Flora Shaw, Lady Lugard

Dame Flora Louise Shaw, Lady Lugard DBE (an haife ta 19 ga watan Disamba 1852 - 25 Janairun shekarar 1929), ƴar jarida ce kuma marubuci ta Burtaniya. An yi mata laƙabi da " Najeriya ".

Flora Shaw, Lady Lugard
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Woolwich (en) , 19 Disamba 1852
ƙasa	Birtaniya United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Mutuwa	Surrey (en) , 25 ga Janairu, 1929
Yanayin mutuwa	Sababi na ainihi (cuta)
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi	George Shaw
Mahaifiya	Marie Desfontaines
Abokiyar zama	Frederick Lugard  (1902 - Frederick Lugard  (11 ga Yuni, 1902 -
Karatu
Harsuna	Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	ɗan jarida, marubuci da edita
Employers	Pall Mall Gazette (en) The Guardian The Times (en)
Kyaututtuka	gani Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire

Flora Shaw, Lady Lugard

Rayuwar farko

An kuma haife ta a 2 Dundas Terrace, Woolwich, Kudancin London, ta huɗu na yara goma sha huɗu, 'yar mahaifin Ingilishi, Kyaftin (daga baya Manjo Janar) George Shaw, da mahaifiyar Faransa, Marie Adrienne Josephine (née Desfotaines; 1826-1871). ), wani yanki na Mauritius . Tana da ’yan uwa mata tara, na farko da na ƙarshe suna mutuwa tun suna ƙuruciya, da ’yan uwa huɗu.

Flora Shaw, Lady Lugard

Kakan mahaifinta shine Sir Frederick Shaw, baronet na uku (1799-1876), na Bushy Park, Dublin, kuma memba na majalisa daga shekarar 1830 zuwa 1848, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin shugaban Conservatives na Irish. Kakar mahaifinta, Thomasine Emily, ita ce ɗiyar Hon. George Jocelyn, da jikanyar Robert Jocelyn, na farko Earl na Roden .

Rubutun ga yara

  Daga shekarar 1878 zuwa 1886, Shaw ya rubuta litattafai biyar, huɗu na yara ɗaya kuma na manya. A cikin littattafanta, an ƙarfafa 'yan mata su kasance masu basira da jaruntaka amma a cikin tsarin al'ada, suna nuna goyon baya ga uba "mai ladabi" da masu neman maza, maimakon a madadin kansu. Aƙidar Shaw duka biyu ce ta jima'i mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da mulkin mallaka . Ta kuma rubuta tarihin Ostiraliya don yara.

Littafinta na farko, Castle Blair, an fassara shi zuwa yaruka da yawa kuma ya ci gaba da zama sananne sosai a cikin Burtaniya da Amurka har cikin karni na 20. Ya dogara ne akan irin abubuwan da suka faru na yarinta na Anglo-Irish . Charlotte Mary Yonge ta ba da shawarar shi tare da ayyukan "wasu marubutan da aka fi girmamawa da ƙauna da aka samu a cikin marigayi Victorian Ingila" a matsayin "daji ... mai ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa". Mai sukar John Ruskin ya kira Castle Blair "mai kyau, kuma kyakkyawa, kuma gaskiya".

• Castle Blair: Labarin zamanin samari (London da aka fara bugawa, 1877)
• Hector, labari (Na farko serialized a cikin Aunt Judy's Magazine, 1880-1881)
• Phyllis Browne (Jeri na farko a cikin Mujallar Anti Judy, 1881-1882)
• Canjin Teku (London da aka fara bugawa, 1885)
• Gangamin Colonel Cheswick (Boston, 1886).
• Labarin Ostiraliya (London: Horace Marshall, 1897), a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin Labari na Daular .

Aikin Jarida

Shaw ya kuma fara amfani da damar aikin jarida yayin da take zama tare da abokan dangi a Gibraltar a cikin 1886. A can, sama da watanni huɗu, ta ziyarci Zebehr Pasha, bawa kuma tsohon gwamnan Sudan, wanda aka tsare a can. Rahotannin nata sun kai ga sake shi. Bayan ta koma Ingila, ta rubuta wa The Pall Mall Gazette da kuma Manchester Guardian . Jaridar Manchester Guardian ce ta aiko ta don yin bayani game da taron yaki da bauta a Brussels, inda ita kadai ce mai ba da rahoto. Ta zama Editan Mulkin Mallaka na The Times, wanda ya sanya ta zama 'yar jarida mafi girma a lokacin. A The Times, an aika ta a matsayin wakili na musamman zuwa Kudancin Afirka a 1892; Ostiraliya a cikin 1901; da New Zealand a cikin 1892, wani ɓangare don nazarin tambayar aikin Kanaka a cikin gonakin sukari na Queensland . Penneshaw, Kudancin Ostiraliya ana kiranta da sunan bayanta. Ta kuma yi tafiye-tafiye guda biyu zuwa Kanada, a cikin 1893 da 1898, na biyun ciki har da tafiya zuwa gwal na Klondike .

Imaninta ga fa'idodin daular Biritaniya ya sa ta rubuta. A matsayin wakilin jaridar The Times, Shaw ya aika da "Haruffa" a cikin shekarar 1892 da 1893 daga tafiye-tafiyenta a Afirka ta Kudu da Ostiraliya, daga baya aka buga a cikin littafin kamar Haruffa daga Afirka ta Kudu (1893). Da take rubuce-rubuce ga ƙungiyoyin mulki masu ilimi, ta mai da hankali kan abubuwan da za a samu na bunƙasa tattalin arziƙi da kuma haɗin gwiwar siyasa na mulkin mallaka a cikin daular da ke da haɗin kai, tare da hangen nesa da aka fi sani da karfi na 'yan mulkin mallaka da na gida.

Dogayen labarai a cikin manyan jaridu na yau da kullun sun bayyana hoton marigayi- Birbiya na sararin samaniya da lokacin mulkin mallaka. Shaw yayi hasashe ɓangarorin da ba komai a ciki suna jiran ƙwararrun mazauna Ingilishi da kasuwancin tattalin arziki. Lura da sabbin shimfiɗar wurare daga jirgin dogo, alal misali, ta zaɓi hotuna waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin ƙaƙƙarfan misalan lokaci da motsi a cikin ginin asalin launin fata. Lokacin da ta fara rubuta wa The Times, ta rubuta a ƙarƙashin sunan "F. Shaw" don ƙoƙarin ɓoye cewa ita mace ce. Daga baya, an girmama ta sosai har ta rubuta a fili a matsayin Flora Shaw. A yanzu ba a san sunanta ba, kuma ana yi mata kallon daya daga cikin manyan ‘yan jarida a zamaninta, wadanda suka kware a harkokin siyasa da tattalin arziki.

Flora Shaw, Lady Lugard a gefe

Ana buƙatar Shaw ya ba da shaida a gaban Kwamitin Zaɓar Majalisar Wakilai kan Burtaniya ta Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin jayayya kan Jameson Raid cikin Transvaal a ranar 29 ga Disamban shekarar 1895. Fitaccen ɗan jaridar ya yi taɗi akai-akai tare da waɗanda ke da hannu ko ake zargi da hannu, ciki har da Cecil Rhodes, Leander Starr Jameson, Colonel Francis Rhodes, da Sakataren Mulkin Mallaka Joseph Chamberlain . An wanke ta daga dukkan tuhume-tuhumen.

Sunan Najeriya

A cikin wata maƙala da ta fara fitowa a cikin The Times a ranar 8 ga Janairun 1897, ta "Miss Shaw", ta ba da shawarar sunan "Nigeria" don kare Birtaniyya a kan kogin Niger . A cikin maƙalarta, Shaw ta yi wannan batu na wani ɗan gajeren lokaci wanda za a yi amfani da shi don "ƙarɓar arna da Jihohin Mahomedan" don maye gurbin sunan hukuma, " Tsarin Kamfanonin Royal Niger ". Ta yi tunanin cewa kalmar "Royal Niger Company Territories" ta yi tsayi da yawa don a yi amfani da ita a matsayin sunan mallakar gidaje, a ƙarƙashin kamfanin kasuwanci a wannan yanki na Afirka. Ta kasance tana neman sabon suna, sai ta kirkiri “Nigeria”, maimakon kalmomi irin su “Sudan ta Tsakiya”, wadanda wasu masanan kasa da matafiya ke alaƙanta su da yankin.

Ta kuma yi tunanin cewa kalmar " Sudan " tana da alaƙa da wani yanki a cikin kogin Nilu . A cikin The Times a ranar 8 ga Janairu 1897, ta rubuta: "Sunan Najeriya da ke amfani da shi zuwa wani yanki na Afirka ba za a yarda da ita ba tare da wani laifi ba ga kowane maƙwabta a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da yankunan da Kamfanin Royal Niger ya fadada tasirin Burtaniya, kuma yana iya yiwuwa. yi aiki don bambanta su daidai da yankunan Legas da Jamhuriyar Nijar a bakin teku da kuma yankunan Faransa na Nijer ta Upper."

Lady Lugard

Shaw ya kasance kusa da mutane uku da suka fi kwatanta daula a Afirka: Cecil Rhodes, George Taubman Goldie da Sir Frederick Lugard . A ranar 10 ga Yuni 1902, ta auri Lugard. Ta yi masa rakiya a lokacin da ya zama Gwamnan Hong Kong (1907-1912) da kuma Gwamnan-Janar na Najeriya (1914-1919). A 1928, an ba shi suna Baron, kuma ta zama Lady Lugard. Ba su da 'ya'ya.

A cikin shekarar 1905, Shaw ya rubuta abin da ya saura tabbataccen tarihin yammacin Sudan da matsugunan Arewacin Najeriya na zamani, Dogara mai zafi: An Outline of the Ancient History of Western Soudan, Tare da Bayanin Mazaunan Zamani na Arewacin Najeriya .

Yayin da suke zaune a Hong Kong, ta taimaka wa mijinta ya kafa Jami'ar Hong Kong . A lokacin yaƙin duniya na farko, ta yi fice a kafa kwamitin kula da 'yan gudun hijira na yaki, wanda ya magance matsalar 'yan gudun hijira daga Belgium, kuma ta kafa kwamitin ba da baƙi na Lady Lugard. A cikin Sabuwar Shekarar Girmama ta 1918, an nada ta a matsayin Kwamandan Dame na Tsarin Mulkin Burtaniya . Ta mutu daga ciwon huhu a ranar 25 ga Janairun shekarar 1929, tana da shekaru 76, a Surrey .