Ɗan sanda
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Bayanai | |
Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
law enforcement agency (en) ![]() |
Bangare na | jiha da ƙaramar hukuma |
Amfani |
law enforcement (en) ![]() |
Hashtag (en) ![]() | police |
Tarihin maudu'i |
history of policing (en) ![]() |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/05_Today%2CAMISOM_Police_conducted_an_opening_ceremony.jpg_%2814808620255%29.jpg/220px-05_Today%2CAMISOM_Police_conducted_an_opening_ceremony.jpg_%2814808620255%29.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Police.three.on.patrol.london.arp.jpg/250px-Police.three.on.patrol.london.arp.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/2015_04_27_AU_UN_Police_Commissioners_-11_%2817090967577%29.jpg/220px-2015_04_27_AU_UN_Police_Commissioners_-11_%2817090967577%29.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sarsuna_Police_station%2C_Ho-Chi-Min_Sarani.jpg/220px-Sarsuna_Police_station%2C_Ho-Chi-Min_Sarani.jpg)
Ɗan Sanda jam'i kuma shine Ƴan sanda ƙungiya ce dake ƙarƙashin gwamnatin ƙasa, waɗanda aikin su shi ne tilasta bin doka, taimakawa cikin gaggawa, warware laifuka da kare dukiya. Mutumin da yake aiwatar da wannan aikin an san shi da Ɗan Sanda. Suna aiki ne daga ofishin Ƴan sanda. An horar da ‘yan sanda kan taimakon gaggawa da ceto, saboda galibi jami’an ƴan sanda suna ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suke isa wurin da mutane ke rashin lafiya ko rauni, kamar hatsarin mota, ko gobara.
Suna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana iya kiran hukumar 'rundunar 'yan sanda, sashin 'yan sanda, sabis na' yan sanda, rikitarwa, masu kula da jama'a ko sabis na kariya . Jendarmerie ɗan sanda ne wanda yake wani ɓangare na sojoji, kodayake membobin ta ba safai suke yin aikin soja ba.
Yawancin rundunonin 'yan sanda a Amurka suna kiran kansu da "[Wurin ƴan sanda", kamar Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Birnin New York . Yawancin lokaci ana san rundunar 'yan sanda ta Jiha da ko dai "[State] Highway Patrol" ko kuma "Yan Sanda na Jiha". A cikin Burtaniya, yawancinsu ''Ƴan Sanda" A cikin Kanada da sauran ƙasashe masu magana da Ingilishi, "[Wuri] 'Yan Sanda" ya zama gama gari. Ana kiran 'yan sandan Ireland da Garda Síochána .
Hukumar tabbatar da doka ita ce duk wata hukuma da ke aiwatar da doka. A ƙasar Amurka, akwai wasu hukumomin ƙarfafa doka waɗanda ba a kiransu ‘yan sanda amma suna aiwatar da irin wannan aiki, kamar Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya . Wani nau'in na yau da kullun shine ofishi na sheriff (kuma sashen sheriff ), hukumar da sheriff ke jagoranta.
Waɗanda suke gudanar da aikin ɗan sanda an san su da jami'an 'yan sanda . Hakanan za'a iya san su da 'yan sanda (maza kawai), matan' yan sanda (mata kawai), jami'an zaman lafiya, 'yan sanda, masu gadi ko masu gadin gari . A ofishin sheriff, an san su da mataimakan sheriff ko mataimaki a taƙaice. A cikin Ireland an san su da kalmar harshen Irish gardaí ( garda idan mufuradi ce) ko kuma masu tsaro .
Iko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai iko daban daban na ƴan sanda dake taimaka masu wajen gudanar da aiyukan su. Waɗannan iko sun banbanta a ƙasashe daban-daban. Yawancin 'yan sanda suna da ikon kama mutane, bincika mutane, da bincika gidaje / ƙadarori. Su wani lokacin kawo kayan aiki kamar bindigogi, batons, tasers, ko barkono SPRAY . Yankin da jami'an 'yan sanda za su iya amfani da waɗannan iko ana kiran su ikon su . Idan jami'ai ba sa cikin ikon su, wata rundunar 'yan sanda da ke da iko sannan za ta iya amfani da ƙarfin su.
Ayyuka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]'Yan sanda suna huɗɗa da:
- Rigakafin aikata laifi da kare jama'a. Suna yin hakan ta hanyar yin sintiri a ƙafa cikin kayan sojoji da motocin 'yan sanda. Wannan na iya dakatar da wasu nau'ikan halayen laifi .
- Amsa laifuka. Lokacin da wani ya kira ‘yan sanda ya ce laifi na faruwa, dole ne su tura wasu jami’an ‘yan sanda su zo wurin da gaggawa. Zasu yi ƙoƙarin dakatar da laifin su kama wanda yake aikatawa.
- Binciken aikata laifi. Wannan yana nufin cewa 'yan sanda suna ƙoƙari su gano wanda ya aikata laifin.
- Kamawa da tsare waɗanda ake zargi. Lokacin da ‘yan sanda suka yi amannar cewa wani ya yi laifi, sai‘ yan sanda su kamo su, su kai su ofishin ƴan sanda su yi musu tambayoyi. Koyaya, masu gabatar da ƙara ne ba 'yan sanda ba ne ke da hurumin yanke hukunci a kan ko za a tuhumi wanda ake zargi.
- Don taimakawa cikin gaggawa ko matsalolin da ba laifi ba. Wannan na iya zama haɗarin mota, gobara, ko mutanen da ke ciwo, suka ji rauni ko ɓacewa. 'Yan sanda suna aiki tare da ma'aikatan kashe gobara, motocin ɗaukar marasa lafiya, da masu ceto. Suna iya jagorantar zirga-zirga, taimaka wa yaran da suka ɓace, ko kuma ba da tikitin zirga-zirga.
Sassan Ƴan sanda
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yawancin sassan 'yan sanda suna da jami'ai a manyan rukuni biyu: ƙungiyar "sintiri" tare da jami'ai waɗanda ke sanya kayan aiki, da kuma ƙungiyar "jami'in tsaro" tare da jami'an da ke sanya kayan da suka saba.
- Jami'an sintiri suna tafiya cikin yankin su. Suna iya tafiya da ƙafa, a kan keke ko babur, ko kuma a cikin manyan motoci. Motocin suna da fitilun gargaɗi da siren da za a iya amfani da su. Siren suna ta kara. Jami'an sintiri suna tilasta abin hawa mota da dokokin aikata laifi. A wasu wurare jami'an sintiri suna kula da kurkukun yankin.
- Masu bincike suna aiki a kan binciken da suka fi rikitarwa. Suna ƙoƙarin neman zamba, ƙwayoyi marasa amfani, da laifuka na lalata kamar karuwanci, fataucin mutane, da fyade . Yin karuwanci ba laifi bane a duk ƙasashe.
Ba duk ƙasashe ke amfani da kalmomi ɗaya don bayyana waɗannan rukunin ba. Misali, a Burtaniya, jami'an sintiri sun kafa "reshe iri ɗaya", yayin da masu binciken ke aiki a cikin CID ("Sashin Binciken Laifi"). Hakanan a Burtaniya, ba duk 'yan sanda ke ɗauke da makamai ba, wadannan jami'an' yan sanda sun kirkiro "Unit Response Unit" wanda ya zo da wasu sunaye a cikin wasu maganganu daban-daban, a cikin Ofishin 'yan sanda na Metropolitan, ya fada ƙarƙashin SFC (Commanding Firebms Command) wanda duk MET 'Yan sanda dauke da makamai sun fada karkashin
Kayan 'yan sanda, kayan aiki da hanyoyi sun bambanta dangane da ƙasar. A wasu wurare kuma, kungiyoyin 'yan sanda suna horo don ayyuka na musamman kamar su magance tarzoma ko ma'amala da masu laifi masu haɗari sosai.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Police_Poland_2_AB.jpg/200px-Police_Poland_2_AB.jpg)
'Yan sanda a kasashe daban-daban
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙasasashe daban-daban suna da hanyoyi daban-daban na tsara 'yan sandansu. Wasu ƙasashe kamar Afirka ta Kudu, Ireland da New Zealand suna da ƴan sanda guda ɗaya. Sauran ƙasashe suna da fiye da ɗaya. Faransa na da ‘yan sanda biyu, daya na birane dayan kuma na yankunan karkara. Chile ma tana da guda biyu, ɗaya na sintiri dayan kuma don bincike.
Wasu ƙasashe suna da matakai biyu ko fiye na policean sanda. Misali, yawancin 'yan sanda a Ostiraliya ana aiwatar da su ne daga rundunar' yan sanda ta jihohi shida, amma kuma akwai 'yan sanda na Tarayya na Australiya wadanda suke daukar' yan sanda a duk kasar. Jamus ma tana da irin wannan tsarin. Masarautar Ingila da Switzerland suna da rundunonin 'yan sanda na gida da yawa da hukumomin ƙasa da yawa, amma babu ainihin Yan sanda na ƙasa. A cikin Kanada, ƙananan hukumomi na iya zaɓar ko dai su tafiyar da policean sanda da kansu ko kuma su ba aikin mafi girma. Don haka yawancin biranen Kanada suna da 'yan sanda na kansu, yayin da yawancin yankunan karkara suna da ' yan sanda ta Royal Canadian Mounted Police, wanda kuma shine 'yan sanda na ƙasa.
Ƙasar Amurka tana da sama da hukumomin karfafa doka 17,000. Yankuna da yawa suna da matakai huɗu na hukumomin tilasta yin doka. Misali, Los Angeles tana da Ofishin Yan Sanda na Los Angeles amma akwai wasu hukumomin da yawa da zasu iya aiki a cikin birni. Wannan ya hada da Ma'aikatar karamar hukumar Los Angeles Sheriff, ta jihar-California Highway Patrol da kuma sama da 100 jami'an (ko na kasa) hukumomin tilasta yin doka.
A duk duniya, ƴan sanda ƙananan ƙananan adadin mutanen da suke yiwa aiki ne. A matsakaita akwai jami'an 'yan sanda 303.3 a cikin mutane 100,000. [1]
Kayan aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A mafi yawan ƙasashe, jami'an 'yan sanda suna ɗaukar bindiga a lokacin da suke gudanar da ayyukansu na yau da kullun. A cikin Burtaniya, New Zealand, Ireland da wasu ƙasashe, yawancin 'yan sanda ba sa ɗaukar bindiga.
Jami'ai suna sadarwa ta amfani da na'urorin rediyo. Rediyon na iya kasancewa kan kayan aiki iri ɗaya da kuma a cikin motar sintiri.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ International Statistics on Crime and Justice, eds. S. Harrendorf; M. Heiskanen; S. Malby (Helsinki, European Institute for United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), 2010), p. 115
Sauran yanar gizo
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1860-1870 hoton San Fransico mutumin 'yan sanda
- Littafin Tarihin 'yan sanda Archived 2019-06-08 at the Wayback Machine Archived
- 'Yan sanda Hotuna mahada