Python's support for detecting and collecting garbage which involves circular references requires support from object types which are "containers" for other objects which may also be containers. Types which do not store references to other objects, or which only store references to atomic types (such as numbers or strings), do not need to provide any explicit support for garbage collection.
To create a container type, the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_flags` field of the type object must include the :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` and provide an implementation of the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_traverse` handler. If instances of the type are mutable, a :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` implementation must also be provided.
- :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC`
- Objects with a type with this flag set must conform with the rules documented here. For convenience these objects will be referred to as container objects.
Constructors for container types must conform to two rules:
- The memory for the object must be allocated using :c:macro:`PyObject_GC_New` or :c:macro:`PyObject_GC_NewVar`.
- Once all the fields which may contain references to other containers are initialized, it must call :c:func:`PyObject_GC_Track`.
Similarly, the deallocator for the object must conform to a similar pair of rules:
Before fields which refer to other containers are invalidated, :c:func:`PyObject_GC_UnTrack` must be called.
The object's memory must be deallocated using :c:func:`PyObject_GC_Del`.
Warning
If a type adds the Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, then it must implement at least a :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_traverse` handler or explicitly use one from its subclass or subclasses.
When calling :c:func:`PyType_Ready` or some of the APIs that indirectly call it like :c:func:`PyType_FromSpecWithBases` or :c:func:`PyType_FromSpec` the interpreter will automatically populate the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_flags`, :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_traverse` and :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` fields if the type inherits from a class that implements the garbage collector protocol and the child class does not include the :c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag.
.. c:macro:: PyObject_GC_New(TYPE, typeobj)
Analogous to :c:macro:`PyObject_New` but for container objects with the
:c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag set... c:macro:: PyObject_GC_NewVar(TYPE, typeobj, size)
Analogous to :c:macro:`PyObject_NewVar` but for container objects with the
:c:macro:`Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag set... c:function:: PyObject* PyUnstable_Object_GC_NewWithExtraData(PyTypeObject *type, size_t extra_size)
Analogous to :c:macro:`PyObject_GC_New` but allocates *extra_size*
bytes at the end of the object (at offset
:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize`).
The allocated memory is initialized to zeros,
except for the :c:type:`Python object header <PyObject>`.
The extra data will be deallocated with the object, but otherwise it is
not managed by Python.
.. warning::
The function is marked as unstable because the final mechanism
for reserving extra data after an instance is not yet decided.
For allocating a variable number of fields, prefer using
:c:type:`PyVarObject` and :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_itemsize`
instead.
.. versionadded:: 3.12
.. c:macro:: PyObject_GC_Resize(TYPE, op, newsize)
Resize an object allocated by :c:macro:`PyObject_NewVar`.
Returns the resized object of type ``TYPE*`` (refers to any C type)
or ``NULL`` on failure.
*op* must be of type :c:expr:`PyVarObject *`
and must not be tracked by the collector yet.
*newsize* must be of type :c:type:`Py_ssize_t`.
.. c:function:: void PyObject_GC_Track(PyObject *op)
Adds the object *op* to the set of container objects tracked by the
collector. The collector can run at unexpected times so objects must be
valid while being tracked. This should be called once all the fields
followed by the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_traverse` handler become valid, usually near the
end of the constructor.
.. c:function:: int PyObject_IS_GC(PyObject *obj)
Returns non-zero if the object implements the garbage collector protocol,
otherwise returns 0.
The object cannot be tracked by the garbage collector if this function returns 0.
.. c:function:: int PyObject_GC_IsTracked(PyObject *op)
Returns 1 if the object type of *op* implements the GC protocol and *op* is being
currently tracked by the garbage collector and 0 otherwise.
This is analogous to the Python function :func:`gc.is_tracked`.
.. versionadded:: 3.9
.. c:function:: int PyObject_GC_IsFinalized(PyObject *op)
Returns 1 if the object type of *op* implements the GC protocol and *op* has been
already finalized by the garbage collector and 0 otherwise.
This is analogous to the Python function :func:`gc.is_finalized`.
.. versionadded:: 3.9
.. c:function:: void PyObject_GC_Del(void *op)
Releases memory allocated to an object using :c:macro:`PyObject_GC_New` or
:c:macro:`PyObject_GC_NewVar`.
.. c:function:: void PyObject_GC_UnTrack(void *op)
Remove the object *op* from the set of container objects tracked by the
collector. Note that :c:func:`PyObject_GC_Track` can be called again on
this object to add it back to the set of tracked objects. The deallocator
(:c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc` handler) should call this for the object before any of
the fields used by the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_traverse` handler become invalid.
.. versionchanged:: 3.8
The :c:func:`!_PyObject_GC_TRACK` and :c:func:`!_PyObject_GC_UNTRACK` macros
have been removed from the public C API.The :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_traverse` handler accepts a function parameter of this type:
.. c:type:: int (*visitproc)(PyObject *object, void *arg)
Type of the visitor function passed to the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_traverse` handler.
The function should be called with an object to traverse as *object* and
the third parameter to the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_traverse` handler as *arg*. The
Python core uses several visitor functions to implement cyclic garbage
detection; it's not expected that users will need to write their own
visitor functions.The :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_traverse` handler must have the following type:
.. c:type:: int (*traverseproc)(PyObject *self, visitproc visit, void *arg)
Traversal function for a container object. Implementations must call the
*visit* function for each object directly contained by *self*, with the
parameters to *visit* being the contained object and the *arg* value passed
to the handler. The *visit* function must not be called with a ``NULL``
object argument. If *visit* returns a non-zero value that value should be
returned immediately.To simplify writing :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_traverse` handlers, a :c:func:`Py_VISIT` macro is provided. In order to use this macro, the :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_traverse` implementation must name its arguments exactly visit and arg:
.. c:function:: void Py_VISIT(PyObject *o)
If *o* is not ``NULL``, call the *visit* callback, with arguments *o*
and *arg*. If *visit* returns a non-zero value, then return it.
Using this macro, :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_traverse` handlers
look like::
static int
my_traverse(Noddy *self, visitproc visit, void *arg)
{
Py_VISIT(self->foo);
Py_VISIT(self->bar);
return 0;
}The :c:member:`~PyTypeObject.tp_clear` handler must be of the :c:type:`inquiry` type, or NULL
if the object is immutable.
.. c:type:: int (*inquiry)(PyObject *self)
Drop references that may have created reference cycles. Immutable objects
do not have to define this method since they can never directly create
reference cycles. Note that the object must still be valid after calling
this method (don't just call :c:func:`Py_DECREF` on a reference). The
collector will call this method if it detects that this object is involved
in a reference cycle.
The C-API provides the following functions for controlling garbage collection runs.
.. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyGC_Collect(void)
Perform a full garbage collection, if the garbage collector is enabled.
(Note that :func:`gc.collect` runs it unconditionally.)
Returns the number of collected + unreachable objects which cannot
be collected.
If the garbage collector is disabled or already collecting,
returns ``0`` immediately.
Errors during garbage collection are passed to :data:`sys.unraisablehook`.
This function does not raise exceptions.
.. c:function:: int PyGC_Enable(void)
Enable the garbage collector: similar to :func:`gc.enable`.
Returns the previous state, 0 for disabled and 1 for enabled.
.. versionadded:: 3.10
.. c:function:: int PyGC_Disable(void)
Disable the garbage collector: similar to :func:`gc.disable`.
Returns the previous state, 0 for disabled and 1 for enabled.
.. versionadded:: 3.10
.. c:function:: int PyGC_IsEnabled(void)
Query the state of the garbage collector: similar to :func:`gc.isenabled`.
Returns the current state, 0 for disabled and 1 for enabled.
.. versionadded:: 3.10
The C-API provides the following interface for querying information about the garbage collector.
.. c:function:: void PyUnstable_GC_VisitObjects(gcvisitobjects_t callback, void *arg)
Run supplied *callback* on all live GC-capable objects. *arg* is passed through to
all invocations of *callback*.
.. warning::
If new objects are (de)allocated by the callback it is undefined if they
will be visited.
Garbage collection is disabled during operation. Explicitly running a collection
in the callback may lead to undefined behaviour e.g. visiting the same objects
multiple times or not at all.
.. versionadded:: 3.12.. c:type:: int (*gcvisitobjects_t)(PyObject *object, void *arg)
Type of the visitor function to be passed to :c:func:`PyUnstable_GC_VisitObjects`.
*arg* is the same as the *arg* passed to ``PyUnstable_GC_VisitObjects``.
Return ``1`` to continue iteration, return ``0`` to stop iteration. Other return
values are reserved for now so behavior on returning anything else is undefined.
.. versionadded:: 3.12