Lihat sumber Bahasa Khinalug

{{Infobox language
  |name=Khinalug
  |nativename=каьтш мицI / kätš micʼ
  |pronunciation={{IPA|[kætʃ mit͡sʼ]}}
  |states=[[Azerbaijan]]
  |region=[[Quba]]
  |speakers=3.000
|date=2007
|ref=e18
  |familycolor=Caucasian
  |fam1=[[Rumpun bahasa Kaukasus Timur Laut|Kaukasus Timur Laut]]
|script= [[Alfabet Kiril]], [[Alfabet Latin]]
  |iso3=kjj
|glotto=khin1240
|glottorefname=Khinalug
|map=Northeast Caucasian languages.png
|mapcaption={{legend|#FF3300|Khinalug}}(di [[Azerbaijan]])
|notice=IPA
}}

'''Bahasa Khinalug''' (juga dieja '''Khinalig''', '''Khinalugi, Xinalug(h), Xinaliq''', atau '''Khinalugh''') adalah suatu [[Rumpun bahasa Kaukasus Timur Laut|bahasa Kaukasus Timur Laut]] yang dituturkan sebanyak 3.000 jiwa di desa [[Khinalug]] dan Gülüstan, [[Quba]], [[Azerbaijan]] bagian utara. Bahasa ini merupakan cabang independen dalam [[rumpun bahasa Kaukasus Timur Laut]].<ref name="EthNCfam">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=215-16 Family tree of Northeast Caucasian languages at Ethnologue]</ref>

Khinalug merupakan [[bahasa terancam]],<ref>[http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/chris.html Published in: Encyclopedia of the world’s endangered languages. Edited by Christopher Moseley. London & New York: Routledge, 2007. 211–280.]</ref> dan dikategorikan sebagai "sangat terancam punah" dalam ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]'' oleh [[UNESCO]].<ref>[http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206 UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222090430/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206 |date=2009-02-22 }}</ref> <!--UNESCO Endangered Language Criteria: 1. Vulnerable, 2. Definitely Endangered, 3. Severely Endangered, 4. Critically Endangered, 5. Extinct-->

== Sejarah ==
Khinalug adalah bahasa asli yang dituturkan di desa Khinalug di Distrik [[Quba]], Azerbaijan. Sebelumnya digolongkan sebagai anggota [[Rumpun bahasa Lezgik|cabang Lezgik]] dalam rumpun bahasa Kaukasia Timur Laut.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Clifton|first=J.M.|date=2005|title=The Sociolinguistic situation of the Khinalug in Azerbaijan|url=http://www-01.sil.org/silesr/2005/silesr2005-007.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812202534/http://www-01.sil.org/silesr/2005/silesr2005-007.pdf|archive-date=2017-08-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> Meskipun Khinalug adalah bahasa resmi desa, sebagian besar dituturkan oleh penduduk desa dalam keadaan non-resmi, sedangkan bahasa nasional [[Bahasa Azeri|Azeri]] digunakan secara resmi untuk tujuan pendidikan dan untuk percakapan dengan penutur non-Khinalug.<ref name=":0" /> Khinalug dikategorikan sebagai bahasa yang terancam. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, jalan menuju desa-desa di mana bahasa itu dituturkan telah rusak, menyebabkan sebagian besar daerah itu terisolasi.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Schulze|first=Wolfgang|date=2003|title=[Khinulag]|journal=Anthropological Linguistics|volume=450|issue=4|pages=450}}</ref>

== Fonologi ==
Ortografi berupa [[alfabet Latin]] untuk bahasa Khinalug dikembangkan pada 2007 oleh kelompok ahli bahasa dari [[Universitas Negeri Moskwa]] bekerja sama dengan guru sekolah setempat di desa tersebut. Huruf dan digraf disajikan dalam huruf miring pada tabel di bawah ini.

=== Konsonan ===
{| class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align:center"
|+Konsonan bahasa Khinalug<ref name=":1">Kodzasov, S.V., et al., 2007. [http://www.philol.msu.ru/~languedoc/assets/texts/xin-abc.pdf Khinalug language alphabet (in: Russian)].</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khvtisiashvili |first=Tamrika |title=Principal aspects of Xinaliq phonology and morphosyntax |publisher=University of Utah |year=2013}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" |
![[Konsonan bibir|Bibir]]
![[Konsonan dental|Gigi]]
![[Konsonan postalveolar|Postalveolar]]
![[Konsonan palatal|Palatal]]
![[Konsonan velar|Velar]]
![[Konsonan tekak|Tekak]]
![[Konsonan faring|Faring]]
![[Konsonan celah suara|Glotal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Konsonan sengau|Sengau]]
| [<nowiki/>[[Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]] ''m''|| [<nowiki/>[[Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]] ''n''
| 
|
| 
| 
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Konsonan letup|Letup]]
!<small> lenis [[Nirsuara (fonetik)|nirsuara]]</small>
| [<nowiki/>[[Voiceless bilabial stop|p]]] ''p''|| [<nowiki/>[[Voiceless alveolar plosive|t]]] ''t''
| 
|
| [<nowiki/>[[Voiceless velar stop|k]]] ''k''
| [<nowiki/>[[Voiceless uvular plosive|q]]] ''q''
|
| [<nowiki/>[[Glottal stop|ʔ]]] ''ʔ''
|-
!<small>[[fortis dan lenis|fortis]] nirsuara</small>
| [pː] ''pp''|| [tː] ''tt''
| 
|
| [kː] ''kk''
| [<nowiki/>[[Voiceless uvular stop|qː]]] ''qq''
|
|
|-
!<small> [[Suara (fonetik)|bersuara]]</small>
| [<nowiki/>[[Voiced bilabial stop|b]]] ''b''|| [<nowiki/>[[Voiced dental and alveolar stops|d]]] ''d''
| 
|
| [<nowiki/>[[Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]] ''g''
| 
| 
|
|-
!<small>[[Konsonan ejektif|ejektif]]</small>
| [<nowiki/>[[Ejective bilabial plosive|pʼ]]] ''p<nowiki/>'<nowiki/>''|| [<nowiki/>[[Dental and alveolar ejectives|tʼ]]] ''t'''
| 
|
| [<nowiki/>[[Velar ejective|kʼ]]] ''k'''
| 
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Konsonan gesek|Gesek]]
!<small> lenis nirsuara</small>
|  || [<nowiki/>[[Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]] ''c''
| [<nowiki/>[[Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]] ''ç''
|
|[<nowiki/>[[Voiceless velar affricate|k͡x]]] ''kx <sup>3</sup>''
|[<nowiki/>[[Voiceless uvular affricate|q͡χ]]] ''x̂''
|
|
|-
!<small>fortis nirsuara</small>
|  || [t͡sː] ''cc''
| [t͡ʃː] ''çç''
|
| 
| 
|
|
|-
!<small> bersuara</small>
|
|
|[<nowiki/>[[Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]] ''j''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!<small>ejektif</small>
|  || [<nowiki/>[[Alveolar ejective affricate|t͡sʼ]]] ''c'''
| [<nowiki/>[[Palato-alveolar ejective affricate|t͡ʃʼ]]] ''ç'''
|
| 
|[<nowiki/>[[Uvular ejective affricate|q͡χʼ]]] ''q'''
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Konsonan frikatif|Frikatif]]
!<small> nirsuara</small>
| [<nowiki/>[[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]] ''f''|| [<nowiki/>[[Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]]] ''s''
| [<nowiki/>[[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]] ''ş''
|
| [<nowiki/>[[Voiceless velar fricative|x]]] ''kh <sup>2</sup>''
| [<nowiki/>[[Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]]] ''x''
|[<nowiki/>[[Voiceless pharyngeal fricative|ħ]]] ''hh <sup>4</sup>''
| [<nowiki/>[[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]] ''h''
|-
!<small> bersuara</small>
| [<nowiki/>[[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]] ''v''
| [<nowiki/>[[Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]] ''z''
| [<nowiki/>[[Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]] ''z̧<sup>1</sup>''
|
|[<nowiki/>[[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]] ''gh <sup>2</sup>''
| [<nowiki/>[[Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]]] ''ğ''
|[<nowiki/>[[Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]]] ''ʕ <sup>4</sup>''
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Konsonan getar|Getar]]
| 
| [<nowiki/>[[Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|r]]] ''r''
| 
|
| 
| 
| 
|
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |[[Konsonan hampiran|Hampiran]]
| 
| [<nowiki/>[[Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]] ''l''
| 
|[<nowiki/>[[Voiced palatal approximant|j]]] ''y''
| [<nowiki/>[[Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]] ''w''
| 
|  ||
|}<br /><sup>1</sup> [[Cedilla|tanda kait bawah]] dalam ortografi berada di  [[c:File:Latin_small_letter_Z_with_cedilla.svg|tengah bagian bawah <z>]], as is typical of Russian linguistics.

<sup>2</sup> Kh dan gh jarang dipakai.

<sup>3</sup> Kx sangat jarang dipakai.

<sup>4</sup> Suara faring sebagian besar muncul dalam [[kata serapan]] dari [[bahasa Arab]].

=== Vokal ===
Bahasa Khinalug memiliki sembilan vokal dan empat [[diftong]].<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Vokal bahasa Khinalug
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |[[Vokal depan|Depan]]
! colspan="2" |[[Vokal belakang|Belakang]]
|-
!{{small|[[Kebundaran (vokal)|nirbundar]]}}
!{{small|[[Kebundaran (vokal)|bundar]]}}
!{{small|nirbundar}}
!{{small|bundar}}
|-
![[Vokal tinggi|Tinggi]]
|[{{IPA link|i}}] ''i''
|[{{IPA link|y}}] ''ü''
|[{{IPA link|ɯ}}] ''ı''
|[{{IPA link|u}}] ''u''
|-
![[Vokal tengah|Tengah]]
|[<nowiki/>[[Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]] ''e''
|[<nowiki/>[[Mid front rounded vowel|ø]]] ''ö''
|
|[{{IPA link|o̞|o}}] ''o''
|-
![[Vokal rendah|Rendah]]
|[{{IPA link|æ}}] ''ə''
|
|[{{IPA link|ä|a}}] ''a''
|
|}
Diftong termasuk: [iu] [ui] [oe] [oa].

== Kosakata ==
Kata-kata berikut [[Transkripsi fonetik|ditranskripsikan secara fonetik]] dari Khinalug:<ref>{{cite book|last=Lubotsky|first=Alexander|title=Van Sanskriet tot Spijkerschrift: Breinbrekers uit alle talen|language=nl|trans-title=From Sanskrit to Cuneiform: Brain teasers from all languages|pages=12, 58–59|access-date=30 April 2016|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|year = 2010|isbn=978-9089641793|url=http://dare.uva.nl/cgi/arno/show.cgi?fid=174594}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Tunggal !! Jamak !! Terjemahan
|-
| arhaz || arhazırdır || kandang ternak terbuka
|-
| c’imir || c’imirdir || [[burung gereja]]
|-
| izin || izindir || [[gusi]]
|-
| kırab || kırabırdır || [[sepatu karet]]
|-
| mısır || mısırdır || [[tali]]
|-
| nek’id || nek’idirdir || [[Punggung manusia|punggung]]
|-
| t’uk’un || t’uk’undur || [[pipi]]
|-
| t’umbol || t’umboldur || [[prune]]
|-
| ustot || ustoturdur || [[merica]]
|-
| ustul  || ustuldur || [[meja]]
|-
| dalıg || dalιgιrdιr || kerja
|-
| culoz || culozurdur || [[gigi]]
|-
| jalkan || jalkandιr || [[Surai (kuda)|surai]]
|-
| kotuk || kotukurdur || [[tunggul pohon]]
|-
| mekteb || mektebirdir || [[sekolah]] (bandingkan dengan: [[maktab]])
|-
| mizer || mizerdir || [[tekstil]]
|}

Catatan: ı dilafalkan sebagai e [[pepet]] seperti dalam "m''e''r''e''nung".

== Alfabet ==
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Alfabet Kiril Khinalgu
|-bgcolor="#BECFEB" valign=top
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
!13
!14
!15
!16
!17
!18
!19
!20
!21
!22
!23
!24
!25
!26
!27
!28
!29
!30
!31
!32
!33
!34
!35
!36
!37
|-bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign=top align="center"
|[[А]]
|[[А̃]]
|[[Аь]]
|[[Б]]
|[[В]]
|[[Г]]
|[[Гъ]]
|[[ГӀ]]
|[[ГӀв]]
|[[Д]]
|[[Дж]]
|[[Дз]]
|[[Е]]
|[[Е̃]]
|[[Ж]]
|[[З]]
|[[И]]
|[[И̃]]
|[[Й]]
|[[К]]
|[[Кв]]
|[[Кк]]
|[[Кх]]
|[[Кхв]]
|[[Кхкх]]
|[[Къв]]
|[[Кь]]
|[[КьӀ]]
|[[КӀ]]
|[[КӀв]]
|[[Л]]
|[[Лъ]]
|[[М]]
|[[Н]]
|[[О]]
|[[О̃]]
|[[Оь]]
|-bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign=top align="center"
|[[а]]
|[[а̃]]
|[[аь]]
|[[б]]
|[[в]]
|[[г]]
|[[гъ]]
|[[гӀ]]
|[[гӀв]]
|[[д]]
|[[дж]]
|[[дз]]
|[[е]]
|[[е̃]]
|[[ж]]
|[[з]]
|[[и]]
|[[и̃]]
|[[й]]
|[[к]]
|[[кв]]
|[[кк]]
|[[кх]]
|[[кхв]]
|[[кхкх]]
|[[къв]]
|[[кь]]
|[[кьӀ]]
|[[кӀ]]
|[[кӀв]]
|[[л]]
|[[лъ]]
|[[м]]
|[[н]]
|[[о]]
|[[о̃]]
|[[оь]]
|}

{|class="wikitable"
!38
!39
!40
!41
!42
!43
!44
!45
!46
!47
!48
!49
!50
!51
!52
!53
!54
!55
!56
!57
!58
!59
!60
!61
!62
!63
!64
!65
!66
!67
!68
!69
!70
!71
!72
!73
!74
|-bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign=top align="center"
|[[П]]
|[[Пв]]
|[[ПӀ]]
|[[Р]]
|[[С]]
|[[Т]]
|[[Тт]]
|[[ТӀ]]
|[[ТӀв]]
|[[ТӀтӀ]]
|[[У]]
|[[У̃]]
|[[Уь]]
|[[Ф]]
|[[Х]]
|[[Хъ]]
|[[Хъв]]
|[[Хь]]
|[[ХӀ]]
|[[Ӏ]]
|[[Ӏъ]]
|[[Ц]]
|[[Цв]]
|[[Цц]]
|[[ЦӀ]]
|[[ЦӀв]]
|[[Ч]]
|[[Чч]]
|[[ЧӀ]]
|[[ЧӀв]]
|[[Ш]]
|[[Шв]]
|[[Ъ]]
|[[Ы]]
|[[Э]]
|[[Ә]]
|[[Ә̃]]
|-bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign=top align="center"
|[[п]]
|[[пв]]
|[[пӀ]]
|[[р]]
|[[с]]
|[[т]]
|[[тт]]
|[[тӀ]]
|[[тӀв]]
|[[тӀтӀ]]
|[[у]]
|[[у̃]]
|[[уь]]
|[[ф]]
|[[х]]
|[[хъ]]
|[[хъв]]
|[[хь]]
|[[хӀ]]
|[[Ӏ]]
|[[Ӏъ]]
|[[ц]]
|[[цв]]
|[[цц]]
|[[цӀ]]
|[[цӀв]]
|[[ч]]
|[[чч]]
|[[чӀ]]
|[[чӀв]]
|[[ш]]
|[[шв]]
|[[ъ]]
|[[ы]]
|[[э]]
|[[ә]]
|[[ә̃]]
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|+ Alfabet Latin Khinalug (2013)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.xinaliq.az/index.php/alphabet/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803232226/http://en.xinaliq.az/index.php/alphabet/ |archive-date=3 August 2018 |url-status=dead|title=Alphabet – xinaliq }}</ref>
| a || b || c || ç || ĉ
| ċ || d || e || ə || f
| g || ğ || ĝ || h || ĥ
| ḣ || x || x̂ || ı || i̇
| j || k || k̂ || k̇
|-
| q || q̂ || q̇ || l || m
| n || o || ö || p || p̂
| ṗ || r || s || ŝ || ş
| t || t̂ || ṫ || u || ü
| v || y || z || ẑ || ż
|}

== Lihat pula ==
*[[Bahasa di Kaukasus]]

== Referensi ==
=== Catatan kaki ===
{{reflist}}

=== Daftar pustaka ===
*Clifton, John M.; Deckinga, Gabriela; Lucht, Laura; Mak, Janfer; Tiessen, Calvin, Authors. 2005. [http://www.sil.org/silesr/2005/silesr2005-007.pdf "The Sociolinguistic Situation of the Khinalug In Azerbaijan."]
*Desheryev, Ju. D. 1959. ''Grammatika xinalugskogo jazyka.'' Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow.
*Hewitt, George. 2004. ''Introduction to the Study of the Languages of the Caucasus.'' LINCOM, Munich. p.&nbsp;29.
*Kibrik, Aleksandr E. 1972. ''Fragmenty grammatiki xinalugskogo jazyka.'' Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo Universiteta, Moscow.
*Kibrik, Aleksandr E. 1994. "Khinalug". In: ''The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus'', vol. 4; Rieks Smeets (ed.); Caravan Books, Delmar (New York). pp.&nbsp;367–406.

== Pranala luar ==
{{Incubator|kjj}}
*[[:en:wikt:Appendix:Cyrillic script#Khinalug alphabet|Appendix:Cyrillic script]]
*[http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ncc\kjj&limit=-1 Kamus dasar Khinalug dalam Global Lexicostatistical Database]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160602080454/http://xinalig.com/ Bahasa dan budaya Khinalug]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khinalug, bahasa}}
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