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Ekipman pwoteksyon endividyèl medikal: Diferans ant vèsyon yo

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[[Fichye:Disp-med-ppe.jpg|vignette|300x300px| Ekipman pwoteksyon endividyèl medikal jetab ]]
[[Fichye:Disp-med-ppe.jpg|vignette|300x300px| Ekipman pwoteksyon endividyèl medikal jetab]]
'''Ekipman''' '''pwoteksyon endividyèl''' '''medikal''' (EPI) se yon rad oswa yonekipman espesyalize pa yon pwofesyonèl nan swen sante ( doktè, [[enfimyè]], pwofesyonèl swen, elatriye, kèlkeswa sèks) nan pwoteje yon danje biyolojik, <ref name="INRS2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.inrs.fr/media.html?refINRS=ED%206034|title=Les risques biologiques en milieu professionnel - Brochure INRS ed6034 Avril 2019|date=|website=inrs.fr|language=|access-date=27 mars 2020}}</ref> kòm yon kontaminasyon danjere lye a ekspoze a yon kò natirèl likid byolojik kò natirèl ([[San (non)|san]], saliv, swe, lenf, mikis, pipi, elatriye) oswa patolojik (pi), prezan nan fòm likid oswa ayewosol respiratwa. Sa yo ka pote [[Patojèn|ajan enfektye]] viral (egzanp : VIH, raj, Ebola, SARS-CoV-2, elatriye) oswa bakteryen (egzanp : vibryon kolera, Stafilokok dore, elatriye. ).


Ekipman pwoteksyon endividyèl medikal kreye yon baryè fizik ant eleman potansyèl enfekte ak travayè [[Lasante|swen sante]] a, anpeche kontak ak limite transmisyon.<ref name="INRS2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.inrs.fr/media.html?refINRS=ED%206034|title=Les risques biologiques en milieu professionnel - Brochure INRS ed6034 Avril 2019|date=|website=inrs.fr|language=|access-date=27 mars 2020}}</ref>{{,}} <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khalid M.|date=3 Août 2019|title=Infection prevention and control: General principles and role of microbiology laboratory|url=https://wjpr.net/download/article/1564651973.pdf|journal=World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research|language=en|volume=8|issue=9|page=68-91|issn=2277-7105|id=|access-date=23 mars 2020}}</ref>
'''Ekipman pwoteksyon endividyèl medikal''' (EPI) se yon rad oswa yon ekipman espesyalize pa yon pwofesyonèl swen sante (doktè, [[enfimyè]], pwofesyonèl swen, elatriye, kèlkeswa sèks) nan pwoteje yon danje biyolojik,<ref name="INRS2">{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.inrs.fr/media.html?refINRS=ED%206034|title=Les risques biologiques en milieu professionnel - Brochure INRS ed6034 Avril 2019|date=|website=inrs.fr|access-date=27 mas 2020}}</ref> kòm yon kontaminasyon danjere lye a ekspoze a yon natirèl likid byolojik natirèl ([[San (non)|san]], saliv, swe, lenf, mikis, pipi, elatriye) oswa patolojik (pi), prezan nan fòm likid oswa ayewosol respiratwa. Sa yo ka pote [[Patojèn|ajan enfektye]] viral (egzanp : VIH, raj, Ebola, SARS-CoV-2, elatriye) oswa bakteryen (egzanp : vibryon kolera, stafilokok dore, elatriye.).


Ekipman pwoteksyon endividyèl medikal kreye yon baryè fizik ant eleman potansyèl enfekte ak travayè [[Lasante|swen sante]] a, anpeche kontak ak limite transmisyon.<ref name="INRS2"/>{{,}}<ref>{{en}} {{Cite journal|last=Khalid M.|date=3 out 2019|title=Infection prevention and control: General principles and role of microbiology laboratory|url=https://wjpr.net/download/article/1564651973.pdf|journal=World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research|volume=8|issue=9|page=68-91|issn=2277-7105|id=|access-date=23 mas 2020|archive-date=2020-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019091756/https://wjpr.net/download/article/1564651973.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Anpil lwa nasyonal oblije patwon travayè sante ekspoze yo bay ekipman pwoteksyon sa yo. <ref group="notes">ex : aux États-Unis avec la [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] (OSHA)</ref> {{,}} <ref name="bp">{{Cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10051#1910.1030(d)(2)(i)|title=Bloodborne Pathogens Regulations|publisher=[[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]]|language=en}}</ref>

Anpil lwa nasyonal oblije patwon travayè sante ekspoze yo bay ekipman pwoteksyon sa yo. <ref>egzanp : aux États-Unis avèk [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] (OSHA)</ref>{{,}}<ref name="bp">{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10051#1910.1030(d)(2)(i)|title=Bloodborne Pathogens Regulations|publisher=Occupational Safety and Health Administration}}</ref>


== Divès eleman ==
== Divès eleman ==
Konpozan ekipman sa yo enkli <ref name="INRS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.inrs.fr/risques/equipements-protection-individuelle.html|title=EPI Protections contre les risques biologiques|date=|website=inrs.fr|access-date=24 mas 2020}}</ref> [[Gan medikal|gan]], [[Mask pwoteksyon|mask]] ([[Mask chirijikal|chirijikal]], [[Mask pwoteksyon FFP|FFP]]), [[linèt pwoteksyon]], plak pwotèj figi, wòb, sou-wòb oswa tablye, chapo, kouvri soulye, anbou bouch pou re-animasyon kadyopilmonè. Kalite kèk ekipman dwe nòmalize (toujou nan nivo ewopeyen an, pafwa nan nivo entènasyonal) : gan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boutique.afnor.org/recherche/resultats/mot/gants%20medicaux|title=Norme NF EN 455-1 -2 -3 et -4|date=|website=boutique.afnor.org|access-date=24 mas 2020}}</ref> mask,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boutique.afnor.org/norme/nf-en-14683ac/masques-a-usage-medical-exigences-et-methodes-d-essai/article/929935/fa197697|title=Norme NF et DIN EN 14683|date=|website=boutique.afnor.org|access-date=24 mars 2020}}</ref> twalèt,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boutique.afnor.org/norme/nf-en-13795-1/vetements-et-champs-chirurgicaux-exigences-et-methodes-d-essai-partie-1-champs-et-casaques-chirurgicaux/article/902403/fa177177|title=Norme NF EN 13795-1 Avril 2019|date=|website=boutique.afnor.org|access-date=24 mas 2020}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boutique.afnor.org/norme/nf-en-iso-22610/champs-chirurgicaux-casaques-et-tenues-de-bloc-utilises-en-tant-que-dispositifs-medicaux-pour-les-patients-le-personnel-et-les-e/article/633741/fa119551|title=Norme NF EN ISO 22610 Novembre 2006|date=|website=boutique.afnor.org|access-date=24 mas 2020}}</ref>{{,}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boutique.afnor.org/norme/iso-226102018/champs-chirurgicaux-casaques-et-tenues-de-bloc-utilises-en-tant-que-dispositifs-medicaux-pour-les-patients-le-personnel-et-les-e/article/833872/xs026656|title=Norme ISO 22610:2018 Septembre 2018|date=|website=boutique.afnor.org|access-date=24 mas 2020}}</ref> linèt, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boutique.afnor.org/norme/pr-nf-en-iso-16321-1/protection-des-yeux-et-du-visage-a-usage-professionnel-partie-1-exigences-generales/article/916318/fa182464|title=Norme PR NF EN ISO 16321-1 Juillet 2018|date=|website=boutique.afnor.org|access-date=24 mas 2020}}</ref> rad sal operasyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boutique.afnor.org/norme/nf-en-13795-2/vetements-et-champs-chirurgicaux-exigences-et-methodes-d-essai-partie-2-tenues-de-bloc/article/902049/fa177176|title=Norme NF EN 13795-2 Avril 2019|date=|website=boutique.afnor.org|access-date=27 mas 2020}}</ref>
Konpozan ekipman sa yo enkli<ref name="INRS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.inrs.fr/risques/equipements-protection-individuelle.html|title=EPI Protections contre les risques biologiques|date=|website=inrs.fr|access-date=24 mas 2020}}</ref> [[Gan medikal|gan]], [[Mask pwoteksyon|mask]] ([[Mask chirijikal|chirijikal]], [[Mask pwoteksyon FFP|FFP]]), [[linèt pwoteksyon]], plak pwotèj figi, wòb, sou-wòb oswa tablye, chapo, kouvri soulye, anbou bouch pou re-animasyon kadyopilmonè. Kalite kèk ekipman dwe nòmalize (toujou nan nivo ewopeyen an, pafwa nan nivo entènasyonal) : gan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boutique.afnor.org/recherche/resultats/mot/gants%20medicaux|title=Norme NF EN 455-1 -2 -3 et -4|date=|website=boutique.afnor.org|access-date=24 mas 2020}}</ref> mask,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boutique.afnor.org/norme/nf-en-14683ac/masques-a-usage-medical-exigences-et-methodes-d-essai/article/929935/fa197697|title=Norme NF et DIN EN 14683|date=|website=boutique.afnor.org|access-date=24 mas 2020}}</ref> twalèt,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boutique.afnor.org/norme/nf-en-13795-1/vetements-et-champs-chirurgicaux-exigences-et-methodes-d-essai-partie-1-champs-et-casaques-chirurgicaux/article/902403/fa177177|title=Norme NF EN 13795-1 Avril 2019|date=|website=boutique.afnor.org|access-date=24 mas 2020}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boutique.afnor.org/norme/nf-en-iso-22610/champs-chirurgicaux-casaques-et-tenues-de-bloc-utilises-en-tant-que-dispositifs-medicaux-pour-les-patients-le-personnel-et-les-e/article/633741/fa119551|title=Norme NF EN ISO 22610 Novembre 2006|date=|website=boutique.afnor.org|access-date=24 mas 2020}}</ref>{{,}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boutique.afnor.org/norme/iso-226102018/champs-chirurgicaux-casaques-et-tenues-de-bloc-utilises-en-tant-que-dispositifs-medicaux-pour-les-patients-le-personnel-et-les-e/article/833872/xs026656|title=Norme ISO 22610:2018 Septembre 2018|date=|website=boutique.afnor.org|access-date=24 mas 2020}}</ref> linèt, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boutique.afnor.org/norme/pr-nf-en-iso-16321-1/protection-des-yeux-et-du-visage-a-usage-professionnel-partie-1-exigences-generales/article/916318/fa182464|title=Norme PR NF EN ISO 16321-1 Juillet 2018|date=|website=boutique.afnor.org|access-date=24 mas 2020}}</ref> rad sal operasyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boutique.afnor.org/norme/nf-en-13795-2/vetements-et-champs-chirurgicaux-exigences-et-methodes-d-essai-partie-2-tenues-de-bloc/article/902049/fa177176|title=Norme NF EN 13795-2 Avril 2019|date=|website=boutique.afnor.org|access-date=27 mas 2020}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
<gallery mode="packed">
Fichye:Coronavirus children mask.jpg| Timoun nan yon mask chirijikal.
Fichye:Coronavirus children mask.jpg| Timoun nan yon mask chirijikal.
Liy 19 : Liy 20 :
== Itilizasyon ==
== Itilizasyon ==
[[Fichye:DonningCDC2020.jpg|vignette| 4 etap pou mete ekipman pwoteksyon ]]
[[Fichye:DonningCDC2020.jpg|vignette| 4 etap pou mete ekipman pwoteksyon ]]
Kantite eleman yo itilize ak itilizasyon souvan detèmine nan etablisman pa règleman an oswa pwotokòl nan kontwòl enfeksyon.<ref name="INRS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.inrs.fr/risques/equipements-protection-individuelle.html|title=EPI Protections contre les risques biologiques|date=|website=inrs.fr|language=|access-date=24 mars 2020}}</ref> Aplikasyon apwopriye a (abiye - dezabiye) dwe sijè a pwosedi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Equipement_de_protection_individuel_FHV_2014.pdf|title=Modalités de mise en œuvre d’une tenue de type «TYCHEM C® »|date=octobre 2014|website=solidarites-sante.gouv.fr|access-date=24 mars 2020}}</ref> Pifò nan atik sa yo se jetab pou fè pou evite transpòte sibstans enfektye soti nan yon pasyan nan yon lòt. <ref group="notes">Aux États-Unis, l'OSHA exige le retrait et la désinfection ou l'élimination immédiats de l'EPI d'un travailleur avant de quitter la zone de travail exposée aux matières infectieuses</ref> {{,}} <ref name="bp">{{Cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10051#1910.1030(d)(2)(i)|title=Bloodborne Pathogens Regulations|publisher=[[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]]|language=en}}</ref>
Kantite eleman yo itilize ak itilizasyon souvan detèmine nan etablisman pa règleman an oswa pwotokòl nan kontwòl enfeksyon.<ref name="INRS"/> Aplikasyon apwopriye a (abiye - dezabiye) dwe sijè a pwosedi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Equipement_de_protection_individuel_FHV_2014.pdf|title=Modalités de mise en œuvre d’une tenue de type «TYCHEM C® »|date=1 oktòb 2014|website=solidarites-sante.gouv.fr|access-date=24 mas 2020}}</ref> Pifò nan atik sa yo se jetab pou fè pou evite transpòte sibstans enfektye soti nan yon pasyan nan yon lòt.<ref>Ozetazini, OSHA egzije retrè ak dezenfeksyon oswa eliminasyon imedya ekipman yon travayè anvan li kite zòn travay ekspoze a materyèl enfektye yo</ref>{{,}}<ref name="bp"/>


Itilizasyon move ekipman pwoteksyon endividyèl tankou gan te lye ak yon ogmantasyon nan pousantaj transmisyon enfeksyon <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/infection-control/does-glove-use-increase-the-risk-of-infection-19-09-2014/|title=Does glove use increase the risk of infection?|date=19 septembre 2014|website=Nursing times|language=en|access-date=23 mars 2020}}</ref> epi itilizasyon yo dwe konpatib ak lòt metòd [[Lave men|ijyèn men]] yo itilize. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/hand-hygiene/hand-hygiene-and-glove-issues|title=Hand Hygiene and Glove Issues:|date=1 juin 2005|website=infectioncontroltoday.com|language=en|access-date=23 mars 2020}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed">
Itilizasyon move ekipman pwoteksyon endividyèl tankou gan te lye ak yon ogmantasyon nan pousantaj transmisyon enfeksyon<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/infection-control/does-glove-use-increase-the-risk-of-infection-19-09-2014/|title=Does glove use increase the risk of infection?|date=19 septanm 2014|website=Nursing times|access-date=23 mas 2020}}</ref> epi itilizasyon yo dwe konpatib ak lòt metòd [[Lave men|ijyèn men]] yo itilize.<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/hand-hygiene/hand-hygiene-and-glove-issues|title=Hand Hygiene and Glove Issues:|date=1 jen 2005|website=infectioncontroltoday.com|access-date=23 mas 2020|archive-date=2020-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205095958/https://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/hand-hygiene/hand-hygiene-and-glove-issues|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed">
Fichye:454277-Q-GYI14-255(1).jpg|<nowiki> </nowiki>Rad pwoteksyon pèsonèl - Ebola 2014
Fichye:454277-Q-GYI14-255(1).jpg|Rad pwoteksyon endividyèl - Ebola 2014
Fichye:Healthcare workers wearing PPE 03.jpg|<nowiki> </nowiki>Rad pwoteksyon pèsonèl pèsonèl - Coronavirus 2020
Fichye:Healthcare workers wearing PPE 03.jpg|Rad pwoteksyon endividyèl - Kowonaviris 2020
Fichye:Rettungsdienst der Stadt Köln - Anlegen der Schutzausstattungen-5787.jpg|<nowiki> </nowiki>Rad pwoteksyon pèsonèl - Coronavirus 2020 Almay
Fichye:Rettungsdienst der Stadt Köln - Anlegen der Schutzausstattungen-5787.jpg|Rad pwoteksyon endividyèl - Kowonaviris 2020 Almay
</gallery>
</gallery>

== Referans ==

=== Nòt ===
{{Referans}}

=== Referans ===


== Gade tou ==
== Gade tou ==

* Kontwòl enfeksyon
* Kontwòl enfeksyon
* Kòdon sanitè
* Kòdon sanitè
* [[Lave men|Ijyèn men]]
* [[Lave men]]
* [[Ekipman pwoteksyon endividyèl medikal‎]], [[Mas pwoteksyon]], [[Mas baryè]], [[Mas chirijikal]], [[Mas pwoteksyon FFP]], [[gan medikal]], [[linèt pwoteksyon]]
* Enfeksyon nosocomial
* Enfeksyon nozokomyal
* Maladi kontajye
* [[Maladi kontajye]]

== Referans ==
{{Referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

[[Kategori:Ekipman medikal]]

Vèsyon kounye a ki date de 18 jiyè 2023 à 02:41

Ekipman pwoteksyon endividyèl medikal jetab

Ekipman pwoteksyon endividyèl medikal (EPI) se yon rad oswa yon ekipman espesyalize pa yon pwofesyonèl swen sante (doktè, enfimyè, pwofesyonèl swen, elatriye, kèlkeswa sèks) nan pwoteje yon danje biyolojik,[1] kòm yon kontaminasyon danjere lye a ekspoze a yon kò natirèl likid byolojik kò natirèl (san, saliv, swe, lenf, mikis, pipi, elatriye) oswa patolojik (pi), prezan nan fòm likid oswa ayewosol respiratwa. Sa yo ka pote ajan enfektye viral (egzanp : VIH, raj, Ebola, SARS-CoV-2, elatriye) oswa bakteryen (egzanp : vibryon kolera, stafilokok dore, elatriye.).

Ekipman pwoteksyon endividyèl medikal kreye yon baryè fizik ant eleman potansyèl enfekte ak travayè swen sante a, anpeche kontak ak limite transmisyon.[1],[2]

Anpil lwa nasyonal oblije patwon travayè sante ekspoze yo bay ekipman pwoteksyon sa yo. [3],[4]

Divès eleman[modifye | modifye kòd]

Konpozan ekipman sa yo enkli[5] gan, mask (chirijikal, FFP), linèt pwoteksyon, plak pwotèj figi, wòb, sou-wòb oswa tablye, chapo, kouvri soulye, anbou bouch pou re-animasyon kadyopilmonè. Kalite kèk ekipman dwe nòmalize (toujou nan nivo ewopeyen an, pafwa nan nivo entènasyonal) : gan,[6] mask,[7] twalèt,[8],[9], [10] linèt, [11] rad sal operasyon. [12]

Itilizasyon[modifye | modifye kòd]

4 etap pou mete ekipman pwoteksyon

Kantite eleman yo itilize ak itilizasyon souvan detèmine nan etablisman pa règleman an oswa pwotokòl nan kontwòl enfeksyon.[5] Aplikasyon apwopriye a (abiye - dezabiye) dwe sijè a pwosedi.[13] Pifò nan atik sa yo se jetab pou fè pou evite transpòte sibstans enfektye soti nan yon pasyan nan yon lòt.[14],[4]

Itilizasyon move ekipman pwoteksyon endividyèl tankou gan te lye ak yon ogmantasyon nan pousantaj transmisyon enfeksyon[15] epi itilizasyon yo dwe konpatib ak lòt metòd ijyèn men yo itilize.[16]

Gade tou[modifye | modifye kòd]

Referans[modifye | modifye kòd]

  1. 1,0 et 1,1 (franse) fr « Les risques biologiques en milieu professionnel - Brochure INRS ed6034 Avril 2019 ». inrs.fr. Retrieved 27 mas 2020. 
  2. (angle) en Khalid M. (3 out 2019). « Infection prevention and control: General principles and role of microbiology laboratory » (PDF). World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 8 (9): 68-91. ISSN 2277-7105. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-10-19. Retrieved 23 mas 2020. 
  3. egzanp : aux États-Unis avèk Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
  4. 4,0 et 4,1 (angle) en « Bloodborne Pathogens Regulations ». Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 
  5. 5,0 et 5,1 « EPI Protections contre les risques biologiques ». inrs.fr. Retrieved 24 mas 2020. 
  6. « Norme NF EN 455-1 -2 -3 et -4 ». boutique.afnor.org. Retrieved 24 mas 2020. 
  7. « Norme NF et DIN EN 14683 ». boutique.afnor.org. Retrieved 24 mas 2020. 
  8. « Norme NF EN 13795-1 Avril 2019 ». boutique.afnor.org. Retrieved 24 mas 2020. 
  9. « Norme NF EN ISO 22610 Novembre 2006 ». boutique.afnor.org. Retrieved 24 mas 2020. 
  10. « Norme ISO 22610:2018 Septembre 2018 ». boutique.afnor.org. Retrieved 24 mas 2020. 
  11. « Norme PR NF EN ISO 16321-1 Juillet 2018 ». boutique.afnor.org. Retrieved 24 mas 2020. 
  12. « Norme NF EN 13795-2 Avril 2019 ». boutique.afnor.org. Retrieved 27 mas 2020. 
  13. « Modalités de mise en œuvre d’une tenue de type «TYCHEM C® » » (PDF). solidarites-sante.gouv.fr. 1 oktòb 2014. Retrieved 24 mas 2020. 
  14. Ozetazini, OSHA egzije retrè ak dezenfeksyon oswa eliminasyon imedya ekipman yon travayè anvan li kite zòn travay ekspoze a materyèl enfektye yo
  15. (angle) en « Does glove use increase the risk of infection? ». Nursing times. 19 septanm 2014. Retrieved 23 mas 2020. 
  16. (angle) en « Hand Hygiene and Glove Issues: ». infectioncontroltoday.com. 1 jen 2005. Archived from the original on 2020-02-05. Retrieved 23 mas 2020. 

Lyen deyò[modifye | modifye kòd]