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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/amp_examples.html">CUDA Automatic Mixed Precision examples</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="notes/autograd.html">Autograd mechanics</a></li>
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<section id="module-torch.utils.benchmark">
<span id="benchmark-utils-torch-utils-benchmark"></span><h1>Benchmark Utils - torch.utils.benchmark<a class="headerlink" href="#module-torch.utils.benchmark" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="torch.utils.benchmark.Timer">
<em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">torch.utils.benchmark.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Timer</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">stmt='pass'</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">setup='pass'</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">global_setup=''</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">timer=<built-in</span> <span class="pre">function</span> <span class="pre">perf_counter></span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">globals=None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">label=None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">sub_label=None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">description=None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">env=None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">num_threads=1</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">language=Language.PYTHON</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/torch/utils/benchmark/utils/timer.html#Timer"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.Timer" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Helper class for measuring execution time of PyTorch statements.</p>
<p>For a full tutorial on how to use this class, see:
<a class="reference external" href="https://pytorch.org/tutorials/recipes/recipes/benchmark.html">https://pytorch.org/tutorials/recipes/recipes/benchmark.html</a></p>
<p>The PyTorch Timer is based on <cite>timeit.Timer</cite> (and in fact uses
<cite>timeit.Timer</cite> internally), but with several key differences:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><dl class="simple">
<dt>Runtime aware:</dt><dd><p>Timer will perform warmups (important as some elements of PyTorch are
lazily initialized), set threadpool size so that comparisons are
apples-to-apples, and synchronize asynchronous CUDA functions when
necessary.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</li>
<li><dl class="simple">
<dt>Focus on replicates:</dt><dd><p>When measuring code, and particularly complex kernels / models,
run-to-run variation is a significant confounding factor. It is
expected that all measurements should include replicates to quantify
noise and allow median computation, which is more robust than mean.
To that effect, this class deviates from the <cite>timeit</cite> API by
conceptually merging <cite>timeit.Timer.repeat</cite> and <cite>timeit.Timer.autorange</cite>.
(Exact algorithms are discussed in method docstrings.) The <cite>timeit</cite>
method is replicated for cases where an adaptive strategy is not
desired.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</li>
<li><dl class="simple">
<dt>Optional metadata:</dt><dd><p>When defining a Timer, one can optionally specify <cite>label</cite>, <cite>sub_label</cite>,
<cite>description</cite>, and <cite>env</cite>. (Defined later) These fields are included in
the representation of result object and by the <cite>Compare</cite> class to group
and display results for comparison.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</li>
<li><dl class="simple">
<dt>Instruction counts</dt><dd><p>In addition to wall times, Timer can run a statement under Callgrind
and report instructions executed.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</li>
</ol>
<p>Directly analogous to <cite>timeit.Timer</cite> constructor arguments:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p><cite>stmt</cite>, <cite>setup</cite>, <cite>timer</cite>, <cite>globals</cite></p>
</div></blockquote>
<p>PyTorch Timer specific constructor arguments:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p><cite>label</cite>, <cite>sub_label</cite>, <cite>description</cite>, <cite>env</cite>, <cite>num_threads</cite></p>
</div></blockquote>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><ul class="simple">
<li><p><strong>stmt</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.10)"><em>str</em></a>) – Code snippet to be run in a loop and timed.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>setup</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.10)"><em>str</em></a>) – Optional setup code. Used to define variables used in <cite>stmt</cite></p></li>
<li><p><strong>global_setup</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.10)"><em>str</em></a>) – (C++ only)
Code which is placed at the top level of the file for things like
<cite>#include</cite> statements.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>timer</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Callable" title="(in Python v3.10)"><em>Callable</em></a><em>[</em><em>[</em><em>]</em><em>, </em><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#float" title="(in Python v3.10)"><em>float</em></a><em>]</em>) – Callable which returns the current time. If PyTorch was built
without CUDA or there is no GPU present, this defaults to
<cite>timeit.default_timer</cite>; otherwise it will synchronize CUDA before
measuring the time.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>globals</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Optional" title="(in Python v3.10)"><em>Optional</em></a><em>[</em><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Dict" title="(in Python v3.10)"><em>Dict</em></a><em>[</em><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.10)"><em>str</em></a><em>, </em><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Any" title="(in Python v3.10)"><em>Any</em></a><em>]</em><em>]</em>) – A dict which defines the global variables when <cite>stmt</cite> is being
executed. This is the other method for providing variables which
<cite>stmt</cite> needs.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>label</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Optional" title="(in Python v3.10)"><em>Optional</em></a><em>[</em><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.10)"><em>str</em></a><em>]</em>) – String which summarizes <cite>stmt</cite>. For instance, if <cite>stmt</cite> is
“torch.nn.functional.relu(torch.add(x, 1, out=out))”
one might set label to “ReLU(x + 1)” to improve readability.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>sub_label</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Optional" title="(in Python v3.10)"><em>Optional</em></a><em>[</em><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.10)"><em>str</em></a><em>]</em>) – <p>Provide supplemental information to disambiguate measurements
with identical stmt or label. For instance, in our example
above sub_label might be “float” or “int”, so that it is easy
to differentiate:
“ReLU(x + 1): (float)”</p>
<p>”ReLU(x + 1): (int)”
when printing Measurements or summarizing using <cite>Compare</cite>.</p>
</p></li>
<li><p><strong>description</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Optional" title="(in Python v3.10)"><em>Optional</em></a><em>[</em><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.10)"><em>str</em></a><em>]</em>) – <p>String to distinguish measurements with identical label and
sub_label. The principal use of <cite>description</cite> is to signal to
<cite>Compare</cite> the columns of data. For instance one might set it
based on the input size to create a table of the form:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">4</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">...</span>
<span class="o">-------------</span> <span class="o">...</span>
<span class="n">ReLU</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">...</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">...</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">...</span>
<span class="n">ReLU</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">...</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">...</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="o">...</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>using <cite>Compare</cite>. It is also included when printing a Measurement.</p>
</p></li>
<li><p><strong>env</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Optional" title="(in Python v3.10)"><em>Optional</em></a><em>[</em><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str" title="(in Python v3.10)"><em>str</em></a><em>]</em>) – This tag indicates that otherwise identical tasks were run in
different environments, and are therefore not equivilent, for
instance when A/B testing a change to a kernel. <cite>Compare</cite> will
treat Measurements with different <cite>env</cite> specification as distinct
when merging replicate runs.</p></li>
<li><p><strong>num_threads</strong> (<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="(in Python v3.10)"><em>int</em></a>) – The size of the PyTorch threadpool when executing <cite>stmt</cite>. Single
threaded performace is important as both a key inference workload
and a good indicator of intrinsic algorithmic efficiency, so the
default is set to one. This is in contrast to the default PyTorch
threadpool size which tries to utilize all cores.</p></li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="torch.utils.benchmark.Timer.blocked_autorange">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">blocked_autorange</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">callback</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">min_run_time</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">0.2</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/torch/utils/benchmark/utils/timer.html#Timer.blocked_autorange"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.Timer.blocked_autorange" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Measure many replicates while keeping timer overhead to a minimum.</p>
<p>At a high level, blocked_autorange executes the following pseudo-code:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>`setup`
total_time = 0
while total_time < min_run_time
start = timer()
for _ in range(block_size):
`stmt`
total_time += (timer() - start)
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Note the variable <cite>block_size</cite> in the inner loop. The choice of block
size is important to measurement quality, and must balance two
competing objectives:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p>A small block size results in more replicates and generally
better statistics.</p></li>
<li><p>A large block size better amortizes the cost of <cite>timer</cite>
invocation, and results in a less biased measurement. This is
important because CUDA syncronization time is non-trivial
(order single to low double digit microseconds) and would
otherwise bias the measurement.</p></li>
</ol>
</div></blockquote>
<p>blocked_autorange sets block_size by running a warmup period,
increasing block size until timer overhead is less than 0.1% of
the overall computation. This value is then used for the main
measurement loop.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Returns<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p>A <cite>Measurement</cite> object that contains measured runtimes and
repetition counts, and can be used to compute statistics.
(mean, median, etc.)</p>
</dd>
<dt class="field-even">Return type<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-even"><p><a class="reference internal" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.Measurement" title="torch.utils.benchmark.utils.common.Measurement"><em>Measurement</em></a></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="torch.utils.benchmark.Timer.collect_callgrind">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">collect_callgrind</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">number</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="(in Python v3.10)"><span class="pre">int</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">repeats</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/constants.html#None" title="(in Python v3.10)"><span class="pre">None</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">collect_baseline</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#bool" title="(in Python v3.10)"><span class="pre">bool</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">retain_out_file</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#bool" title="(in Python v3.10)"><span class="pre">bool</span></a></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">→</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><a class="reference internal" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.CallgrindStats" title="torch.utils.benchmark.utils.valgrind_wrapper.timer_interface.CallgrindStats"><span class="pre">CallgrindStats</span></a></span></span><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/torch/utils/benchmark/utils/timer.html#Timer.collect_callgrind"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.Timer.collect_callgrind" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt class="sig sig-object py">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">collect_callgrind</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">number</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="(in Python v3.10)"><span class="pre">int</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">repeats</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="(in Python v3.10)"><span class="pre">int</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">collect_baseline</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#bool" title="(in Python v3.10)"><span class="pre">bool</span></a></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">retain_out_file</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#bool" title="(in Python v3.10)"><span class="pre">bool</span></a></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">→</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.Tuple" title="(in Python v3.10)"><span class="pre">Tuple</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span><a class="reference internal" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.CallgrindStats" title="torch.utils.benchmark.utils.valgrind_wrapper.timer_interface.CallgrindStats"><span class="pre">CallgrindStats</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">,</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">...</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Collect instruction counts using Callgrind.</p>
<p>Unlike wall times, instruction counts are deterministic
(modulo non-determinism in the program itself and small amounts of
jitter from the Python interpreter.) This makes them ideal for detailed
performance analysis. This method runs <cite>stmt</cite> in a separate process
so that Valgrind can instrument the program. Performance is severely
degraded due to the instrumentation, however this is ameliorated by
the fact that a small number of iterations is generally sufficient to
obtain good measurements.</p>
<p>In order to to use this method <cite>valgrind</cite>, <cite>callgrind_control</cite>, and
<cite>callgrind_annotate</cite> must be installed.</p>
<p>Because there is a process boundary between the caller (this process)
and the <cite>stmt</cite> execution, <cite>globals</cite> cannot contain arbitrary in-memory
data structures. (Unlike timing methods) Instead, globals are
restricted to builtins, <cite>nn.Modules</cite>’s, and TorchScripted functions/modules
to reduce the surprise factor from serialization and subsequent
deserialization. The <cite>GlobalsBridge</cite> class provides more detail on this
subject. Take particular care with nn.Modules: they rely on pickle and
you may need to add an import to <cite>setup</cite> for them to transfer properly.</p>
<p>By default, a profile for an empty statement will be collected and
cached to indicate how many instructions are from the Python loop which
drives <cite>stmt</cite>.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Returns<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p>A <cite>CallgrindStats</cite> object which provides instruction counts and
some basic facilities for analyzing and manipulating results.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="torch.utils.benchmark.Timer.timeit">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">timeit</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">number</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">1000000</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/torch/utils/benchmark/utils/timer.html#Timer.timeit"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.Timer.timeit" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Mirrors the semantics of timeit.Timer.timeit().</p>
<p>Execute the main statement (<cite>stmt</cite>) <cite>number</cite> times.
<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/timeit.html#timeit.Timer.timeit">https://docs.python.org/3/library/timeit.html#timeit.Timer.timeit</a></p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Return type<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><a class="reference internal" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.Measurement" title="torch.utils.benchmark.utils.common.Measurement"><em>Measurement</em></a></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="torch.utils.benchmark.Measurement">
<em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">torch.utils.benchmark.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">Measurement</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">number_per_run</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">raw_times</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">task_spec</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">metadata</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/torch/utils/benchmark/utils/common.html#Measurement"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.Measurement" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The result of a Timer measurement.</p>
<p>This class stores one or more measurements of a given statement. It is
serializable and provides several convenience methods
(including a detailed __repr__) for downstream consumers.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
</dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="torch.utils.benchmark.Measurement.merge">
<em class="property"><span class="pre">static</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">merge</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">measurements</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/torch/utils/benchmark/utils/common.html#Measurement.merge"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.Measurement.merge" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convenience method for merging replicates.</p>
<p>Merge will extrapolate times to <cite>number_per_run=1</cite> and will not
transfer any metadata. (Since it might differ between replicates)</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Return type<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html#typing.List" title="(in Python v3.10)"><em>List</em></a>[<a class="reference internal" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.Measurement" title="torch.utils.benchmark.utils.common.Measurement"><em>Measurement</em></a>]</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py property">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="torch.utils.benchmark.Measurement.significant_figures">
<em class="property"><span class="pre">property</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">significant_figures</span></span><em class="property"><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="(in Python v3.10)"><span class="pre">int</span></a></em><a class="headerlink" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.Measurement.significant_figures" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Approximate significant figure estimate.</p>
<p>This property is intended to give a convenient way to estimate the
precision of a measurement. It only uses the interquartile region to
estimate statistics to try to mitigate skew from the tails, and
uses a static z value of 1.645 since it is not expected to be used
for small values of <cite>n</cite>, so z can approximate <cite>t</cite>.</p>
<p>The significant figure estimation used in conjunction with the
<cite>trim_sigfig</cite> method to provide a more human interpretable data
summary. __repr__ does not use this method; it simply displays raw
values. Significant figure estimation is intended for <cite>Compare</cite>.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="torch.utils.benchmark.CallgrindStats">
<em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">torch.utils.benchmark.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">CallgrindStats</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">task_spec</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">number_per_run</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">built_with_debug_symbols</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">baseline_inclusive_stats</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">baseline_exclusive_stats</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">stmt_inclusive_stats</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">stmt_exclusive_stats</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">stmt_callgrind_out</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/torch/utils/benchmark/utils/valgrind_wrapper/timer_interface.html#CallgrindStats"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.CallgrindStats" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Top level container for Callgrind results collected by Timer.</p>
<p>Manipulation is generally done using the FunctionCounts class, which is
obtained by calling <cite>CallgrindStats.stats(…)</cite>. Several convenience
methods are provided as well; the most significant is
<cite>CallgrindStats.as_standardized()</cite>.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
</dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="torch.utils.benchmark.CallgrindStats.as_standardized">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">as_standardized</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/torch/utils/benchmark/utils/valgrind_wrapper/timer_interface.html#CallgrindStats.as_standardized"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.CallgrindStats.as_standardized" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Strip library names and some prefixes from function strings.</p>
<p>When comparing two different sets of instruction counts, on stumbling
block can be path prefixes. Callgrind includes the full filepath
when reporting a function (as it should). However, this can cause
issues when diffing profiles. If a key component such as Python
or PyTorch was built in separate locations in the two profiles, which
can result in something resembling:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="mi">23234231</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">first_build_dir</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="mi">9823794</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">first_build_dir</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">...</span>
<span class="mi">53453</span> <span class="o">.../</span><span class="n">aten</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">src</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">Aten</span><span class="o">/...</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">function_that_actually_changed</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">...</span>
<span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">9823794</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">second_build_dir</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">23234231</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">tmp</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">second_build_dir</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">thing</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">...</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Stripping prefixes can ameliorate this issue by regularizing the
strings and causing better cancellation of equivilent call sites
when diffing.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Return type<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><a class="reference internal" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.CallgrindStats" title="torch.utils.benchmark.utils.valgrind_wrapper.timer_interface.CallgrindStats"><em>CallgrindStats</em></a></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="torch.utils.benchmark.CallgrindStats.counts">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">counts</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="o"><span class="pre">*</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">denoise</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/torch/utils/benchmark/utils/valgrind_wrapper/timer_interface.html#CallgrindStats.counts"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.CallgrindStats.counts" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the total number of instructions executed.</p>
<p>See <cite>FunctionCounts.denoise()</cite> for an explation of the <cite>denoise</cite> arg.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Return type<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#int" title="(in Python v3.10)">int</a></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="torch.utils.benchmark.CallgrindStats.delta">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">delta</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">other</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">inclusive</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/torch/utils/benchmark/utils/valgrind_wrapper/timer_interface.html#CallgrindStats.delta"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.CallgrindStats.delta" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Diff two sets of counts.</p>
<p>One common reason to collect instruction counts is to determine the
the effect that a particular change will have on the number of instructions
needed to perform some unit of work. If a change increases that number, the
next logical question is “why”. This generally involves looking at what part
if the code increased in instruction count. This function automates that
process so that one can easily diff counts on both an inclusive and
exclusive basis.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Return type<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><a class="reference internal" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.FunctionCounts" title="torch.utils.benchmark.utils.valgrind_wrapper.timer_interface.FunctionCounts"><em>FunctionCounts</em></a></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="torch.utils.benchmark.CallgrindStats.stats">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">stats</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">inclusive</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">False</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/torch/utils/benchmark/utils/valgrind_wrapper/timer_interface.html#CallgrindStats.stats"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.CallgrindStats.stats" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns detailed function counts.</p>
<p>Conceptually, the FunctionCounts returned can be thought of as a tuple
of (count, path_and_function_name) tuples.</p>
<p><cite>inclusive</cite> matches the semantics of callgrind. If True, the counts
include instructions executed by children. <cite>inclusive=True</cite> is useful
for identifying hot spots in code; <cite>inclusive=False</cite> is useful for
reducing noise when diffing counts from two different runs. (See
CallgrindStats.delta(…) for more details)</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Return type<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><a class="reference internal" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.FunctionCounts" title="torch.utils.benchmark.utils.valgrind_wrapper.timer_interface.FunctionCounts"><em>FunctionCounts</em></a></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py class">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="torch.utils.benchmark.FunctionCounts">
<em class="property"><span class="pre">class</span><span class="w"> </span></em><span class="sig-prename descclassname"><span class="pre">torch.utils.benchmark.</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">FunctionCounts</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">_data</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">inclusive</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">truncate_rows</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">True</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">_linewidth</span></span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/torch/utils/benchmark/utils/valgrind_wrapper/timer_interface.html#FunctionCounts"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.FunctionCounts" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Container for manipulating Callgrind results.</p>
<dl class="simple">
<dt>It supports:</dt><dd><ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p>Addition and subtraction to combine or diff results.</p></li>
<li><p>Tuple-like indexing.</p></li>
<li><p>A <cite>denoise</cite> function which strips CPython calls which are known to
be non-deterministic and quite noisy.</p></li>
<li><p>Two higher order methods (<cite>filter</cite> and <cite>transform</cite>) for custom
manipulation.</p></li>
</ol>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="field-list simple">
</dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="torch.utils.benchmark.FunctionCounts.denoise">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">denoise</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/torch/utils/benchmark/utils/valgrind_wrapper/timer_interface.html#FunctionCounts.denoise"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.FunctionCounts.denoise" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Remove known noisy instructions.</p>
<p>Several instructions in the CPython interpreter are rather noisy. These
instructions involve unicode to dictionary lookups which Python uses to
map variable names. FunctionCounts is generally a content agnostic
container, however this is sufficiently important for obtaining
reliable results to warrant an exception.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Return type<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><a class="reference internal" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.FunctionCounts" title="torch.utils.benchmark.utils.valgrind_wrapper.timer_interface.FunctionCounts"><em>FunctionCounts</em></a></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="torch.utils.benchmark.FunctionCounts.filter">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">filter</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">filter_fn</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/torch/utils/benchmark/utils/valgrind_wrapper/timer_interface.html#FunctionCounts.filter"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.FunctionCounts.filter" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Keep only the elements where <cite>filter_fn</cite> applied to function name returns True.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Return type<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><a class="reference internal" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.FunctionCounts" title="torch.utils.benchmark.utils.valgrind_wrapper.timer_interface.FunctionCounts"><em>FunctionCounts</em></a></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="py method">
<dt class="sig sig-object py" id="torch.utils.benchmark.FunctionCounts.transform">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">transform</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">map_fn</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="reference internal" href="_modules/torch/utils/benchmark/utils/valgrind_wrapper/timer_interface.html#FunctionCounts.transform"><span class="viewcode-link"><span class="pre">[source]</span></span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.FunctionCounts.transform" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Apply <cite>map_fn</cite> to all of the function names.</p>
<p>This can be used to regularize function names (e.g. stripping irrelevant
parts of the file path), coalesce entries by mapping multiple functions
to the same name (in which case the counts are added together), etc.</p>
<dl class="field-list simple">
<dt class="field-odd">Return type<span class="colon">:</span></dt>
<dd class="field-odd"><p><a class="reference internal" href="#torch.utils.benchmark.FunctionCounts" title="torch.utils.benchmark.utils.valgrind_wrapper.timer_interface.FunctionCounts"><em>FunctionCounts</em></a></p>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
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