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<li class="toctree-l1 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="supervised_learning.html">1. Supervised learning</a><details><summary><span class="toctree-toggle" role="presentation"><i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-down"></i></span></summary><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/cross_validation.html">3.1. Cross-validation: evaluating estimator performance</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/classification_threshold.html">3.3. Tuning the decision threshold for class prediction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/model_evaluation.html">3.4. Metrics and scoring: quantifying the quality of predictions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/learning_curve.html">3.5. Validation curves: plotting scores to evaluate models</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/partial_dependence.html">5.1. Partial Dependence and Individual Conditional Expectation plots</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1 current active has-children"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">7. Dataset transformations</a><details open="open"><summary><span class="toctree-toggle" role="presentation"><i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-down"></i></span></summary><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/compose.html">7.1. Pipelines and composite estimators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/feature_extraction.html">7.2. Feature extraction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/preprocessing.html">7.3. Preprocessing data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/impute.html">7.4. Imputation of missing values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/unsupervised_reduction.html">7.5. Unsupervised dimensionality reduction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/random_projection.html">7.6. Random Projection</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/kernel_approximation.html">7.7. Kernel Approximation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/metrics.html">7.8. Pairwise metrics, Affinities and Kernels</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/preprocessing_targets.html">7.9. Transforming the prediction target (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">y</span></code>)</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datasets/toy_dataset.html">8.1. Toy datasets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datasets/real_world.html">8.2. Real world datasets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datasets/sample_generators.html">8.3. Generated datasets</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datasets/loading_other_datasets.html">8.4. Loading other datasets</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="computing/scaling_strategies.html">9.1. Strategies to scale computationally: bigger data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="computing/computational_performance.html">9.2. Computational Performance</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="computing/parallelism.html">9.3. Parallelism, resource management, and configuration</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="common_pitfalls.html">11. Common pitfalls and recommended practices</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="dispatching.html">12. Dispatching</a><details><summary><span class="toctree-toggle" role="presentation"><i class="fa-solid fa-chevron-down"></i></span></summary><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/array_api.html">12.1. Array API support (experimental)</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="machine_learning_map.html">13. Choosing the right estimator</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="presentations.html">14. External Resources, Videos and Talks</a></li>
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<section id="dataset-transformations">
<span id="data-transforms"></span><h1><span class="section-number">7. </span>Dataset transformations<a class="headerlink" href="#dataset-transformations" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h1>
<p>scikit-learn provides a library of transformers, which may clean (see
<a class="reference internal" href="modules/preprocessing.html#preprocessing"><span class="std std-ref">Preprocessing data</span></a>), reduce (see <a class="reference internal" href="modules/unsupervised_reduction.html#data-reduction"><span class="std std-ref">Unsupervised dimensionality reduction</span></a>), expand (see
<a class="reference internal" href="modules/kernel_approximation.html#kernel-approximation"><span class="std std-ref">Kernel Approximation</span></a>) or generate (see <a class="reference internal" href="modules/feature_extraction.html#feature-extraction"><span class="std std-ref">Feature extraction</span></a>)
feature representations.</p>
<p>Like other estimators, these are represented by classes with a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fit</span></code> method,
which learns model parameters (e.g. mean and standard deviation for
normalization) from a training set, and a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">transform</span></code> method which applies
this transformation model to unseen data. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fit_transform</span></code> may be more
convenient and efficient for modelling and transforming the training data
simultaneously.</p>
<p>Combining such transformers, either in parallel or series is covered in
<a class="reference internal" href="modules/compose.html#combining-estimators"><span class="std std-ref">Pipelines and composite estimators</span></a>. <a class="reference internal" href="modules/metrics.html#metrics"><span class="std std-ref">Pairwise metrics, Affinities and Kernels</span></a> covers transforming feature
spaces into affinity matrices, while <a class="reference internal" href="modules/preprocessing_targets.html#preprocessing-targets"><span class="std std-ref">Transforming the prediction target (y)</span></a> considers
transformations of the target space (e.g. categorical labels) for use in
scikit-learn.</p>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/compose.html">7.1. Pipelines and composite estimators</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/compose.html#pipeline-chaining-estimators">7.1.1. Pipeline: chaining estimators</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/compose.html#transforming-target-in-regression">7.1.2. Transforming target in regression</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/compose.html#featureunion-composite-feature-spaces">7.1.3. FeatureUnion: composite feature spaces</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/compose.html#columntransformer-for-heterogeneous-data">7.1.4. ColumnTransformer for heterogeneous data</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/compose.html#visualizing-composite-estimators">7.1.5. Visualizing Composite Estimators</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/feature_extraction.html">7.2. Feature extraction</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/feature_extraction.html#loading-features-from-dicts">7.2.1. Loading features from dicts</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/feature_extraction.html#feature-hashing">7.2.2. Feature hashing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/feature_extraction.html#text-feature-extraction">7.2.3. Text feature extraction</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/feature_extraction.html#image-feature-extraction">7.2.4. Image feature extraction</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/preprocessing.html">7.3. Preprocessing data</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/preprocessing.html#standardization-or-mean-removal-and-variance-scaling">7.3.1. Standardization, or mean removal and variance scaling</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/preprocessing.html#non-linear-transformation">7.3.2. Non-linear transformation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/preprocessing.html#normalization">7.3.3. Normalization</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/preprocessing.html#encoding-categorical-features">7.3.4. Encoding categorical features</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/preprocessing.html#discretization">7.3.5. Discretization</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/preprocessing.html#imputation-of-missing-values">7.3.6. Imputation of missing values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/preprocessing.html#generating-polynomial-features">7.3.7. Generating polynomial features</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/preprocessing.html#custom-transformers">7.3.8. Custom transformers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/impute.html">7.4. Imputation of missing values</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/impute.html#univariate-vs-multivariate-imputation">7.4.1. Univariate vs. Multivariate Imputation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/impute.html#univariate-feature-imputation">7.4.2. Univariate feature imputation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/impute.html#multivariate-feature-imputation">7.4.3. Multivariate feature imputation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/impute.html#nearest-neighbors-imputation">7.4.4. Nearest neighbors imputation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/impute.html#keeping-the-number-of-features-constant">7.4.5. Keeping the number of features constant</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/impute.html#marking-imputed-values">7.4.6. Marking imputed values</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/impute.html#estimators-that-handle-nan-values">7.4.7. Estimators that handle NaN values</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/unsupervised_reduction.html">7.5. Unsupervised dimensionality reduction</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/unsupervised_reduction.html#pca-principal-component-analysis">7.5.1. PCA: principal component analysis</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/unsupervised_reduction.html#random-projections">7.5.2. Random projections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/unsupervised_reduction.html#feature-agglomeration">7.5.3. Feature agglomeration</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/random_projection.html">7.6. Random Projection</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/random_projection.html#the-johnson-lindenstrauss-lemma">7.6.1. The Johnson-Lindenstrauss lemma</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/random_projection.html#gaussian-random-projection">7.6.2. Gaussian random projection</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/random_projection.html#sparse-random-projection">7.6.3. Sparse random projection</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/random_projection.html#inverse-transform">7.6.4. Inverse Transform</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/kernel_approximation.html">7.7. Kernel Approximation</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/kernel_approximation.html#nystroem-method-for-kernel-approximation">7.7.1. Nystroem Method for Kernel Approximation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/kernel_approximation.html#radial-basis-function-kernel">7.7.2. Radial Basis Function Kernel</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/kernel_approximation.html#additive-chi-squared-kernel">7.7.3. Additive Chi Squared Kernel</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/kernel_approximation.html#skewed-chi-squared-kernel">7.7.4. Skewed Chi Squared Kernel</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/kernel_approximation.html#polynomial-kernel-approximation-via-tensor-sketch">7.7.5. Polynomial Kernel Approximation via Tensor Sketch</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/kernel_approximation.html#mathematical-details">7.7.6. Mathematical Details</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/metrics.html">7.8. Pairwise metrics, Affinities and Kernels</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/metrics.html#cosine-similarity">7.8.1. Cosine similarity</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/metrics.html#linear-kernel">7.8.2. Linear kernel</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/metrics.html#polynomial-kernel">7.8.3. Polynomial kernel</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/metrics.html#sigmoid-kernel">7.8.4. Sigmoid kernel</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/metrics.html#rbf-kernel">7.8.5. RBF kernel</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/metrics.html#laplacian-kernel">7.8.6. Laplacian kernel</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/metrics.html#chi-squared-kernel">7.8.7. Chi-squared kernel</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/preprocessing_targets.html">7.9. Transforming the prediction target (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">y</span></code>)</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/preprocessing_targets.html#label-binarization">7.9.1. Label binarization</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modules/preprocessing_targets.html#label-encoding">7.9.2. Label encoding</a></li>
</ul>
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