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.. index::
   single: Security; User provider
   single: Security; Entity provider

How to Load Security Users from the Database (the Entity Provider)

The security layer is one of the smartest tools of Symfony. It handles two things: the authentication and the authorization processes. Although it may seem difficult to understand how it works internally, the security system is very flexible and allows you to integrate your application with any authentication backend, like Active Directory, an OAuth server or a database.

Introduction

This article focuses on how to authenticate users against a database table managed by a Doctrine entity class. The content of this cookbook entry is split in three parts. The first part is about designing a Doctrine User entity class and making it usable in the security layer of Symfony. The second part describes how to easily authenticate a user with the Doctrine :class:`Symfony\\Bridge\\Doctrine\\Security\\User\\EntityUserProvider` object bundled with the framework and some configuration. Finally, the tutorial will demonstrate how to create a custom :class:`Symfony\\Bridge\\Doctrine\\Security\\User\\EntityUserProvider` object to retrieve users from a database with custom conditions.

Code along with the Example

If you want to follow along with the example in this chapter, create an AcmeUserBundle via:

$ php app/console generate:bundle --namespace=Acme/UserBundle

The Data Model

For the purpose of this cookbook, the AcmeUserBundle bundle contains a User entity class with the following fields: id, username, password, email and isActive. The isActive field tells whether or not the user account is active.

To make it shorter, the getter and setter methods for each have been removed to focus on the most important methods that come from the :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Security\\Core\\User\\UserInterface`.

Tip

You can :ref:`generate the missing getter and setters <book-doctrine-generating-getters-and-setters>` by running:

$ php app/console doctrine:generate:entities Acme/UserBundle/Entity/User
// src/Acme/UserBundle/Entity/User.php
namespace Acme\UserBundle\Entity;

use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping as ORM;
use Symfony\Component\Security\Core\User\UserInterface;

/**
 * Acme\UserBundle\Entity\User
 *
 * @ORM\Table(name="acme_users")
 * @ORM\Entity(repositoryClass="Acme\UserBundle\Entity\UserRepository")
 */
class User implements UserInterface, \Serializable
{
    /**
     * @ORM\Column(type="integer")
     * @ORM\Id
     * @ORM\GeneratedValue(strategy="AUTO")
     */
    private $id;

    /**
     * @ORM\Column(type="string", length=25, unique=true)
     */
    private $username;

    /**
     * @ORM\Column(type="string", length=64)
     */
    private $password;

    /**
     * @ORM\Column(type="string", length=60, unique=true)
     */
    private $email;

    /**
     * @ORM\Column(name="is_active", type="boolean")
     */
    private $isActive;

    public function __construct()
    {
        $this->isActive = true;
        // may not be needed, see section on salt below
        // $this->salt = md5(uniqid(null, true));
    }

    /**
     * @inheritDoc
     */
    public function getUsername()
    {
        return $this->username;
    }

    /**
     * @inheritDoc
     */
    public function getSalt()
    {
        // you *may* need a real salt depending on your encoder
        // see section on salt below
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * @inheritDoc
     */
    public function getPassword()
    {
        return $this->password;
    }

    /**
     * @inheritDoc
     */
    public function getRoles()
    {
        return array('ROLE_USER');
    }

    /**
     * @inheritDoc
     */
    public function eraseCredentials()
    {
    }

    /**
     * @see \Serializable::serialize()
     */
    public function serialize()
    {
        return serialize(array(
            $this->id,
            $this->username,
            $this->password,
            // see section on salt below
            // $this->salt,
        ));
    }

    /**
     * @see \Serializable::unserialize()
     */
    public function unserialize($serialized)
    {
        list (
            $this->id,
            $this->username,
            $this->password,
            // see section on salt below
            // $this->salt
        ) = unserialize($serialized);
    }
}

Note

If you choose to implement :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Security\\Core\\User\\EquatableInterface`, you determine yourself which properties need to be compared to distinguish your user objects.

Tip

:ref:`Generate the database table <book-doctrine-creating-the-database-tables-schema>` for your User entity by running:

$ php app/console doctrine:schema:update --force

In order to use an instance of the AcmeUserBundle:User class in the Symfony security layer, the entity class must implement the :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Security\\Core\\User\\UserInterface`. This interface forces the class to implement the five following methods:

For more details on each of these, see :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Security\\Core\\User\\UserInterface`.

What is the importance of serialize and unserialize?

The :phpclass:`Serializable` interface and its serialize and unserialize methods have been added to allow the User class to be serialized to the session. This may or may not be needed depending on your setup, but it's probably a good idea. The id is the most important value that needs to be serialized because the :method:`Symfony\\Bridge\\Doctrine\\Security\\User\\EntityUserProvider::refreshUser` method reloads the user on each request by using the id. In practice, this means that the User object is reloaded from the database on each request using the id from the serialized object. This makes sure all of the User's data is fresh.

Symfony also uses the username, salt, and password to verify that the User has not changed between requests. Failing to serialize these may cause you to be logged out on each request. If your User implements :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Security\\Core\\User\\EquatableInterface`, then instead of these properties being checked, your isEqualTo method is simply called, and you can check whatever properties you want. Unless you understand this, you probably won't need to implement this interface or worry about it.

Below is an export of the User table from MySQL with user admin and password admin (which has been encoded). For details on how to create user records and encode their password, see :ref:`book-security-encoding-user-password`.

$ mysql> SELECT * FROM acme_users;
+----+----------+------------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
| id | username | password                                 | email              | is_active |
+----+----------+------------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
|  1 | admin    | d033e22ae348aeb5660fc2140aec35850c4da997 | [email protected]  |         1 |
+----+----------+------------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+

The next part will focus on how to authenticate one of these users thanks to the Doctrine entity user provider and a couple of lines of configuration.

Do you need to use a Salt?

Yes. Hashing a password with a salt is a necessary step so that encoded passwords can't be decoded. However, some encoders - like Bcrypt - have a built-in salt mechanism. If you configure bcrypt as your encoder in security.yml (see the next section), then getSalt() should return null, so that Bcrypt generates the salt itself.

However, if you use an encoder that does not have a built-in salting ability (e.g. sha512), you must (from a security perspective) generate your own, random salt, store it on a salt property that is saved to the database, and return it from getSalt(). Some of the code needed is commented out in the above example.

Authenticating Someone against a Database

Authenticating a Doctrine user against the database with the Symfony security layer is a piece of cake. Everything resides in the configuration of the :doc:`SecurityBundle </reference/configuration/security>` stored in the app/config/security.yml file.

Below is an example of configuration where the user will enter their username and password via HTTP basic authentication. That information will then be checked against your User entity records in the database:

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: yaml

        # app/config/security.yml
        security:
            encoders:
                Acme\UserBundle\Entity\User:
                    algorithm: bcrypt

            role_hierarchy:
                ROLE_ADMIN:       ROLE_USER
                ROLE_SUPER_ADMIN: [ ROLE_ADMIN, ROLE_ALLOWED_TO_SWITCH ]

            providers:
                administrators:
                    entity: { class: AcmeUserBundle:User, property: username }

            firewalls:
                admin_area:
                    pattern:    ^/admin
                    http_basic: ~

            access_control:
                - { path: ^/admin, roles: ROLE_ADMIN }

    .. code-block:: xml

        <!-- app/config/security.xml -->
        <config>
            <encoder class="Acme\UserBundle\Entity\User"
                algorithm="bcrypt"
            />

            <role id="ROLE_ADMIN">ROLE_USER</role>
            <role id="ROLE_SUPER_ADMIN">ROLE_USER, ROLE_ADMIN, ROLE_ALLOWED_TO_SWITCH</role>

            <provider name="administrators">
                <entity class="AcmeUserBundle:User" property="username" />
            </provider>

            <firewall name="admin_area" pattern="^/admin">
                <http-basic />
            </firewall>

            <rule path="^/admin" role="ROLE_ADMIN" />
        </config>

    .. code-block:: php

        // app/config/security.php
        $container->loadFromExtension('security', array(
            'encoders' => array(
                'Acme\UserBundle\Entity\User' => array(
                    'algorithm' => 'bcrypt',
                ),
            ),
            'role_hierarchy' => array(
                'ROLE_ADMIN'       => 'ROLE_USER',
                'ROLE_SUPER_ADMIN' => array('ROLE_USER', 'ROLE_ADMIN', 'ROLE_ALLOWED_TO_SWITCH'),
            ),
            'providers' => array(
                'administrator' => array(
                    'entity' => array(
                        'class'    => 'AcmeUserBundle:User',
                        'property' => 'username',
                    ),
                ),
            ),
            'firewalls' => array(
                'admin_area' => array(
                    'pattern' => '^/admin',
                    'http_basic' => null,
                ),
            ),
            'access_control' => array(
                array('path' => '^/admin', 'role' => 'ROLE_ADMIN'),
            ),
        ));

The encoders section associates the bcrypt password encoder to the entity class. This means that Symfony will expect the password that's stored in the database to be encoded using this encoder. For details on how to create a new User object with a properly encoded password, see the :ref:`book-security-encoding-user-password` section of the security chapter.

The providers section defines an administrators user provider. A user provider is a "source" of where users are loaded during authentication. In this case, the entity keyword means that Symfony will use the Doctrine entity user provider to load User entity objects from the database by using the username unique field. In other words, this tells Symfony how to fetch the user from the database before checking the password validity.

Note

By default, the entity provider uses the default entity manager to fetch user information from the database. If you :doc:`use multiple entity managers </cookbook/doctrine/multiple_entity_managers>`, you can specify which manager to use with the manager_name option:

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: yaml

        # app/config/config.yml
        security:
            # ...

            providers:
                administrators:
                    entity:
                        class: AcmeUserBundle:User
                        property: username
                        manager_name: customer

            # ...

    .. code-block:: xml

        <!-- app/config/config.xml -->
        <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
        <srv:container xmlns="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/security"
            xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
            xmlns:srv="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services"
            xsi:schemaLocation="http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services
                http://symfony.com/schema/dic/services/services-1.0.xsd">
            <config>
                <!-- ... -->

                <provider name="administrators">
                    <entity class="AcmeUserBundle:User"
                        property="username"
                        manager-name="customer" />
                </provider>

                <!-- ... -->
            </config>
        </srv:container>

    .. code-block:: php

        // app/config/config.php
        $container->loadFromExtension('security', array(
            // ...
            'providers' => array(
                'administrator' => array(
                    'entity' => array(
                        'class' => 'AcmeUserBundle:User',
                        'property' => 'username',
                        'manager_name' => 'customer',
                    ),
                ),
            ),
            // ...
        ));

Forbid inactive Users

If a User's isActive property is set to false (i.e. is_active is 0 in the database), the user will still be able to login access the site normally. To prevent "inactive" users from logging in, you'll need to do a little more work.

The easiest way to exclude inactive users is to implement the :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Security\\Core\\User\\AdvancedUserInterface` interface that takes care of checking the user's account status. The :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Security\\Core\\User\\AdvancedUserInterface` extends the :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Security\\Core\\User\\UserInterface` interface, so you just need to switch to the new interface in the AcmeUserBundle:User entity class to benefit from simple and advanced authentication behaviors.

The :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Security\\Core\\User\\AdvancedUserInterface` interface adds four extra methods to validate the account status:

For this example, the first three methods will return true whereas the isEnabled() method will return the boolean value in the isActive field.

// src/Acme/UserBundle/Entity/User.php
namespace Acme\UserBundle\Entity;

use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping as ORM;
use Symfony\Component\Security\Core\User\AdvancedUserInterface;

class User implements AdvancedUserInterface, \Serializable
{
    // ...

    public function isAccountNonExpired()
    {
        return true;
    }

    public function isAccountNonLocked()
    {
        return true;
    }

    public function isCredentialsNonExpired()
    {
        return true;
    }

    public function isEnabled()
    {
        return $this->isActive;
    }
}

Now, if you try to authenticate as a user who's is_active database field is set to 0, you won't be allowed.

Note

When using the AdvancedUserInterface, you should also add any of the properties used by these methods (like isActive()) to the serialize() method. If you don't do this, your user may not be deserialized correctly from the session on each request.

The next session will focus on how to write a custom entity provider to authenticate a user with their username or email address.

Authenticating Someone with a Custom Entity Provider

The next step is to allow a user to authenticate with their username or email address as they are both unique in the database. Unfortunately, the native entity provider is only able to handle a single property to fetch the user from the database.

To accomplish this, create a custom entity provider that looks for a user whose username or email field matches the submitted login username. The good news is that a Doctrine repository object can act as an entity user provider if it implements the :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Security\\Core\\User\\UserProviderInterface`. This interface comes with three methods to implement: loadUserByUsername($username), refreshUser(UserInterface $user), and supportsClass($class). For more details, see :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Security\\Core\\User\\UserProviderInterface`.

The code below shows the implementation of the :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Security\\Core\\User\\UserProviderInterface` in the UserRepository class:

// src/Acme/UserBundle/Entity/UserRepository.php
namespace Acme\UserBundle\Entity;

use Symfony\Component\Security\Core\User\UserInterface;
use Symfony\Component\Security\Core\User\UserProviderInterface;
use Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Exception\UsernameNotFoundException;
use Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Exception\UnsupportedUserException;
use Doctrine\ORM\EntityRepository;
use Doctrine\ORM\NoResultException;

class UserRepository extends EntityRepository implements UserProviderInterface
{
    public function loadUserByUsername($username)
    {
        $q = $this
            ->createQueryBuilder('u')
            ->where('u.username = :username OR u.email = :email')
            ->setParameter('username', $username)
            ->setParameter('email', $username)
            ->getQuery();

        try {
            // The Query::getSingleResult() method throws an exception
            // if there is no record matching the criteria.
            $user = $q->getSingleResult();
        } catch (NoResultException $e) {
            $message = sprintf(
                'Unable to find an active admin AcmeUserBundle:User object identified by "%s".',
                $username
            );
            throw new UsernameNotFoundException($message, 0, $e);
        }

        return $user;
    }

    public function refreshUser(UserInterface $user)
    {
        $class = get_class($user);
        if (!$this->supportsClass($class)) {
            throw new UnsupportedUserException(
                sprintf(
                    'Instances of "%s" are not supported.',
                    $class
                )
            );
        }

        return $this->find($user->getId());
    }

    public function supportsClass($class)
    {
        return $this->getEntityName() === $class
            || is_subclass_of($class, $this->getEntityName());
    }
}

To finish the implementation, the configuration of the security layer must be changed to tell Symfony to use the new custom entity provider instead of the generic Doctrine entity provider. It's trivial to achieve by removing the property field in the security.providers.administrators.entity section of the security.yml file.

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: yaml

        # app/config/security.yml
        security:
            # ...
            providers:
                administrators:
                    entity: { class: AcmeUserBundle:User }
            # ...

    .. code-block:: xml

        <!-- app/config/security.xml -->
        <config>
            <!-- ... -->

            <provider name="administrator">
                <entity class="AcmeUserBundle:User" />
            </provider>

            <!-- ... -->
        </config>

    .. code-block:: php

        // app/config/security.php
        $container->loadFromExtension('security', array(
            ...,
            'providers' => array(
                'administrator' => array(
                    'entity' => array(
                        'class' => 'AcmeUserBundle:User',
                    ),
                ),
            ),
            ...,
        ));

By doing this, the security layer will use an instance of UserRepository and call its loadUserByUsername() method to fetch a user from the database whether they filled in their username or email address.

Managing Roles in the Database

The end of this tutorial focuses on how to store and retrieve a list of roles from the database. As mentioned previously, when your user is loaded, its getRoles() method returns the array of security roles that should be assigned to the user. You can load this data from anywhere - a hardcoded list used for all users (e.g. array('ROLE_USER')), a Doctrine array property called roles, or via a Doctrine relationship, as you'll learn about in this section.

Caution!

In a typical setup, you should always return at least 1 role from the getRoles() method. By convention, a role called ROLE_USER is usually returned. If you fail to return any roles, it may appear as if your user isn't authenticated at all.

Caution!

In order to work with the security configuration examples on this page all roles must be prefixed with ROLE_ (see the :ref:`section about roles <book-security-roles>` in the book). For example, your roles will be ROLE_ADMIN or ROLE_USER instead of ADMIN or USER.

In this example, the AcmeUserBundle:User entity class defines a many-to-many relationship with a AcmeUserBundle:Role entity class. A user can be related to several roles and a role can be composed of one or more users. The previous getRoles() method now returns the list of related roles. Notice that __construct() and getRoles() methods have changed:

// src/Acme/UserBundle/Entity/User.php
namespace Acme\UserBundle\Entity;

use Doctrine\Common\Collections\ArrayCollection;
// ...

class User implements AdvancedUserInterface, \Serializable
{
    // ...

    /**
     * @ORM\ManyToMany(targetEntity="Role", inversedBy="users")
     *
     */
    private $roles;

    public function __construct()
    {
        $this->roles = new ArrayCollection();
    }

    public function getRoles()
    {
        return $this->roles->toArray();
    }

    // ...

}

The AcmeUserBundle:Role entity class defines three fields (id, name and role). The unique role field contains the role name (e.g. ROLE_ADMIN) used by the Symfony security layer to secure parts of the application:

// src/Acme/Bundle/UserBundle/Entity/Role.php
namespace Acme\UserBundle\Entity;

use Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Role\RoleInterface;
use Doctrine\Common\Collections\ArrayCollection;
use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping as ORM;

/**
 * @ORM\Table(name="acme_role")
 * @ORM\Entity()
 */
class Role implements RoleInterface
{
    /**
     * @ORM\Column(name="id", type="integer")
     * @ORM\Id()
     * @ORM\GeneratedValue(strategy="AUTO")
     */
    private $id;

    /**
     * @ORM\Column(name="name", type="string", length=30)
     */
    private $name;

    /**
     * @ORM\Column(name="role", type="string", length=20, unique=true)
     */
    private $role;

    /**
     * @ORM\ManyToMany(targetEntity="User", mappedBy="roles")
     */
    private $users;

    public function __construct()
    {
        $this->users = new ArrayCollection();
    }

    /**
     * @see RoleInterface
     */
    public function getRole()
    {
        return $this->role;
    }

    // ... getters and setters for each property
}

For brevity, the getter and setter methods are hidden, but you can :ref:`generate them <book-doctrine-generating-getters-and-setters>`:

$ php app/console doctrine:generate:entities Acme/UserBundle/Entity/User

Don't forget also to update your database schema:

$ php app/console doctrine:schema:update --force

This will create the acme_role table and a user_role that stores the many-to-many relationship between acme_user and acme_role. If you had one user linked to one role, your database might look something like this:

$ mysql> SELECT * FROM acme_role;
+----+-------+------------+
| id | name  | role       |
+----+-------+------------+
|  1 | admin | ROLE_ADMIN |
+----+-------+------------+

$ mysql> SELECT * FROM user_role;
+---------+---------+
| user_id | role_id |
+---------+---------+
|       1 |       1 |
+---------+---------+

And that's it! When the user logs in, Symfony security system will call the User::getRoles method. This will return an array of Role objects that Symfony will use to determine if the user should have access to certain parts of the system.

What's the purpose of the RoleInterface?

Notice that the Role class implements :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Security\\Core\\Role\\RoleInterface`. This is because Symfony's security system requires that the User::getRoles method returns an array of either role strings or objects that implement this interface. If Role didn't implement this interface, then User::getRoles would need to iterate over all the Role objects, call getRole on each, and create an array of strings to return. Both approaches are valid and equivalent.

Improving Performance with a Join

To improve performance and avoid lazy loading of roles when retrieving a user from the custom entity provider, you can use a Doctrine join to the roles relationship in the UserRepository::loadUserByUsername() method. This will fetch the user and their associated roles with a single query:

// src/Acme/UserBundle/Entity/UserRepository.php
namespace Acme\UserBundle\Entity;

// ...

class UserRepository extends EntityRepository implements UserProviderInterface
{
    public function loadUserByUsername($username)
    {
        $q = $this
            ->createQueryBuilder('u')
            ->select('u, r')
            ->leftJoin('u.roles', 'r')
            ->where('u.username = :username OR u.email = :email')
            ->setParameter('username', $username)
            ->setParameter('email', $username)
            ->getQuery();

        // ...
    }

    // ...
}

The QueryBuilder::leftJoin() method joins and fetches related roles from the AcmeUserBundle:User model class when a user is retrieved by their email address or username.

Understanding serialize and how a User is Saved in the Session

If you're curious about the importance of the serialize() method inside the User class or how the User object is serialized or deserialized, then this section is for you. If not, feel free to skip this.

Once the user is logged in, the entire User object is serialized into the session. On the next request, the User object is deserialized. Then, value of the id property is used to re-query for a fresh User object from the database. Finally, the fresh User object is compared in some way to the deserialized User object to make sure that they represent the same user. For example, if the username on the 2 User objects doesn't match for some reason, then the user will be logged out for security reasons.

Even though this all happens automatically, there are a few important side-effects.

First, the :phpclass:`Serializable` interface and its serialize and unserialize methods have been added to allow the User class to be serialized to the session. This may or may not be needed depending on your setup, but it's probably a good idea. In theory, only the id needs to be serialized, because the :method:`Symfony\\Bridge\\Doctrine\\Security\\User\\EntityUserProvider::refreshUser` method refreshes the user on each request by using the id (as explained above). However in practice, this means that the User object is reloaded from the database on each request using the id from the serialized object. This makes sure all of the User's data is fresh.

Symfony also uses the username, salt, and password to verify that the User has not changed between requests. Failing to serialize these may cause you to be logged out on each request. If your User implements the :class:`Symfony\\Component\\Security\\Core\\User\\EquatableInterface`, then instead of these properties being checked, your isEqualTo method is simply called, and you can check whatever properties you want. Unless you understand this, you probably won't need to implement this interface or worry about it.

.. versionadded:: 2.1
    In Symfony 2.1, the ``equals`` method was removed from ``UserInterface``
    and the ``EquatableInterface`` was introduced in its place.