiwit 3300 SM, lan makili tlatah kang dipanggoni akèh manungsa ing jaman kuna. Tlatah Peradaban Lembah Indus gumelar saka [[Balochistan (region)|Balochistan]] tekan[[Gujarat]], kanthi mandhuwur tekan darcon(?) saka wétané [[Kali Jhelum]] nganti [[Rupar]] ing laladan [[Sutlej]] pérangan ndhuwur. Papan padunungan ing pinggir pasisir gumelar wiwit saka [[Sutkagan Dor]] ing tapel wates karo [[nagara]] [[Iran]] nganti tekan [[Lothal]] ing Gujarat. Ana sawijining panggonan Indus sapinggiring [[Kali Oxus]] ing Shortughai ([[Afghanistan]] lor) (Kenoyer 1998:96), lan panggonan Indus Alamgirpur ing Kali Hindon dumunung mung 28&nbsp;km saka [[kutha]] [[Delhi]] (S.P. Gupta 1995:183). Nganti dina iki, punjul 1,052 kutha lan papan padunungan wis tinemu, mligi ing laladan [[Kali Ghaggar-Hakra]] lan anak-anak kaliné. Ing antara papan padunungan mau kalebu kutha-kutha [[Harappa]] lan [[Mohenjo-daro]], uga [[Lothal]], [[Dholavira]], [[Ganeriwala]], lan [[Rakhigarhi]]. Amung 90-96 saka 800-an luwih panggonan Lembah Indus kang dimangertèni kang kasil tinemu ing sadawaning Kali Sindu lan anak-anak kaliné. [[Kali Sutlej]], kang saiki minangka anak kali saka Kali Sindu, ing jaman "Harappan" mili menyang [[Kali Ghaggar-Hakra]], ing laladan ilèn kang luwih akèh panggonan Harappan tinimbang kang ana ing sadawané Kali Sindu (S.P. Gupta 1995: 183).
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Most scholars believe that settlements of [[Gandhara grave culture]] of the early [[Indo-Aryans]] flourished in Gandhara from 1700 to 600 BC, when [[Mohenjo-daro]] and [[Harappa]] had already been abandoned.

The name ''Indus'' is a Latinization of ''Hindu'', in turn the [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] variant of ''Sindhu'', the name of the Indus in the [[Rigveda]]. [[Sanskrit]] ''sindhu'' generically means "river, stream", probably from a root ''sidh'' "to keep off"; ''sindhu'' is attested 176 times in the Rigveda, 95 times in the plural, more often used in the generic meaning. Already in the Rigveda, notably in the later hymns, the meaning of the word is narrowed to refer to the Indus river in particular, for example in the list of rivers of the [[Nadistuti sukta]]. This resulted in the anomaly of a river with masculine gender: all other [[Rigvedic rivers]] are female, not just grammatically, being imagined as [[river goddess|goddesses]] and compared to cows and mares yielding milk and butter.

The Indus has formed a natural boundary between the Asian Subcontinent hinterland and its frontier with Afghanistan and [[Iran]]. It has been crossed by the armies of [[Alexander the Great]] - Macedonian forces retreated along the southern course of the river at the end of the Indian campaign. The Indus plains have also been under the domination of the [[Pèrsin empire]] and the [[Kushan empire]]. The [[Muslim]] armies of [[Muhammad bin Qasim]], [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] and [[Babur]] also crossed the river to strike into the inner regions of [[Gujarat]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and [[Rajputana]].

The word [[Etymology of India|"India"]] is a reference to the Indus River.  In ancient times, India referred to the region of modern day Pakistan along the Indus river which traded extensively with the ancient world.  It was only after the arrival of the British in the 16th century that name began to be applied to the entire region.  Incidently, Pakistan's founding father, Mohammed Ali Jinnah was quite surprised to learn that upon the departure of Britain from the region, that its new neighboor to the east was going to retain the name India as the country's official name.
-->

== Géografi ==
[[Gambar:IndusZanskar.jpg|thumb|200px|Patemon Kali Sindu lan Kali Zanskar, [[Ladakh]], [[Kashmir]].]]
=== Anak kali (''Tributary'') ===
<table><tr><td valign=top>
* [[Kali Astor]]
* [[Kali Beas]]
* [[Kali Chenab]]
* [[Kali Gar]]
* [[Kali Ghizar]]
* [[Kali Gilgit]]
* [[Kali Gumal]]
</td><td valign=top>
</td><td valign=top>
* [[Kali Hunza]]
* [[Kali Jhelum]]
* [[Kali Kabul]]
* [[Kali Kunar]]
* [[Kali Ravi]]
* [[Kali Shigar]]
* [[Kali Shingo]]
</td><td valign=top>
</td><td valign=top>
* [[Kali Shyok]]
* [[Kali Suru (Indus)|Kali Suru]]
* [[Kali Sutlej]]
* [[Kali Swaan]]
* [[Kali Wakha]]
* [[Kali Zanskar]]
* [[Kali Zhob]]
* [[Kali Balram]]
</td></tr></table>

== Géologi ==
<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:IndusMap.jpg|thumb|200px|Map showing the change experienced in the drainage of the Indus River after five million year ago when the tributaries of the Indus flowing from the Punjab were captured from the Ganges.]] -->

Kali Sindu ngisi dhasar muara (''submarine fan'') kang dumunung ing [[Sagara Arabia]], kang dadi endhapan blethok nomer loro gedhé dhéwé ing donya, watara 5 yuta km<sup>3</sup> material kang dilorod saka tlatah pagunungan. Studi bab endhapan ing kali nuduhaké yèn [[Karakoram|gunung-gunung Karakoram]] ing Pakistan lor minangka sumber utama material endhapan, lan pagunungan Himalaya nomer panyumbang loro, akèh-akèhé liwat ilèn kali-kali ing Punjab (yaiku, Ravi, Jhelum, Chenab lan Sutlej). Analisis sédhimèn saka Sagara Arabia déning ahli géologi sagara [[Peter Clift]] lan Jerzy Blusztajn nuduhaké yèn sadurungé limang yuta taun kapungkur Kali Sindu ora kahubung karo Kali-kali Punjab kang mili mangétan tumuju menyang [[Kali Gangga]]. Naskah sadurungé, uga déning Peter Clift, nuduhaké yèn [[wedhi]] lan [[uyah]] saka Tibet kulon tekan Sagara Arabia wiwit 45 yuta taun kapungkur, nuduhaké ananing Kali Sidu kuna wektu iku. 
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The delta of this proto-Indus river has subsequently been found in the Katawaz Basin, on the Afghan-Pakistan border. Most recently the Indus was paralleled by the ancient [[Saraswati River]], which the [[Rigveda]] suggests flowed from the [[Himalaya]] between the [[Sutlej]] and the [[Yamuna]] Rivers, close to modern day [[Chandigarh]]. Reportedly the [[Saraswati River]] was totally dried by 1900 BCE as confirmed by archaeological hydrological radiocarbon dating {{Fact|date=March 2007}}.

==Climate==
The Indus delta is one of the driest in the [[Indian subcontinent]], lying just to the west of the [[Thar Desert]] of [[Rajasthan]] - and rainfall is extraordinarily erratic owing to the passage of [[tropical cyclone|cyclones]] from the Arabian Sea. The [[Punjab region|Punjab]] plains, however, receive considerable rainfall from the summer monsoon: at [[Abbottabad]] the average annual rainfall is around 1,200 millimetres (47 in.) and at [[Murree]] around 1,700 millimetres (67 in.) with as much as 730 millimetres (28 in.) in July and August alone. The upper basin of the Indus receives 10 - 20 millimetres (4-8 in.) of rainfall (higher in the west) in the winter months owing to northwestern winds. Higher elevations in Kashmir and the [[Northern Areas]] receives a large amount of precipitation in the form of snow, but the lower valleys are extremely dry and quite warm in the summer. Annual temperatures fall below freezing in the northern mountainous regions in the winter, while exceeding 38 °C (100 °F) in the plains of Punjab and Sindh in the summer. [[Jacobabad]], which is one of the hottest spots in the world, lies to the west of the river in Sindh.

==Wildlife==
Accounts of the Indus valley from the times of Alexander's campaign indicate a healthy forest cover in the region, which has now considerably receded. The Mughal Emperor Babar writes of encountering rhinoceroses along its bank in his memoirs (the [[Baburnama]]). Extensive [[deforestation]] and human interference in the ecology of the [[Shivalik Hills]] has led to a marked deterioration in vegetation and growing conditions. The Indus valley regions are arid with poor vegetation. Agriculture is sustained largely due to irrigation works.

The [[Blindness|Blind]] [[Indus River Dolphin]] (Platanista gangetica minor) is a sub-species of Dolphins found only in the Indus River. It formerly also occurred in the tributaries of the Indus river. [[Palla fish]] (''[[Hilsa ilisha]]'') of the river is a delicacy for people living along the river. The population of fishes in the river is moderate, with Sukkur, Thatta and Kotri being the major fishing centres - all in the lower Sindh course. But damming and irrigation has made fish farming an important economic activity. Located southeast of [[Karachi]], the large delta has been recognised by conservationists as one of the world's most important ecological regions. Here the river turns into many marshes, streams and creeks and meets the sea at shallow levels. Here marine fishes are found in abundance, including [[pomfret]] and [[prawns]].

==Economy==
The Indus is the most important supplier of water resources to the [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] and [[Sindh]] plains - it forms the backbone of agriculture and food production in Pakistan. The river is especially critical as rainfall is meagre in the lower Indus valley. Irrigation canals were first built by the people of the Indus valley civilization, and later by the engineers of the [[Kushan Empire]] and the [[Mughal Empire]]. Modern irrigation was introduced by the [[British East India Company]] in 1850 - the construction of modern canals accompanied with the restoration of old canals. The British supervised the construction of one of the most complex irrigation networks in the world. The [[Guddu Barrage]] is 1,350 metres (4,450 ft) long - irrigating [[Sukkur]], Jacobabad, [[Larkana]] and [[Kalat District|Kalat]]. The [[Sukkur Barrage]] serves over 20,000 square kilometres (5,000,000 acres).

After the partition, a water control treaty signed between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] in 1960 guaranteed that Pakistan would receive water from the Indus River independent of upstream control by [[India]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0003769
|title=Tarabela Dam
|publisher=www.structurae.de
|accessdate=2007-07-09
}}</ref> The project, [[Indus Basin Project]], consisted primarily of the construction of two main dams, the [[Mangla Dam]] built on the [[Jhelum River]] and the [[Tarbela Dam]] constructed on the Indus River, together with their subsidiary dams.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-286834/Indus-Basin-project
|title=Indus Basin Project
|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica
|accessdate=2007-07-09
}}</ref> The Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority undertook the construction of the Chashma-Jhelum link canal - linking the waters of the Indus and Jhelum rivers - extending water supplies to the regions of [[Bahawalpur]] and [[Multan]]. Pakistan constructed the [[Tarbela Dam]] near Rawalpindi - standing 2743 metres (9,000 ft) long and 143 metres (470 ft) high, with an 80 kilometre (50 mile) long reservoir. The [[Kotri Barrage]] near [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad]] is 915 metres (3,000 ft) long and provides additional supplies for Karachi. The [[Taunsa Barrage]] near [[Dera Ghazi Khan]] produces 100,000 kilowatts of electricity. The extensive linking of tributaries with the Indus has helped spread water resources to the valley of [[Peshawar]], the [[Northwest Frontier Province]]. The extensive irrigation and dam projects provide the basis for Pakistan's large production of crops such as [[cotton]], [[sugarcane]] and [[wheat]]. The dams also generate electricity for heavy industries and urban centres.

==People==
[[Image:Indus near Skardu.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The Indus River near Skardu, Pakistan]]
The inhabitants of the regions through whom the Indus river passes and forms a major natural feature and resource are diverse in ethnicity, religion, national and linguistic backgrounds. On the northern course of the river in Kashmir live the [[Buddhist]] people of [[Ladakh]], of [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] stock, with [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiris]] who practice both [[Islam]] and [[Hinduism]]. As it descends into [[Northern Areas, Pakistan|Northern Areas]] of [[Pakistan]], the Indus river forms a distinctive boundary of ethnicity and cultures - upon the western banks the population is largely [[Pashtun]], [[Baloch]]i, and of other [[Iranian peoples|Iranic]] stock, with close cultural, economic and ethnic ties to [[Iran]] and Afghanistan. The eastern banks are largely populated by peoples of [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] stock, such as the [[Punjabis]], the [[Sindhis]] and the [[Seraikis]]. In northern Punjab and the NWFP, ethnic [[Pashtun]] tribes live alongside [[Punjabi people]]s. In the southern portion of the Punjab province, the [[Serakai]] peoples speak a distinctive tongue and practise distinctive traditions. In the province of Sindh, peoples of [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]  backgrounds form the local populations. Upon the western banks of the river live the [[Baloch]]i and [[Pashtun]] peoples of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)at|Balochistan]].

==Modern issues==
[[Image:IndusLehSrinagar.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A flooded Indus river inundates the [[Srinagar]]-[[Kargil]]-[[Leh]] highway.]]

Due to its location and vast water resources, the Indus is a strategically vital resource for Pakistan's economy and society. After the [[partition of British India]] in 1947, the use of the waters of the Indus and its five eastern tributaries became a major dispute between India and Pakistan. The irrigation canals of the Sutlej valley and the Bari Doab were split - with the canals lying primarily in Pakistan and the headwork dams in India - disrupting supply in some parts of Pakistan. The concern over India building large dams over various Punjab rivers that could undercut the supply flowing to Pakistan, as well as the possibility that India could divert rivers in the time of war, caused political consternation in Pakistan. Holding diplomatic talks brokered by the World Bank, India and Pakistan signed the [[Indus Waters Treaty]] in 1960. The treaty gave India control of the three easternmost rivers of the Punjab, [[Sutlej]], [[Beas River|Beas]] and the [[Ravi River|Ravi]], while Pakistan gained control of the three western rivers, [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]], [[Chenab]] and the Indus. India retained the right to use of the western rivers for non irrigation projects. (See discussion regarding a recent dispute about a hydroelectric project on the Chenab (not Indus) known as the Baghlighar project).

Hindu pilgrimage to holy sites alongside the river has been a source of conflict between the nations. Pakistan does generally allow Indian citizens to visit the country for religious purposes, However, owing to the volatile nature of bilateral relations, most pilgrimage and religious ceremonies are performed by Hindus in Kashmir.

There are concerns that extensive deforestation, industrial pollution and [[global warming]] are affecting the vegetation and wildlife of the Indus delta, while affecting agricultural production as well. There are also concerns that the Indus river may be shifting its course westwards - although the progression spans centuries. On numerous occasions, sediment clogging owing to poor maintenance of canals has affected agricultural production and vegetation. In addition, extreme heat has caused water to evaporate, leaving salt deposits that render lands useless for cultivation.
-->
== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
* {{1911}}
* World Atlas, Millennium Edition, pg 265.
* Jean Fairley, "The Lion River", Karachi, 1978
* dominique Perkins.com 176

== Deleng uga ==
* [[:en:1974 Lindhu Hunza]]

== Pranala njaba ==
{{Commons category|Indus river}}
* [http://blankonthemap.free.fr Blankonthemap] Situs web Kashmir Lor
* [http://www.ppl.nl/bibliographies/all/?bibliography=water Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209113341/http://www.ppl.nl/bibliographies/all/?bibliography=water |date=2011-02-09 }} Delengen '''Indus River'''. Kapustakan Pura Bedhamèn
* [http://www.northernareas.org.pk/ Gapura pambangunan tlatah lor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511194625/http://www.northernareas.org.pk/ |date=2008-05-11 }}
* [http://www.macp-pk.org/home.asp Proyek palestarèn tlatah pagunungan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190239/http://www.macp-pk.org/home.asp |date=2016-03-03 }}
* [http://earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_fullscale.cfm?mapID=355&theme=2 Peta laladan ilèn Kali Sindu (World Resources Institute)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050413151625/http://earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_fullscale.cfm?mapID=355&theme=2 |date=2005-04-13 }}
* [http://wrmin.nic.in/international/industreaty.htm Prejanjèn Indus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051220042511/http://wrmin.nic.in/international/industreaty.htm |date=2005-12-20 }}
* [http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/03/stories/2005060303651500.htm Bab wadhuk Baglihar]
* [http://www.redtailcanyon.com/items/3755.aspx Indus]
* [http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/g200/g156.html Indus Wildlife]

{{Kali lan tlaga ing Asia Kidul}}
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