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<section id="numpy-security">
<h1>NumPy security<a class="headerlink" href="#numpy-security" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h1>
<p>Security issues can be reported privately as described in the project README
and when opening a <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/numpy/numpy/issues/new/choose">new issue on the issue tracker</a>.
The <a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/security/">Python security reporting guidelines</a>
are a good resource and its notes apply also to NumPy.</p>
<p>NumPy’s maintainers are not security experts. However, we are conscientious
about security and experts of both the NumPy codebase and how it’s used.
Please do notify us before creating security advisories against NumPy as
we are happy to prioritize issues or help with assessing the severity of a bug.
A security advisory we are not aware of beforehand can lead to a lot of work
for all involved parties.</p>
<section id="advice-for-using-numpy-on-untrusted-data">
<h2>Advice for using NumPy on untrusted data<a class="headerlink" href="#advice-for-using-numpy-on-untrusted-data" title="Link to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>A user who can freely execute NumPy (or Python) functions must be considered
to have the same privilege as the process/Python interpreter.</p>
<p>That said, NumPy should be generally safe to use on <em>data</em> provided by
unprivileged users and read through safe API functions (e.g. loaded from a
text file or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.npy</span></code> file without pickle support).
Malicious <em>values</em> or <em>data sizes</em> should never lead to privilege escalation.
Note that the above refers to array data. We do not currently consider for
example <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f2py</span></code> to be safe:
it is typically used to compile a program that is then run.
Any <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f2py</span></code> invocation must thus use the same privilege as the later execution.</p>
<p>The following points may be useful or should be noted when working with
untrusted data:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>Exhausting memory can result in an out-of-memory kill, which is a possible
denial of service attack. Possible causes could be:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Functions reading text files, which may require much more memory than
the original input file size.</p></li>
<li><p>If users can create arbitrarily shaped arrays, NumPy’s broadcasting means
that intermediate or result arrays can be much larger than the inputs.</p></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>NumPy structured dtypes allow for a large amount of complexity. Fortunately,
most code fails gracefully when a structured dtype is provided unexpectedly.
However, code should either disallow untrusted users to provide these
(e.g. via <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.npy</span></code> files) or carefully check the fields included for
nested structured/subarray dtypes.</p></li>
<li><p>Passing on user input should generally be considered unsafe
(except for the data being read).
An example would be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">np.dtype(user_string)</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dtype=user_string</span></code>.</p></li>
<li><p>The speed of operations can depend on values and memory order can lead to
larger temporary memory use and slower execution.
This means that operations may be significantly slower or use more memory
compared to simple test cases.</p></li>
<li><p>When reading data, consider enforcing a specific shape (e.g. one dimensional)
or dtype such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float64</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float32</span></code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int64</span></code> to reduce complexity.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>When working with non-trivial untrusted data, it is advisable to sandbox the
analysis to guard against potential privilege escalation.
This is especially advisable if further libraries based on NumPy are used since
these add additional complexity and potential security issues.</p>
</section>
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