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<div class="section" id="classification-of-text-documents-using-sparse-features">
<span id="sphx-glr-auto-examples-text-document-classification-20newsgroups-py"></span><h1>Classification of text documents using sparse features<a class="headerlink" href="#classification-of-text-documents-using-sparse-features" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>This is an example showing how scikit-learn can be used to classify documents
by topics using a bag-of-words approach. This example uses a scipy.sparse
matrix to store the features and demonstrates various classifiers that can
efficiently handle sparse matrices.</p>
<p>The dataset used in this example is the 20 newsgroups dataset. It will be
automatically downloaded, then cached.</p>
<p>The bar plot indicates the accuracy, training time (normalized) and test time
(normalized) of each classifier.</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Author: Peter Prettenhofer <[email protected]></span>
<span class="c1"># Olivier Grisel <[email protected]></span>
<span class="c1"># Mathieu Blondel <[email protected]></span>
<span class="c1"># Lars Buitinck</span>
<span class="c1"># License: BSD 3 clause</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">__future__</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">print_function</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">logging</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="kn">as</span> <span class="nn">np</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">optparse</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">OptionParser</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">time</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">time</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">matplotlib.pyplot</span> <span class="kn">as</span> <span class="nn">plt</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sklearn.datasets</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.datasets.fetch_20newsgroups.html#sklearn.datasets.fetch_20newsgroups" title="View documentation for sklearn.datasets.fetch_20newsgroups"><span class="n">fetch_20newsgroups</span></a>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sklearn.feature_extraction.text</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.feature_extraction.text.TfidfVectorizer.html#sklearn.feature_extraction.text.TfidfVectorizer" title="View documentation for sklearn.feature_extraction.text.TfidfVectorizer"><span class="n">TfidfVectorizer</span></a>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sklearn.feature_extraction.text</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.feature_extraction.text.HashingVectorizer.html#sklearn.feature_extraction.text.HashingVectorizer" title="View documentation for sklearn.feature_extraction.text.HashingVectorizer"><span class="n">HashingVectorizer</span></a>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sklearn.feature_selection</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.feature_selection.SelectFromModel.html#sklearn.feature_selection.SelectFromModel" title="View documentation for sklearn.feature_selection.SelectFromModel"><span class="n">SelectFromModel</span></a>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sklearn.feature_selection</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.feature_selection.SelectKBest.html#sklearn.feature_selection.SelectKBest" title="View documentation for sklearn.feature_selection.SelectKBest"><span class="n">SelectKBest</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.feature_selection.chi2.html#sklearn.feature_selection.chi2" title="View documentation for sklearn.feature_selection.chi2"><span class="n">chi2</span></a>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sklearn.linear_model</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.linear_model.RidgeClassifier.html#sklearn.linear_model.RidgeClassifier" title="View documentation for sklearn.linear_model.RidgeClassifier"><span class="n">RidgeClassifier</span></a>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sklearn.pipeline</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.pipeline.Pipeline.html#sklearn.pipeline.Pipeline" title="View documentation for sklearn.pipeline.Pipeline"><span class="n">Pipeline</span></a>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sklearn.svm</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.svm.LinearSVC.html#sklearn.svm.LinearSVC" title="View documentation for sklearn.svm.LinearSVC"><span class="n">LinearSVC</span></a>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sklearn.linear_model</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.linear_model.SGDClassifier.html#sklearn.linear_model.SGDClassifier" title="View documentation for sklearn.linear_model.SGDClassifier"><span class="n">SGDClassifier</span></a>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sklearn.linear_model</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.linear_model.Perceptron.html#sklearn.linear_model.Perceptron" title="View documentation for sklearn.linear_model.Perceptron"><span class="n">Perceptron</span></a>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sklearn.linear_model</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.linear_model.PassiveAggressiveClassifier.html#sklearn.linear_model.PassiveAggressiveClassifier" title="View documentation for sklearn.linear_model.PassiveAggressiveClassifier"><span class="n">PassiveAggressiveClassifier</span></a>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sklearn.naive_bayes</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.naive_bayes.BernoulliNB.html#sklearn.naive_bayes.BernoulliNB" title="View documentation for sklearn.naive_bayes.BernoulliNB"><span class="n">BernoulliNB</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.naive_bayes.MultinomialNB.html#sklearn.naive_bayes.MultinomialNB" title="View documentation for sklearn.naive_bayes.MultinomialNB"><span class="n">MultinomialNB</span></a>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sklearn.neighbors</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier.html#sklearn.neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier" title="View documentation for sklearn.neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier"><span class="n">KNeighborsClassifier</span></a>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sklearn.neighbors</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.neighbors.NearestCentroid.html#sklearn.neighbors.NearestCentroid" title="View documentation for sklearn.neighbors.NearestCentroid"><span class="n">NearestCentroid</span></a>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sklearn.ensemble</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier.html#sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier" title="View documentation for sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier"><span class="n">RandomForestClassifier</span></a>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sklearn.utils.extmath</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">density</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">sklearn</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">metrics</span>
<span class="c1"># Display progress logs on stdout</span>
<span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">basicConfig</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">level</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">INFO</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">format</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="si">%(asctime)s</span><span class="s1"> </span><span class="si">%(levelname)s</span><span class="s1"> </span><span class="si">%(message)s</span><span class="s1">'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># parse commandline arguments</span>
<span class="n">op</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">OptionParser</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">op</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"--report"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"store_true"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dest</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"print_report"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">help</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Print a detailed classification report."</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">op</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"--chi2_select"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"store"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"int"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dest</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"select_chi2"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">help</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Select some number of features using a chi-squared test"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">op</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"--confusion_matrix"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"store_true"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dest</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"print_cm"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">help</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Print the confusion matrix."</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">op</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"--top10"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"store_true"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dest</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"print_top10"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">help</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Print ten most discriminative terms per class"</span>
<span class="s2">" for every classifier."</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">op</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"--all_categories"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"store_true"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dest</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"all_categories"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">help</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Whether to use all categories or not."</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">op</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"--use_hashing"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"store_true"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">help</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Use a hashing vectorizer."</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">op</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"--n_features"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"store"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">type</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">default</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">**</span> <span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">help</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"n_features when using the hashing vectorizer."</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">op</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_option</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"--filtered"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">action</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"store_true"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">help</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Remove newsgroup information that is easily overfit: "</span>
<span class="s2">"headers, signatures, and quoting."</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">is_interactive</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="nb">hasattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">modules</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'__main__'</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="s1">'__file__'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># work-around for Jupyter notebook and IPython console</span>
<span class="n">argv</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">is_interactive</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:]</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">op</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_args</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">op</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">error</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"this script takes no arguments."</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vm">__doc__</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">op</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">print_help</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># #############################################################################</span>
<span class="c1"># Load some categories from the training set</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">opts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all_categories</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">categories</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">categories</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="s1">'alt.atheism'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'talk.religion.misc'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'comp.graphics'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'sci.space'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">opts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">filtered</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">remove</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'headers'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'footers'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'quotes'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">remove</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Loading 20 newsgroups dataset for categories:"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">categories</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">categories</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="s2">"all"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">data_train</span> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.datasets.fetch_20newsgroups.html#sklearn.datasets.fetch_20newsgroups" title="View documentation for sklearn.datasets.fetch_20newsgroups"><span class="n">fetch_20newsgroups</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">subset</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'train'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">categories</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">categories</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">shuffle</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">random_state</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">remove</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">data_test</span> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.datasets.fetch_20newsgroups.html#sklearn.datasets.fetch_20newsgroups" title="View documentation for sklearn.datasets.fetch_20newsgroups"><span class="n">fetch_20newsgroups</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">subset</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'test'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">categories</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">categories</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">shuffle</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">random_state</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">42</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">remove</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'data loaded'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># order of labels in `target_names` can be different from `categories`</span>
<span class="n">target_names</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data_train</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">target_names</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">size_mb</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">docs</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">sum</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'utf-8'</span><span class="p">))</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">docs</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="mf">1e6</span>
<span class="n">data_train_size_mb</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">size_mb</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_train</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">data_test_size_mb</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">size_mb</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2"> documents - </span><span class="si">%0.3f</span><span class="s2">MB (training set)"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span>
<span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_train</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">data_train_size_mb</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2"> documents - </span><span class="si">%0.3f</span><span class="s2">MB (test set)"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span>
<span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">data_test_size_mb</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2"> categories"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">categories</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># split a training set and a test set</span>
<span class="n">y_train</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_test</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data_train</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">target</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data_test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">target</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Extracting features from the training data using a sparse vectorizer"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">t0</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">opts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">use_hashing</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">vectorizer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.feature_extraction.text.HashingVectorizer.html#sklearn.feature_extraction.text.HashingVectorizer" title="View documentation for sklearn.feature_extraction.text.HashingVectorizer"><span class="n">HashingVectorizer</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">stop_words</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'english'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">alternate_sign</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">n_features</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">n_features</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">X_train</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">vectorizer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">transform</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_train</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">vectorizer</span> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.feature_extraction.text.TfidfVectorizer.html#sklearn.feature_extraction.text.TfidfVectorizer" title="View documentation for sklearn.feature_extraction.text.TfidfVectorizer"><span class="n">TfidfVectorizer</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sublinear_tf</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">max_df</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">0.5</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">stop_words</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'english'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">X_train</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">vectorizer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fit_transform</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_train</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">duration</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">t0</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"done in </span><span class="si">%f</span><span class="s2">s at </span><span class="si">%0.3f</span><span class="s2">MB/s"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">duration</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data_train_size_mb</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">duration</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"n_samples: </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2">, n_features: </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">X_train</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Extracting features from the test data using the same vectorizer"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">t0</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">X_test</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">vectorizer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">transform</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">duration</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">t0</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"done in </span><span class="si">%f</span><span class="s2">s at </span><span class="si">%0.3f</span><span class="s2">MB/s"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">duration</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">data_test_size_mb</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">duration</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"n_samples: </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2">, n_features: </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">X_test</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># mapping from integer feature name to original token string</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">opts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">use_hashing</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">feature_names</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">None</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">feature_names</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">vectorizer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_feature_names</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">opts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select_chi2</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Extracting </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2"> best features by a chi-squared test"</span> <span class="o">%</span>
<span class="n">opts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select_chi2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">t0</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">ch2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.feature_selection.SelectKBest.html#sklearn.feature_selection.SelectKBest" title="View documentation for sklearn.feature_selection.SelectKBest"><span class="n">SelectKBest</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.feature_selection.chi2.html#sklearn.feature_selection.chi2" title="View documentation for sklearn.feature_selection.chi2"><span class="n">chi2</span></a><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">k</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select_chi2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">X_train</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ch2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fit_transform</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">X_train</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_train</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">X_test</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ch2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">transform</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">X_test</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">feature_names</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c1"># keep selected feature names</span>
<span class="n">feature_names</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">feature_names</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span>
<span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">ch2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_support</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">indices</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">True</span><span class="p">)]</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"done in </span><span class="si">%f</span><span class="s2">s"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">t0</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">feature_names</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">feature_names</span> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.8.1/reference/generated/numpy.asarray.html#numpy.asarray" title="View documentation for numpy.asarray"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">asarray</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">feature_names</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">trim</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="sd">"""Trim string to fit on terminal (assuming 80-column display)"""</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">s</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o"><=</span> <span class="mi">80</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">s</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="mi">77</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s2">"..."</span>
<span class="c1"># #############################################################################</span>
<span class="c1"># Benchmark classifiers</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">benchmark</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">clf</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'_'</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Training: "</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">clf</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">t0</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">clf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">X_train</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y_train</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">train_time</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">t0</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"train time: </span><span class="si">%0.3f</span><span class="s2">s"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">train_time</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">t0</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">pred</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">clf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">predict</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">X_test</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">test_time</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">time</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">t0</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"test time: </span><span class="si">%0.3f</span><span class="s2">s"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">test_time</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">score</span> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.metrics.accuracy_score.html#sklearn.metrics.accuracy_score" title="View documentation for sklearn.metrics.accuracy_score"><span class="n">metrics</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">accuracy_score</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">y_test</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pred</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"accuracy: </span><span class="si">%0.3f</span><span class="s2">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">score</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">hasattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">clf</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'coef_'</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"dimensionality: </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">clf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">coef_</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shape</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"density: </span><span class="si">%f</span><span class="s2">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">density</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">clf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">coef_</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">opts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">print_top10</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">feature_names</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"top 10 keywords per class:"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">enumerate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">target_names</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">top10</span> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.8.1/reference/generated/numpy.argsort.html#numpy.argsort" title="View documentation for numpy.argsort"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">argsort</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">clf</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">coef_</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">])[</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">:]</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">trim</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">: </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">label</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">" "</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">feature_names</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">top10</span><span class="p">]))))</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">opts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">print_report</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"classification report:"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.metrics.classification_report.html#sklearn.metrics.classification_report" title="View documentation for sklearn.metrics.classification_report"><span class="n">metrics</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">classification_report</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">y_test</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pred</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">target_names</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">target_names</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">opts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">print_cm</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"confusion matrix:"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.metrics.confusion_matrix.html#sklearn.metrics.confusion_matrix" title="View documentation for sklearn.metrics.confusion_matrix"><span class="n">metrics</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">confusion_matrix</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">y_test</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pred</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">clf_descr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">clf</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'('</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">clf_descr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">score</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">train_time</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">test_time</span>
<span class="n">results</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">clf</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">name</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">(</span>
<span class="p">(</span><a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.linear_model.RidgeClassifier.html#sklearn.linear_model.RidgeClassifier" title="View documentation for sklearn.linear_model.RidgeClassifier"><span class="n">RidgeClassifier</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">tol</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">1e-2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">solver</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"lsqr"</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s2">"Ridge Classifier"</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.linear_model.Perceptron.html#sklearn.linear_model.Perceptron" title="View documentation for sklearn.linear_model.Perceptron"><span class="n">Perceptron</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n_iter</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s2">"Perceptron"</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.linear_model.PassiveAggressiveClassifier.html#sklearn.linear_model.PassiveAggressiveClassifier" title="View documentation for sklearn.linear_model.PassiveAggressiveClassifier"><span class="n">PassiveAggressiveClassifier</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n_iter</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s2">"Passive-Aggressive"</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier.html#sklearn.neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier" title="View documentation for sklearn.neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier"><span class="n">KNeighborsClassifier</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n_neighbors</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s2">"kNN"</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier.html#sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier" title="View documentation for sklearn.ensemble.RandomForestClassifier"><span class="n">RandomForestClassifier</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n_estimators</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s2">"Random forest"</span><span class="p">)):</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'='</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">results</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">benchmark</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">clf</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">penalty</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"l2"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"l1"</span><span class="p">]:</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'='</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2"> penalty"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">penalty</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">upper</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="c1"># Train Liblinear model</span>
<span class="n">results</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">benchmark</span><span class="p">(</span><a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.svm.LinearSVC.html#sklearn.svm.LinearSVC" title="View documentation for sklearn.svm.LinearSVC"><span class="n">LinearSVC</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">penalty</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">penalty</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dual</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">tol</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">1e-3</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="c1"># Train SGD model</span>
<span class="n">results</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">benchmark</span><span class="p">(</span><a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.linear_model.SGDClassifier.html#sklearn.linear_model.SGDClassifier" title="View documentation for sklearn.linear_model.SGDClassifier"><span class="n">SGDClassifier</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alpha</span><span class="o">=.</span><span class="mo">0001</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n_iter</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">penalty</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">penalty</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="c1"># Train SGD with Elastic Net penalty</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'='</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Elastic-Net penalty"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">results</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">benchmark</span><span class="p">(</span><a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.linear_model.SGDClassifier.html#sklearn.linear_model.SGDClassifier" title="View documentation for sklearn.linear_model.SGDClassifier"><span class="n">SGDClassifier</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alpha</span><span class="o">=.</span><span class="mo">0001</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n_iter</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">penalty</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"elasticnet"</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="c1"># Train NearestCentroid without threshold</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'='</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"NearestCentroid (aka Rocchio classifier)"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">results</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">benchmark</span><span class="p">(</span><a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.neighbors.NearestCentroid.html#sklearn.neighbors.NearestCentroid" title="View documentation for sklearn.neighbors.NearestCentroid"><span class="n">NearestCentroid</span></a><span class="p">()))</span>
<span class="c1"># Train sparse Naive Bayes classifiers</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'='</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Naive Bayes"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">results</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">benchmark</span><span class="p">(</span><a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.naive_bayes.MultinomialNB.html#sklearn.naive_bayes.MultinomialNB" title="View documentation for sklearn.naive_bayes.MultinomialNB"><span class="n">MultinomialNB</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alpha</span><span class="o">=.</span><span class="mo">01</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="n">results</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">benchmark</span><span class="p">(</span><a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.naive_bayes.BernoulliNB.html#sklearn.naive_bayes.BernoulliNB" title="View documentation for sklearn.naive_bayes.BernoulliNB"><span class="n">BernoulliNB</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alpha</span><span class="o">=.</span><span class="mo">01</span><span class="p">)))</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'='</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="mi">80</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"LinearSVC with L1-based feature selection"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># The smaller C, the stronger the regularization.</span>
<span class="c1"># The more regularization, the more sparsity.</span>
<span class="n">results</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">benchmark</span><span class="p">(</span><a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.pipeline.Pipeline.html#sklearn.pipeline.Pipeline" title="View documentation for sklearn.pipeline.Pipeline"><span class="n">Pipeline</span></a><span class="p">([</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'feature_selection'</span><span class="p">,</span> <a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.feature_selection.SelectFromModel.html#sklearn.feature_selection.SelectFromModel" title="View documentation for sklearn.feature_selection.SelectFromModel"><span class="n">SelectFromModel</span></a><span class="p">(</span><a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.svm.LinearSVC.html#sklearn.svm.LinearSVC" title="View documentation for sklearn.svm.LinearSVC"><span class="n">LinearSVC</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">penalty</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"l1"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dual</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="bp">False</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">tol</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mf">1e-3</span><span class="p">))),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'classification'</span><span class="p">,</span> <a href="../../modules/generated/sklearn.svm.LinearSVC.html#sklearn.svm.LinearSVC" title="View documentation for sklearn.svm.LinearSVC"><span class="n">LinearSVC</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">penalty</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"l2"</span><span class="p">))])))</span>
<span class="c1"># make some plots</span>
<span class="n">indices</span> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.8.1/reference/generated/numpy.arange.html#numpy.arange" title="View documentation for numpy.arange"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">results</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">results</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[[</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">results</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">)]</span>
<span class="n">clf_names</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">score</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">training_time</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">test_time</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">results</span>
<span class="n">training_time</span> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.8.1/reference/generated/numpy.array.html#numpy.array" title="View documentation for numpy.array"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">array</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">training_time</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">training_time</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">test_time</span> <span class="o">=</span> <a href="http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.8.1/reference/generated/numpy.array.html#numpy.array" title="View documentation for numpy.array"><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">array</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">test_time</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">/</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">max</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">test_time</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="http://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.figure.AxesStack.html#matplotlib.figure" title="View documentation for matplotlib.pyplot.figure"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">figure</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">figsize</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">))</span>
<a href="http://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.title.html#matplotlib.pyplot.title" title="View documentation for matplotlib.pyplot.title"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"Score"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="http://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.barh.html#matplotlib.pyplot.barh" title="View documentation for matplotlib.pyplot.barh"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">barh</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">indices</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">score</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"score"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">color</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'navy'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="http://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.barh.html#matplotlib.pyplot.barh" title="View documentation for matplotlib.pyplot.barh"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">barh</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">indices</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">training_time</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"training time"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">color</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'c'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="http://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.barh.html#matplotlib.pyplot.barh" title="View documentation for matplotlib.pyplot.barh"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">barh</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">indices</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">test_time</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"test time"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">color</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'darkorange'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="http://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.yticks.html#matplotlib.pyplot.yticks" title="View documentation for matplotlib.pyplot.yticks"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">yticks</span></a><span class="p">(())</span>
<a href="http://matplotlib.org/api/legend_api.html#matplotlib.legend" title="View documentation for matplotlib.pyplot.legend"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">legend</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">loc</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'best'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="http://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplots_adjust.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplots_adjust" title="View documentation for matplotlib.pyplot.subplots_adjust"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplots_adjust</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">left</span><span class="o">=.</span><span class="mi">25</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="http://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplots_adjust.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplots_adjust" title="View documentation for matplotlib.pyplot.subplots_adjust"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplots_adjust</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">top</span><span class="o">=.</span><span class="mi">95</span><span class="p">)</span>
<a href="http://matplotlib.org/api/_as_gen/matplotlib.pyplot.subplots_adjust.html#matplotlib.pyplot.subplots_adjust" title="View documentation for matplotlib.pyplot.subplots_adjust"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subplots_adjust</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bottom</span><span class="o">=.</span><span class="mo">05</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">zip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">indices</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">clf_names</span><span class="p">):</span>
<a href="http://matplotlib.org/api/text_api.html#matplotlib.text" title="View documentation for matplotlib.pyplot.text"><span class="n">plt</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">text</span></a><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-.</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">c</span><span class="p">)</span>
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