Glicosamina: Diferenzas entre revisións

A glicosamina oral é un suplemento dietario.<ref>{{Cita web |url=http://www.fda.gov/Food/DietarySupplements/ConsumerInformation/ucm110417.htm |título=Copia arquivada |data-acceso=24 de novembro de 2011 |data-arquivo=04 de xuño de 2011 |url-arquivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604015423/http://www.fda.gov/Food/DietarySupplements/ConsumerInformation/ucm110417.htm |url-morta=yes }}</ref> A glicosamina comercialízase para mellorar a estrutura e función das articulacións, especialmente nos casos de [[artrose]]. Xeralmente comercialízase como glicosamina sulfato e glucosamina hidrocloruro. Xeralmente véndese en combinación con outros suplementos como o [[condroitín sulfato]] e o [[metilsulfonilmetano]].

=== Efectos sobre a saúde ===

Como a glicosamina é un precursor dos [[glicosaminoglicano]]s, e estes son un dos principais compoñentes da [[cartilaxe]] das [[articulación (anatomía)|articulacións]]s, a suplementación con glicosamina pode axudar a previr a dexeneración da cartilaxe e a tratar a artrite. O seu uso como terapia para a artrose parece segura, pero hai probas contraditorias sobre a súa efectividade. Unha revisión sistemática encontrou que os efectos positivos da glicosamina eran maiores nos estudos financiados polas industria e menores en estudos independentes. <ref>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Vlad SC, LaValley MP, McAlindon TE and Felson DT |title=Glucosamine for Pain in Osteoarthritis; Why Do Trial Results Differ? |journal=Arthritis & Rheumatism |volume=56 |issue=7 |pages=2267–77 |year=2007 |pmid=17599746 |doi=10.1002/art.22728 }}</ref> <ref>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Towheed TE |editor1-last=Towheed |editor1-first=Tanveer |title=Glucosamine therapy for treating osteoarthritis |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=2 |pages=CD002946 |year=2005 |pmid=15846645 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002946.pub2 |author-separator=, |author2=Maxwell L |author3=Anastassiades TP |display-authors=3 |last4=Shea |first4=B |last5=Houpt |first5=J |last6=Robinson |first6=V |last7=Hochberg |first7=MC |last8=Wells |first8=G}} [http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab002946.html Cochrane entry].</ref> <ref name=AFP2008>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Dahmer S, Schiller RM |title=Glucosamine |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=471–6 |year=2008 |month=August |pmid=18756654 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20080815/471.html |apelidos= |data-acceso=24 de novembro de 2011 |data-arquivo=30 de maio de 2020 |url-arquivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530080623/https://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0815/p471.html |url-morta=yes }}</ref>

Houbo múltiples ensaios clínicos da glicosamina como terapia médica para artrose, pero os resultados son contraditorios. As evidencias a favor e en contra da eficacia da glicosamina orixinaron un grande debate entre os médicos sobre se recomendar ou non un tratamento con glicosamina aos seus pacientes.<ref>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Manson JJ, Rahman A |title=This house believes that we should advise our patients with osteoarthritis of the knee to take glucosamine |journal=[[Rheumatology (Oxford, England)]] |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=100–1 |year=2004 |month=January |pmid=12867572 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/keg458 |url=}}</ref> <ref>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Adams ME |title=Hype about glucosamine |journal=[[The Lancet|Lancet]] |volume=354 |issue=9176 |pages=353–4 |year=1999 |month=July |pmid=10437858 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(99)90040-5 |url=}}</ref><ref>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=McAlindon TE, LaValley MP, Gulin JP, Felson DT |title=Glucosamine and chondroitin for treatment of osteoarthritis: a systematic quality assessment and meta-analysis |journal=[[JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association]] |volume=283 |issue=11 |pages=1469–75 |year=2000 |month=March |pmid=10732937 |doi= 10.1001/jama.283.11.1469|url=}}</ref> <ref>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Reginster JY |title=Long-term effects of glucosamine sulphate on osteoarthritis progression: a randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial |journal=[[The Lancet|Lancet]] |volume=357 |issue=9252 |pages=251–6 |year=2001 |month=January |pmid=11214126 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03610-2 |author-separator=, |author2=Deroisy R |author3=Rovati LC |display-authors=3 |last4=Lee |first4=Richard L |last5=Lejeune |first5=Eric |last6=Bruyere |first6=Olivier |last7=Giacovelli |first7=Giampaolo |last8=Henrotin |first8=Yves |last9=Dacre |first9=Jane E}}</ref><ref>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Pavelká K, Gatterová J, Olejarová M, Machacek S, Giacovelli G, Rovati LC |title=Glucosamine sulfate use and delay of progression of knee osteoarthritis: a 3-year, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study |journal=[[Archives of Internal Medicine]] |volume=162 |issue=18 |pages=2113–23 |year=2002 |month=October |pmid=12374520 |doi= 10.1001/archinte.162.18.2113|url=}}</ref> <ref>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Hughes R, Carr A |title=A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of glucosamine sulphate as an analgesic in osteoarthritis of the knee |journal=[[Rheumatology (Oxford, England)]] |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=279–84 |year=2002 |month=March |pmid=11934964 |doi= 10.1093/rheumatology/41.3.279|url=}}</ref><ref>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Cibere J |title=Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled glucosamine discontinuation trial in knee osteoarthritis |journal=[[Arthritis and Rheumatism]] |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=738–45 |year=2004 |month=October |pmid=15478160 |doi=10.1002/art.20697 |author-separator=, |author2=Kopec JA |author3=Thorne A |display-authors=3 |last4=Singer |first4=Joel |last5=Canvin |first5=Janice |last6=Robinson |first6=David B. |last7=Pope |first7=Janet |last8=Hong |first8=Paul |last9=Grant |first9=Eric}}</ref> <ref>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Richy F, Bruyere O, Ethgen O, Cucherat M, Henrotin Y, Reginster JY |title=Structural and symptomatic efficacy of glucosamine and chondroitin in knee osteoarthritis: a comprehensive meta-analysis |journal=[[Archives of Internal Medicine]] |volume=163 |issue=13 |pages=1514–22 |year=2003 |month=July |pmid=12860572 |doi=10.1001/archinte.163.13.1514 |url=}}</ref>

Esta confusión levou ao [[National Institutes of Health]] nos EEUUEstados Unidos a financiar un amplo ensaio clínico multicentromulticentros (o ensaio GAIT) para estudar a dor producida pola artrose de [[xeonllo]], comparando grupos tratados con [[condroitín sulfato]], glicosamina, e cunha combinación de ambos, con grupos tratados co placebo e [[celecoxib]].<ref>[http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00032890 Clinicaltrials.gov]</ref> Os resultados, publicados en 2006, indicaron que os pacientes que tomaron glucosamina HCl, condroitín sulfato, ou unha combinación de ambos non mostraron unha mellora estadisticamente significativa comparados cos pacientes que tomaron o placebo.<ref name=GAIT2006>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Clegg DO |title=Glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and the two in combination for painful knee osteoarthritis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=354 |issue=8 |pages=795–808 |year=2006 |month=February |pmid=16495392 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa052771 |author-separator=, |author2=Reda DJ |author3=Harris CL |display-authors=3 |last4=Klein |first4=Marguerite A. |last5=O'Dell |first5=James R. |last6=Hooper |first6=Michele M. |last7=Bradley |first7=John D. |last8=Bingham |first8=Clifton O. |last9=Weisman |first9=Michael H.}}</ref> Nos que tomaron celecoxib se houbo mellora significativa. Non obstante, os resultados deben ser tomados con cautela porque moitos pacientes presentaban só dores leves (o que dificulta medir o grao de melloría) e porque houbo unha resposta inusualinfrecuente ao placebo (60%). Ademais, non se probou con glicosamina sulfato, que en certos estudos mostrou ser significativamente máis efectiva ca o placebo (79,2% contra 54%; p = 0,002). <ref>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Towheed TE |editor1-last=Towheed |editor1-first=Tanveer |title=Glucosamine therapy for treating osteoarthritis |journal=[[Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online)]] |issue=2 |pages=CD002946 |year=2005 |pmid=15846645 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002946.pub2 |author-separator=, |author2=Maxwell L |author3=Anastassiades TP |display-authors=3 |last4=Shea |first4=B |last5=Houpt |first5=J |last6=Robinson |first6=V |last7=Hochberg |first7=MC |last8=Wells |first8=G}}</ref><ref>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Hochberg MC |title=Nutritional supplements for knee osteoarthritis--still no resolution |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=354 |issue=8 |pages=858–60 |year=2006 |month=February |pmid=16495399 |doi=10.1056/NEJMe058324 |url=}}</ref> <ref name="PDR Health">[http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/glu_0122.shtml PDR Health]</ref>

Os estudos e metaanálises levados a cabo en 2007, 2009 e 2010 foron tamén contraditorios e discutidos. <ref name=GUIDE2007>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Herrero-Beaumont G |title=Glucosamine sulfate in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study using acetaminophen as a side comparator |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=555–67 |year=2007 |month=February |pmid=17265490 |doi=10.1002/art.22371 |author-separator=, |author2=Ivorra JA |author3=Del Carmen Trabado M |display-authors=3 |last4=Blanco |first4=Francisco Javier |last5=Benito |first5=Pere |last6=Martín-Mola |first6=Emilio |last7=Paulino |first7=Javier |last8=Marenco |first8=José Luis |last9=Porto |first9=Armando}}</ref><ref name="pmid17599746">{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Vlad SC, LaValley MP, McAlindon TE, Felson DT |title=Glucosamine for pain in osteoarthritis: why do trial results differ? |journal=[[Arthritis and Rheumatism]] |volume=56 |issue=7 |pages=2267–77 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17599746 |doi=10.1002/art.22728 |url=}}</ref> <ref name=Reginster2007>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Reginster JY |title=The efficacy of glucosamine sulfate in osteoarthritis: financial and nonfinancial conflict of interest |journal=[[Arthritis and Rheumatism]] |volume=56 |issue=7 |pages=2105–10 |year=2007 |month=July |pmid=17599727 |doi=10.1002/art.22852 |url=}}</ref> <ref>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |journal=J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) |date=2009 Apr |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=72–6 |title=Review article: Glucosamine |author=Kirkham SG, Samarasinghe RK |pmid=19398798 |issn=1022-5536}}</ref> <ref> Vangsness Jr, C.; Spiker, W.; Erickson, J. (2009). "A review of evidence-based medicine for glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate use in knee osteoarthritis". Arthroscopy 25 (1): 86–94. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2008.07.020. PMID 19111223.</ref> <ref>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Wandel S, Jüni P, Tendal B, Nüesch E, Villiger PM, Welton NJ, Trelle S| title=Effects of glucosamine, chondroitin, or placebo in patients with osteoarthritis of hip or knee: network meta-analysis |journal=British Medical Journal| year=2010| volume=341 |issue=sep16 2| pages=c4675 |url=http://www.bmj.com/content/341/bmj.c4675.full.pdf | doi=10.1136/bmj.c4675 |quote=Compared with placebo, glucosamine, chondroitin, and their combination do not reduce joint pain or have an impact on narrowing of joint space.}}</ref>

O uso de glicosamina en [[veterinaria]] está aceptado, aínda que os estudos sobre a súa eficacia non chegan a conclusións moi firmes.<ref>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica|pmid=19927591|year=2009|last1=Pearson|first1=W|last2=Lindinger|first2=M|title=Low quality of evidence for glucosamine-based nutraceuticals in equine joint disease: Review of in vivo studies|volume=41|issue=7|pages=706–12|journal=Equine veterinary journal}}</ref>

=== Perigos da glicosamina ===

Os estudos clínicos indicaron de forma sólida que a glicosamina é segura. Porén, un estudo recente da [[UniversitéUniversidade Laval]] mostra que a xente que toma glicosamina tende a tomala en exceso con respecto ás prescricións, e tomada en exceso pode producir danos pancreáticos, e incrementa o risco de [[diabetediabetes]].<ref>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Lafontaine-Lacasse M, Dore M, Picard, F |title=Hexosamines stimulate apoptosis by altering Sirt1 action and levelsin rodent pancreatic β-cells |journal=[[Journal of Endocrinology]] |pmid=20923823 |doi= 10.1677/JOE-10-0243 |volume=208 |issue=1 |year=2011 |month=January |pages=41–9}}</ref>

Os efectos secundarios da glicosamina son de pouca importancia e infrecuentes, e inclúen trastornos estomacais, problemas intestinais, dor de cabeza e erupcións cutáneas.<ref name="ARC report">{{cita libro|autor=McFarlane Gary J|título=Complementary and alternative medicines for the treatment of reheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia|editor=ARC|páxinas=44–46|isbn=9781901815139|url=http://www.arthritisresearchuk.org/Files/Complementary%20and%20alternative%20medicines_11012010154331.pdf|accessdate=29 April 2010|urlarquivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702112932/http://www.arthritisresearchuk.org/Files/Complementary%20and%20alternative%20medicines_11012010154331.pdf|dataarquivo=02 de xullo de 2010|urlmorta=yes}}</ref>

Considérase que non produce alerxia ás persoas alérxicas ao marisco.<ref>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Gray HC, Hutcheson PS, Slavin RG |title=Is glucosamine safe in patients with seafood allergy? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-allergy-and-clinical-immunology_2004-08_114_2/page/459 |journal=[[The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology]] |volume=114 |issue=2 |pages=459–60 |year=2004 |month=August |pmid=15341031 |doi= 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.05.050 }}</ref>

Considérase que a glicosamina non interfire coa regulación da ruta de síntese da hexosamina. <ref name="Buse"/> <ref>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Scroggie DA, Albright A, Harris MD |title=The effect of glucosamine-chondroitin supplementation on glycosylated hemoglobin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized clinical trial |journal=[[Archives of Internal Medicine]] |volume=163 |issue=13 |pages=1587–90 |year=2003 |month=July |pmid=12860582 |doi=10.1001/archinte.163.13.1587 }}</ref><ref>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Tannis AJ, Barban J, Conquer JA |title=Effect of glucosamine supplementation on fasting and non-fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations in healthy individuals |journal=[[Osteoarthritis and Cartilage / OARS, Osteoarthritis Research Society]] |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=506–11 |year=2004 |month=June |pmid=15135147 |doi=10.1016/j.joca.2004.03.001 }}</ref><ref>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Monauni T |title=Effects of glucosamine infusion on insulin secretion and insulin action in humans |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes_2000-06_49_6/page/926 |journal=[[Diabetes (journal)|Diabetes]] |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=926–35 |year=2000 |month=June |pmid=10866044 |doi= 10.2337/diabetes.49.6.926 |author-separator=, |author2=Zenti MG |author3=Cretti A |display-authors=3 |last4=Daniels |first4=M. C. |last5=Targher |first5=G. |last6=Caruso |first6=B. |last7=Caputo |first7=M. |last8=McClain |first8=D. |last9=Del Prato |first9=S. }}</ref> <ref>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Anderson JW, Nicolosi RJ, Borzelleca JF |title=Glucosamine effects in humans: a review of effects on glucose metabolism, side effects, safety considerations and efficacy |journal=[[Food and Chemical Toxicology]] |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=187–201 |year=2005 |month=February |pmid=15621331 |doi=10.1016/j.fct.2004.11.006 }}</ref> <ref>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Muniyappa R |title=Oral glucosamine for 6 weeks at standard doses does not cause or worsen insulin resistance or endothelial dysfunction in lean or obese subjects |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetes_2006-11_55_11/page/3142 |journal=[[Diabetes (journal)|Diabetes]] |volume=55 |issue=11 |pages=3142–50 |year=2006 |month=November |pmid=17065354 |doi=10.2337/db06-0714 |author-separator=, |author2=Karne RJ |author3=Hall G |display-authors=3 |last4=Crandon |first4=S. K. |last5=Bronstein |first5=J. A. |last6=Ver |first6=M. R. |last7=Hortin |first7=G. L. |last8=Quon |first8=M. J. }}</ref><ref>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Pouwels MJ, Jacobs JR, Span PN, Lutterman JA, Smits P, Tack CJ |title=Short-term glucosamine infusion does not affect insulin sensitivity in humans |journal=[[The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism]] |volume=86 |issue=5 |pages=2099–103 |year=2001 |month=May |pmid=11344213 |doi= 10.1210/jc.86.5.2099 }}</ref><ref>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Biggee BA, Blinn CM, Nuite M, Silbert JE, McAlindon TE |title=Effects of oral glucosamine sulphate on serum glucose and insulin during an oral glucose tolerance test of subjects with osteoarthritis |journal=[[Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases]] |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=260–2 |year=2007 |month=February |pmid=16818461 |pmc=1798503 |doi=10.1136/ard.2006.058222 }}</ref>

=== En Europa ===

Na maioría de Europa, a glicosamina está aprobada como fármaco médico e véndese en forma de glicosomina sulfato.<ref name="EULAR" /> Requírense probas da súa seguridade e eficacia para o seu uso médico e varias directrices recomendan o seu uso como efectivo e seguro para o tratamento da artrose. O comité da ''European League Against Rheumatism'' (EULAR) garantiu para a glicosamina sulfato un nivel de toxicidade de só 5 nunha escala de 0-100,<ref name="EULAR">{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Jordan KM |title=EULAR Recommendations 2003: a evidence based approach to the management of knee osteoarthritis: Report of a Task Force of the Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutic Trials (ESCISIT) |journal=[[Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases]] |volume=62 |issue=12 |pages=1145–55 |year=2003 |month=December |pmid=14644851 |pmc=1754382 |doi= 10.1136/ard.2003.011742 |author-separator=, |author2=Arden NK |author3=Doherty M |display-authors=3 |last4=Bannwarth |first4=B |last5=Bijlsma |first5=JW |last6=Dieppe |first6=P |last7=Gunther |first7=K |last8=Hauselmann |first8=H |last9=Herrero-Beaumont |first9=G}}</ref> e as recentes directrices da OARSI (''OsteoArthritis Research Society International'') para a artrose de cadeira e xeonllo tamén confirmaron o seu excelente perfil de seguridade.<ref>{{citeCita journalpublicación periódica |author=Zhang W |title=OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis, part I: critical appraisal of existing treatment guidelines and systematic review of current research evidence |journal=[[Osteoarthritis and Cartilage / OARS, Osteoarthritis Research Society]] |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=981–1000 |year=2007 |month=September |pmid=17719803 |doi=10.1016/j.joca.2007.06.014 |author-separator=, |author2=Moskowitz RW |author3=Nuki G |display-authors=3 |last4=Abramson |first4=S |last5=Altman |first5=R |last6=Arden |first6=N |last7=Biermazeinstra |first7=S |last8=Brandt |first8=K |last9=Croft |first9=P}}</ref>

Nos Estados Unidos a glicosamina non está aprobada pola FDA ([[Food and Drug Administration]]) para uso médico en humanos. Como a glicosamina está clasificada como un suplemento dietario nos EEUUEstados Unidos, a súa seguridade e formulación son enteiramente responsabilidade do fabricante; e non se requiren probas da súa seguridade e eficacia con tal que non se anuncie como un tratamento para unha doenza.<ref>{{citeCita web |url=http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/supplmnt.html |title=Dietary Supplements |publisher=[[U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] |accessdate=December 10, 2009 |data-arquivo=17 de outubro de 2000 |url-arquivo=https://web.archive.org/web/20001017130852/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/supplmnt.html |url-morta=yes }}</ref> Os ''[[National Institutes of Health]]'' están actualmente realizando un estudo sobre a suplementación con glicosamina en pacientes obesos, para ver se lles produce [[resistencia á insulina]].<ref>{{citeCita web|url=http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00065377 |title=Effects of Oral Glucosamine on Insulin and Blood Vessel Activity in Normal and Obese People |publisher=ClinicalTrials.gov |date=June 23, 2006 |accessdate=December 10, 2009}}</ref>

== Notas ==

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== Véxase tamén ==

=== Outros artigos ===

=== Ligazóns externas ===

* [http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/glucosamine/NS_patient-glucosamine Glucosamine article, Mayo Clinic]

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061105140135/http://www.arthritis.org/conditions/alttherapies/Glucosamine.asp General Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate information] from the Arthritis Foundation.

* "[http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/reaction/polysacc/UDPGlcN.html UDP-N-acetylglucosamine Biosynthesis]," Diagram including [[IUBMB]] nomenclature and links.

* [http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/glu_0122.shtml PDR Health] Summary of drug information on glucosamine from the publishers of the ''[[Physician's Desk Reference]]''.

* "[http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00032890 Glucosamine/Chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial (GAIT)]," ClinicalTrials.gov registration and information.

* "[http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00065377 Effects of Oral Glucosamine on Insulin and Blood Vessel Activity in Normal and Obese People]," ClinicalTrials.gov information.

* "[http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/feb2006/nccam-22.htm NIH News: Efficacy of Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate May Depend on Level of Osteoarthritis Pain]," Wednesday, Februaryfebreiro 22, 2006.

* "[http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/DSH/glucosamine.html Glucosamine and Chondroitin for Arthritis: Benefit is Unlikely]," Summary of and commentary on research findings, including GAIT.