migration.ngdoc

@ngdoc overview
@name Migrating from Previous Versions
@sortOrder 550
@description

# Migrating an App to a newer version

Minor version releases in AngularJS introduce several breaking changes that may require changes to your
application's source code; for instance from 1.0 to 1.2 and from 1.2 to 1.3.

Although we try to avoid breaking changes, there are some cases where it is unavoidable:

* AngularJS has undergone thorough security reviews to make applications safer by default,
which drives many of these changes.
* Several new features, especially animations, would not be possible without a few changes.
* Finally, some outstanding bugs were best fixed by changing an existing API.


## Migrating from 1.6 to 1.7

AngularJS 1.7 contains bug fixes and features to AngularJS core and its external modules, some of
which contain breaking changes. However, most of these address internal behavior and not APIs, and
should not affect many applications.
Additionally, we have removed some long-deprecated modules and APIs.

The most notable changes are:

- `$resource` has now support for request and requestError interceptors

- Several deprecated features have been removed:
    - the `$controllerProvider.allowGlobals()` flag
    - the `$compileProvider.preAssignBindingsEnabled()` flag
    - the `angular.lowercase` and `angular.uppercase` methods
    - the `$cookieStore` service from the `ngCookies` module
    - the `ngClick` override directive and corresponding services from the `ngTouch` module
    - the complete `ngScenario` module

Please note that feature development (without breaking changes) has happened in parallel on the
1.6.x branch, so 1.7 doesn't contain many new features, but you may still benefit from those
features that were added (with possible BCs), bugfixes, and a few smaller performance improvements.


<br />
Below is the full list of breaking changes:


<br />
<a name="migrate1.6to1.7-ng-directives"></a>
### Core: _Directives_


#### **form**

**Due to [223de5](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/223de59e988dc0cc8b4ec3a045b7c0735eba1c77)**,
forms will now set `$submitted` on child forms when they are submitted.
For example:
```
<form name="parentform" ng-submit="$ctrl.submit()">
  <ng-form name="childform">
    <input type="text" name="input" ng-model="my.model" />
  </ng-form>
  <input type="submit" />
</form>
```

Submitting this form will set `$submitted` on "parentform" and "childform".
Previously, it was only set on "parentform".

This change was introduced because mixing `form` and `ngForm` does not create
logically separate forms, but rather something like input groups.
Therefore, child forms should inherit the submission state from their parent form.


#### **input[radio]** and **input[checkbox]**

**Due to [656c8f](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/656c8fa8f23b1277cc5c214c4d0237f3393afa1e)**,
`input[radio]` and `input[checkbox]` now listen to the "change" event instead of the "click" event.
Most apps should not be affected, as "change" is automatically fired by browsers after "click"
happens.

Two scenarios might need migration:

- Custom click events:

Before this change, custom click event listeners on radio / checkbox would be called after the
input element and `ngModel` had been updated, unless they were specifically registered before
the built-in click handlers.
After this change, they are called before the input is updated, and can call
`event.preventDefault()` to prevent the input from updating.

If an app uses a click event listener that expects `ngModel` to be updated when it is called, it now
needs to register a change event listener instead.

- Triggering click events:

Conventional trigger functions:

The change event might not be fired when the input element is not attached to the document. This
can happen in **tests** that compile input elements and trigger click events on them. Depending on
the browser (Chrome and Safari) and the trigger method, the change event will not be fired when the
input isn't attached to the document.

Before:

```js
it('should update the model', inject(function($compile, $rootScope) {
  var inputElm = $compile('<input type="checkbox" ng-model="checkbox" />')($rootScope);

  inputElm[0].click(); // Or different trigger mechanisms, such as jQuery.trigger()
  expect($rootScope.checkbox).toBe(true);
});
```

With this patch, `$rootScope.checkbox` might not be true, because the click event hasn't triggered
the change event. To make the test, work append `inputElm` to the app's `$rootElement`, and the
`$rootElement` to the `$document`.

After:

```js
it('should update the model', inject(function($compile, $rootScope, $rootElement, $document) {
  var inputElm = $compile('<input type="checkbox" ng-model="checkbox" />')($rootScope);

  $rootElement.append(inputElm);
  $document.append($rootElement);

  inputElm[0].click(); // Or different trigger mechanisms, such as jQuery.trigger()
  expect($rootScope.checkbox).toBe(true);
});
```


#### **input\[number\]**

**Due to [aa3f95](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/aa3f951330ec7b10b43ea884d9b5754e296770ec)**,
`input[type=number]` with `ngModel` now validates the input for the `max`/`min` restriction against
the `ngModelController.$viewValue` instead of against the `ngModelController.$modelValue`.

This affects apps that use `$parsers` or `$formatters` to transform the input / model value.

If you rely on the `$modelValue` validation, you can overwrite the `min`/`max` validator from a
custom directive, as seen in the following example directive definition object:

```js
{
  restrict: 'A',
  require: 'ngModel',
  link: function(scope, element, attrs, ctrl) {
    var maxValidator = ctrl.$validators.max;

    ctrk.$validators.max = function(modelValue, viewValue) {
      return maxValidator(modelValue, modelValue);
    };
  }
}
```


#### **ngModel, input**

**Due to [74b04c](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/74b04c9403af4fc7df5b6420f22c9f45a3e84140)**,
*Custom* parsers that fail to parse on input types "email", "url", "number", "date", "month",
"time", "datetime-local", "week", no longer set `ngModelController.$error[inputType]`, and
the `ng-invalid-[inputType]` class. Also, custom parsers on input type "range" no longer set `ngModelController.$error.number` and the `ng-invalid-number` class.

Instead, any custom parsers on these inputs set `ngModelController.$error.parse` and
`ng-invalid-parse`. This change was made to make distinguishing errors from built-in parsers
and custom parsers easier.


#### **ngModelOptions**

**Due to [55ba44](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/55ba44913e02650b56410aa9ab5eeea5d3492b68)**,
the 'default' key in 'debounce' now only debounces the default event, i.e. the event that is added
as an update trigger by the different input directives automatically.

Previously, it also applied to other update triggers defined in 'updateOn' that
did not have a corresponding key in the 'debounce'.

This behavior is now supported via a special wildcard / catch-all key: '*'.

See the following example:

Pre-1.7:
'mouseup' is also debounced by 500 milliseconds because 'default' is applied:
```html
ng-model-options="{
  updateOn: 'default blur mouseup',
  debounce: { 'default': 500, 'blur': 0 }
}"
```

1.7:
The pre-1.7 behavior can be re-created by setting '*' as a catch-all debounce value:
```html
ng-model-options="{
  updateOn: 'default blur mouseup',
  debounce: { '*': 500, 'blur': 0 }
}"
```

In contrast, when only 'default' is used, 'blur' and 'mouseup' are not debounced:
```html
ng-model-options="{
  updateOn: 'default blur mouseup',
  debounce: { 'default': 500 }
}
```


#### **ngStyle**

**Due to [15bbd3](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/15bbd3e18cd89b91f7206a06c73d40e54a8a48a0)**,
the use of deep-watching in `ngStyle` has changed. Previously, `ngStyle` would trigger styles to be
re-applied whenever nested state changed. Now, only changes to direct properties of the watched
object will trigger changes.


<a name="migrate1.6to1.7-ng-services"></a>
### Core: _Services_


#### **$compile**

**Due to [38f8c9](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/38f8c97af74649ce224b6dd45f433cc665acfbfb)**,
directive bindings are no longer available in the constructor.

Previously, the `$compileProvider.preAssignBindingsEnabled` flag was supported.
The flag controlled whether bindings were available inside the controller
constructor or only in the `$onInit` hook. The bindings are now no longer
available in the constructor.

To migrate your code:

1. If you haven't invoked `$compileProvider.preAssignBindingsEnabled()` you
don't have to do anything to migrate.

2. If you specified `$compileProvider.preAssignBindingsEnabled(false)`, you
can remove that statement - since AngularJS 1.6.0 this is the default so your
app should still work even in AngularJS 1.6 after such removal. Afterwards,
migrating to AngularJS 1.7.0 shouldn't require any further action.

3. If you specified `$compileProvider.preAssignBindingsEnabled(true)` you need
to first migrate your code so that the flag can be flipped to `false`. The
instructions on how to do that are available in the "Migrating from 1.5 to 1.6"
guide: https://docs.angularjs.org/guide/migration#migrating-from-1-5-to-1-6
Afterwards, remove the `$compileProvider.preAssignBindingsEnabled(true)`
statement.

<hr />

**Due to [6ccbfa](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/6ccbfa65d60a3dc396d0cf6da21b993ad74653fd)**,
the `xlink:href` security context for SVG's `a` and `image` elements has been lowered.

In the unlikely case that an app relied on `RESOURCE_URL` whitelisting for the
purpose of binding to the `xlink:href` property of SVG's `<a>` or `<image>`
elements and if the values do not pass the regular URL sanitization, they will
break.

To fix this you need to ensure that the values used for binding to the affected
`xlink:href` contexts are considered safe URLs, e.g. by whitelisting them in
`$compileProvider`'s `aHrefSanitizationWhitelist` (for `<a>` elements) or
`imgSrcSanitizationWhitelist` (for `<image>` elements).

<hr />

**Due to [fd4f01](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/fd4f0111188b62773b99ab6eab38b4d2b5d8d727)**,
deep-watching is no longer used in literal one-way bindings.

Previously, when a literal value was passed into a directive/component via
one-way binding it would be watched with a deep watcher.

For example, for `<my-component input="[a]">`, a new instance of the array
would be passed into the directive/component (and trigger `$onChanges`) not
only if `a` changed but also if any sub property of `a` changed such as
`a.b` or `a.b.c.d.e` etc.

This also means a new but equal value for `a` would NOT trigger such a
change.

Now, literal values use an input-based watch similar to other directive/component
one-way bindings. In this context inputs are the non-constant parts of the
literal. In the example above, the input would be `a`. Changes are only
triggered, when the inputs to the literal change.

<hr />

**Due to [1cf728](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/1cf728e209a9e0016068fac2769827e8f747760e)**,
`base[href]` was added to the list of `RESOURCE_URL` context attributes.

Previously, `<base href="{{ $ctrl.baseUrl }}" />` would not require `baseUrl` to
be trusted as a `RESOURCE_URL`. Now, `baseUrl` will be sent to `$sce`'s
`RESOURCE_URL` checks. By default, it will break unless `baseUrl` is of the same
origin as the application document.

Refer to the
[`$sce` API docs](https://code.angularjs.org/snapshot/docs/api/ng/service/$sce)
for more info on how to trust a value in a `RESOURCE_URL` context.

Also, concatenation in trusted contexts is not allowed, which means that the
following won't work: `<base href="/something/{{ $ctrl.partialPath }}" />`.

Either construct complex values in a controller (recommended):

```js
this.baseUrl = '/something/' + this.partialPath;
```
```html
<base href="{{ $ctrl.baseUrl }}" />
```

Or use string concatenation in the interpolation expression (not recommended
except for the simplest of cases):

```html
<base href="{{ '/something/' + $ctrl.partialPath }}" />
```


#### **$rootScope**

**Due to ([c2b8fa](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c2b8fab0a480204374d561d6b9b3d47347ac5570))**,
the arguments of `$watchGroup` callbacks have changed.

Previously, when using `$watchGroup`, the entries in `newValues` and
`oldValues` represented the *most recent change of each entry*.

Now, the entries in `oldValues` will always equal the `newValues` of the previous
call of the listener. This means comparing the entries in `newValues` and
`oldValues` can be used to determine which individual expressions changed.

For example `$scope.$watchGroup(['a', 'b'], fn)` would previously:

|  Action  |  newValue  |  oldValue  |
|----------|------------|------------|
|  (init)  | [undefined, undefined] | [undefined, undefined] |
|  `a=1`   | [1, undefined] | [undefined, undefined] |
|  `a=2`   | [2, undefined] | [1, undefined] |
|  `b=3`   | [2, 3] | [1, undefined] |


Now the `oldValue` will always equal the previous `newValue`:

|  Action  |  newValue  |  oldValue  |
|----------|------------|------------|
|  (init)  | [undefined, undefined] | [undefined, undefined] |
|  `a=1`   | [1, undefined] | [undefined, undefined] |
|  `a=2`   | [2, undefined] | [1, undefined] |
|  `b=3`   | [2, 3] | [2, undefined] |

Note the last call now shows `a === 2` in the `oldValues` array.

This also makes the `oldValue` of one-time watchers more clear. Previously,
the `oldValue` of a one-time watcher would remain `undefined` forever. For
example `$scope.$watchGroup(['a', '::b'], fn)` would previously:

|  Action  |  newValue  |  oldValue  |
|----------|------------|------------|
|  (init)  | [undefined, undefined] | [undefined, undefined] |
|  `a=1`   | [1, undefined] | [undefined, undefined] |
|  `b=2`   | [1, 2] | [undefined, undefined] |
|  `a=b=3` | [3, 2] | [1, undefined] |

Where now the `oldValue` will always equal the previous `newValue`:

|  Action  |  newValue  |  oldValue  |
|----------|------------|------------|
|  (init)  | [undefined, undefined] | [undefined, undefined] |
|  `a=1`   | [1, undefined] | [undefined, undefined] |
|  `b=2`   | [1, 2] | [1, undefined] |
|  `a=b=3` | [3, 2] | [1, 2] |


#### **$interval**

**Due to [a8bef9](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/a8bef95127775d83d80daa4617c33227c4b443d4)**,
`$interval.cancel()` will throw an error if called with a promise that was not generated by
`$interval()`. Previously, it would silently do nothing.

Before:
```js
var promise = $interval(doSomething, 1000, 5).then(doSomethingElse);
$interval.cancel(promise);  // No error; interval NOT canceled.
```

After:
```js
var promise = $interval(doSomething, 1000, 5).then(doSomethingElse);
$interval.cancel(promise);  // Throws error.
```

Correct usage:
```js
var promise = $interval(doSomething, 1000, 5);
var newPromise = promise.then(doSomethingElse);
$interval.cancel(promise);  // Interval canceled.
```


#### **$timeout**

**Due to [336525](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/3365256502344970f86355d3ace1cb4251ae9828)**,
`$timeout.cancel()` will throw an error if called with a promise that was not generated by
`$timeout()`. Previously, it would silently do nothing.

Before:
```js
var promise = $timeout(doSomething, 1000).then(doSomethingElse);
$timeout.cancel(promise);  // No error; timeout NOT canceled.
```

After:
```js
var promise = $timeout(doSomething, 1000).then(doSomethingElse);
$timeout.cancel(promise);  // Throws error.
```

Correct usage:
```js
var promise = $timeout(doSomething, 1000);
var newPromise = promise.then(doSomethingElse);
$timeout.cancel(promise);  // Timeout canceled.
```


#### **$cookies**

**Due to [73c646](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/73c6467f1468353215dc689c019ed83aa4993c77)**,
the `$cookieStore`service has been removed. Migrate to the `$cookies` service. Note that
for object values you need to use the `putObject` & `getObject` methods, as
`get`/`put` will not correctly save/retrieve the object values.

Before:
```js
$cookieStore.put('name', {key: 'value'});
$cookieStore.get('name'); // {key: 'value'}
$cookieStore.remove('name');
```


#### **$templateRequest**

**Due to [c617d6](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c617d6dceee5b000bfceda44ced22fc16b48b18b)**,
the `tpload` error namespace has changed. Previously, the `tpload` error was namespaced to
`$compile`. If you have code that matches errors of the form `[$compile:tpload]` it will no longer
run. You should change the code to match `[$templateRequest:tpload]`.

<hr />

**Due to ([fb0099](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/fb00991460cf69ae8bc7f1f826363d09c73c0d5e)**,
`$templateRequest()` now returns the result of `$templateCache.put()` when making a server request
for a template. Previously, it would return the content of the response directly.

This means that if you are decorating `$templateCache.put()` to manipulate the template, you will
now get this manipulated result also on the first `$templateRequest()` call rather than only on
subsequent calls (when the template is retrieved from the cache).

In practice, this should not affect any apps, as it is unlikely that they rely on the template being
different in the first and subsequent calls.


#### **$animate**

**Due to [16b82c](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/16b82c6afe0ab916fef1d6ca78053b00bf5ada83)**,
`$animate.cancel(runner)` now rejects the underlying promise and calls the `catch()` handler on the
runner returned by `$animate` functions (`enter`, `leave`, `move`, `addClass`, `removeClass`,
`setClass`, `animate`).
Previously, it would resolve the promise as if the animation had ended successfully.

Example:

```js
var runner = $animate.addClass('red');
runner.then(function() { console.log('success')});
runner.catch(function() { console.log('cancelled')});

runner.cancel();
```

Pre-1.7.0, this logs 'success', 1.7.0 and later it logs 'cancelled'.
To migrate, add a `catch()` handler to your animation runners.


#### **$controller**

**Due to [e269c1](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/e269c14425a3209040f65c022658770e00a36f16)**,
the option to instantiate controllers from constructors on the global `window` object
has been removed. Likewise, the deprecated `$controllerProvider.allowGlobals()`
method that could enable this behavior, has been removed.

This behavior had been deprecated since AngularJS v1.3.0, because polluting the global scope
is considered bad practice. To migrate, remove the call to `$controllerProvider.allowGlobals()` in
the config, and register your controller via the Module API or the `$controllerProvider`, e.g.:

```js
angular.module('myModule', []).controller('myController', function() {...});

// or

angular.module('myModule', []).config(function($controllerProvider) {
  $controllerProvider.register('myController', function() {...});
});
```


#### **$sce**

**Due to [1e9ead](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/1e9eadcd72dbbd5c67dae8328a63e535cfa91ff9)**,
if you use `attrs.$set` for URL attributes (`a[href]` and `img[src]`) there will no
longer be any automated sanitization of the value. This is in line with other
programmatic operations, such as writing to the `innerHTML` of an element.

If you are programmatically writing URL values to attributes from untrusted
input, then you must sanitize it yourself. You could write your own sanitizer or copy
the private `$$sanitizeUri` service.

Note that values that have been passed through the `$interpolate` service within the
`URL` or `MEDIA_URL` will have already been sanitized, so you would not need to sanitize
these values again.

<hr/>

**Due to [1e9ead](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/1e9eadcd72dbbd5c67dae8328a63e535cfa91ff9)**,
binding {@link ng.$sce#trustAs trustAs()} and the short versions
({@link ng.$sce#trustAsResourceUrl trustAsResourceUrl()} et al.) to {@link ng.ngSrc},
{@link ng.ngSrcset}, and {@link ng.ngHref} will now raise an infinite digest error:

```js
$scope.imgThumbFn = function(id) {
  return $sce.trustAsResourceUrl(someService.someUrl(id));
};
```

```html
<img ng-src="{{ imgThumbFn(imgId) }}" />
```

This is because {@link ng.$interpolate} is now responsible for sanitizing
the attribute value, and its watcher receives a new object from `trustAs()`
on every digest.
To migrate, compute the trusted value only when the input value changes:

```js
$scope.$watch('imgId', function(id) {
  $scope.imgThumb = $sce.trustAsResourceUrl(someService.someUrl(id));
});
```

```html
<img ng-src="{{ imgThumb }}" />
```


<a name="migrate1.6to1.7-ng-filters"></a>
### Core: _Filters_


#### **orderBy**

**Due to [1d8046](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/1d804645f7656d592c90216a0355b4948807f6b8)**,
when using `orderBy` to sort arrays containing `null` values, the `null` values
will be considered "greater than" all other values, except for `undefined`.
Previously, they were sorted as strings. This will result in different (but more
intuitive) sorting order.

Before:
```js
orderByFilter(['a', undefined, 'o', null, 'z']);
//--> 'a', null, 'o', 'z', undefined
```

After:
```js
orderByFilter(['a', undefined, 'o', null, 'z']);
//--> 'a', 'o', 'z', null, undefined
```


<a name="migrate1.6to1.7-ng-misc"></a>
### Core: _Misceallenous_


#### **jqLite**

**Due to [b7d396](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/b7d396b8b6e8f27a1f4556d58fc903321e8d532a)**,
`removeData()` no longer removes event handlers.

Before this commit `removeData()` invoked on an element removed its event
handlers as well. If you want to trigger a full cleanup of an element, change:

```js
elem.removeData();
```

to:

```js
angular.element.cleanData(elem);
```

In most cases, though, cleaning up after an element is supposed to be done
only when it's removed from the DOM as well; in such cases the following:

```js
elem.remove();
```

will remove event handlers as well.


#### **Helpers**

**Due to [1daa4f](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/1daa4f2231a89ee88345689f001805ffffa9e7de)**,
the helper functions `angular.lowercase` and `angular.uppercase` have been removed.

These functions have been deprecated since 1.5.0. They are internally
used, but should not be exposed as they contain special locale handling
(for Turkish) to maintain internal consistency regardless of user-set locale.

Developers should generally use the built-in methods `toLowerCase` and `toUpperCase`
or `toLocaleLowerCase` and `toLocaleUpperCase` for special cases.

<hr />

**Due to [e3ece2](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/e3ece2fad9e1e6d47b5f06815ff186d7e6f44948)**,
`angular.isArray()` now supports Array subclasses.

Previously, `angular.isArray()` was an alias for `Array.isArray()`.
Therefore, objects that prototypally inherit from `Array` where not
considered arrays. Now such objects are considered arrays too.

This change affects several other methods that use `angular.isArray()`
under the hood, such as `angular.copy()`, `angular.equals()`,
`angular.forEach()`, and `angular.merge()`.

This in turn affects how dirty checking treats objects that prototypally
inherit from `Array` (e.g. MobX observable arrays). AngularJS will now
be able to handle these objects better when copying or watching.


<a name="migrate1.6to1.7-ngAria"></a>
### ngAria

**Due to [6d5ef3](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/6d5ef34fc6a974cde73157ba94f9706723dd8f5b)**,
`ngAria` no longer sets `aria-*` attributes on `input[type="hidden"]` with `ngModel`.
This can affect apps that test for the presence of ARIA attributes on hidden inputs.
To migrate, remove these assertions.
In actual apps, this should not have a user-facing effect, as the previous behavior
was incorrect, and the new behavior is correct for accessibility.


<a name="migrate1.6to1.7-ngResource"></a>
### ngResource


#### **$resource**

**Due to [ea0585](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/ea0585773bb93fd891576e2271254a17e15f1ddd)**,
the behavior of interceptors and success/error callbacks has changed.

If you are not using `success` or `error` callbacks with `$resource`,
your app should not be affected by this change.

If you are using `success` or `error` callbacks (with or without
response interceptors), one (subtle) difference is that throwing an
error inside the callbacks will not propagate to the returned
`$promise`. Therefore, you should try to use the promises whenever
possible. E.g.:

```js
// Avoid
User.query(function onSuccess(users) { throw new Error(); }).
  $promise.
  catch(function onError() { /* Will not be called. */ });

// Prefer
User.query().
  $promise.
  then(function onSuccess(users) { throw new Error(); }).
  catch(function onError() { /* Will be called. */ });
```

Finally, if you are using `success` or `error` callbacks with response
interceptors, the callbacks will now always run _after_ the interceptors
(and wait for them to resolve in case they return a promise).
Previously, the `error` callback was called before the `responseError`
interceptor and the `success` callback was synchronously called after
the `response` interceptor. E.g.:

```js
var User = $resource('/api/users/:id', {id: '@id'}, {
  get: {
    method: 'get',
    interceptor: {
      response: function(response) {
        console.log('responseInterceptor-1');
        return $timeout(1000).then(function() {
          console.log('responseInterceptor-2');
          return response.resource;
        });
      },
      responseError: function(response) {
        console.log('responseErrorInterceptor-1');
        return $timeout(1000).then(function() {
          console.log('responseErrorInterceptor-2');
          return $q.reject('Ooops!');
        });
      }
    }
  }
});
var onSuccess = function(value) { console.log('successCallback', value); };
var onError = function(error) { console.log('errorCallback', error); };

// Assuming the following call is successful...
User.get({id: 1}, onSuccess, onError);
  // Old behavior:
  //   responseInterceptor-1
  //   successCallback, {/* Promise object */}
  //   responseInterceptor-2
  // New behavior:
  //   responseInterceptor-1
  //   responseInterceptor-2
  //   successCallback, {/* User object */}

// Assuming the following call returns an error...
User.get({id: 2}, onSuccess, onError);
  // Old behavior:
  //   errorCallback, {/* Response object */}
  //   responseErrorInterceptor-1
  //   responseErrorInterceptor-2
  // New behavior:
  //   responseErrorInterceptor-1
  //   responseErrorInterceptor-2
  //   errorCallback, Ooops!
```

<hr />

**Due to [240a3d](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/240a3ddbf12a9bb79754031be95dae4b6bd2dded)**,
`$http` will be called asynchronously from `$resource` methods
(regardless if a `request`/`requestError` interceptor has been defined).

Previously, calling a `$resource` method would synchronously call
`$http`.

This is not expected to affect applications at runtime, since the
overall operation is asynchronous already, but may affect assertions in
tests. For example, if you want to assert that `$http` has been called
with specific arguments as a result of a `$resource` call, you now need
to run a `$digest` first, to ensure the (possibly empty) request
interceptor promise has been resolved.

Before:
```js
it('...', function() {
  $httpBackend.expectGET('/api/things').respond(...);
  var Things = $resource('/api/things');
  Things.query();

  expect($http).toHaveBeenCalledWith(...);
});
```

After:
```js
it('...', function() {
  $httpBackend.expectGET('/api/things').respond(...);
  var Things = $resource('/api/things');
  Things.query();
  $rootScope.$digest();

  expect($http).toHaveBeenCalledWith(...);
});
```


<a name="migrate1.6to1.7-ngScenario"></a>
### ngScenario

**Due to[0cd392](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/0cd39217828b0ad53eaf731576af17d66c18ff60)**,
the angular scenario runner end-to-end test framework has been
removed from the project and will no longer be available on npm
or bower starting with 1.7.0.
It has been deprecated and removed from the documentation since 2014.
Applications that still use it should migrate to
[Protractor](http://www.protractortest.org).
Technically, it should also be possible to continue using an
older version of the scenario runner, as the underlying APIs have
not changed. However, we do not guarantee future compatibility.


<a name="migrate1.6to1.7-ngTouch"></a>
### ngTouch

**Due to [11d9ad](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/11d9ad1eb25eaf5967195e424108207427835d50)**,
the `ngClick` directive of the `ngTouch` module has been removed, and with it the
corresponding `$touchProvider` and `$touch` service.

If you have included `ngTouch` v1.5.0 or higher in your application, and have not
changed the value of `$touchProvider.ngClickOverrideEnabled()`, or injected and used the `$touch`
service, then there are no migration steps for your code. Otherwise you must remove references to
the provider and service.

The `ngClick` override directive had been deprecated and by default disabled since v1.5.0,
because of buggy behavior in edge cases, and a general trend to avoid special touch based
overrides of click events. In modern browsers, it should not be necessary to use a touch override
library:

- Chrome, Firefox, Edge, and Safari remove the 300ms delay when
  `<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">` is set.
- Internet Explorer 10+, Edge, Safari, and Chrome remove the delay on elements that have the
  `touch-action` css property is set to `manipulation`.

You can find out more in these articles:
https://developers.google.com/web/updates/2013/12/300ms-tap-delay-gone-away
https://developer.apple.com/library/content/releasenotes/General/WhatsNewInSafari/Articles/Safari_9_1.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40014305-CH10-SW8
https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/ie/2015/02/24/pointer-events-w3c-recommendation-interoperable-touch-and-removing-the-dreaded-300ms-tap-delay/



## Migrating from 1.5 to 1.6

AngularJS 1.6 fixes numerous bugs and adds new features, both in core and in external modules.
In addition, it includes several security and performance improvements in commonly used services,
such as `$compile`, `$injector`, `$parse`, `$animate`, and directives, such as `input`, `ngModel`
and `select`.


The most notable changes are:

- Aligning jqLite with the latest version of jQuery (3.x).
- Implementing long awaited features, such as support for inputs of type `range` and the ability to
  bind to any type of values using `ngRepeat` with `select`.
- Disabling (by default) the pre-assignment of bindings on controller instances, which helps with
  support for native ES6 classes.
- Changing the default `$location` hash-prefix to `'!'`, as the previous empty string default was
  unconventional and confusing.
- Reporting possibly unhandled promise rejections that would otherwise go unnoticed.

Another major change is the removal of the **Expression Sandbox**. This should not require changes
to your application (and may give it a small performance boost), but we strongly recommend reading
the [Sandbox Removal Blog Post](http://angularjs.blogspot.com/2016/09/angular-16-expression-sandbox-removal.html)
to understand the implications behind the removal and whether any action is required on your part.


<br />
You may also notice that this release comes with a longer-than-usual list of breaking changes. Don't
let this dishearten you though, since most of them are pretty minor - often not expected to affect
real applications. These breaking changes were necessary in order to:

- Align with breaking changes in jQuery 3.
- Fix bugs that we wouldn't be able to fix otherwise.
- Introduce new features, performance improvements and security fixes.
- Make the behavior of existing features more consistent and predictable.


<br />
To give you a heads-up, here is a brief summary of the breaking changes that are expected to have
the highest impact. Make sure you look them up in the full list below or check out the corresponding
commits for more info.

- **$location** now uses `'!'` as the default hash-prefix for hash-bang URLs, instead of the empty
  string. ([Details](guide/migration#commit-aa077e8))

- **$compile** will (by default) not pre-assign bindings on component/directive controller
  instances. ([Details](guide/migration#commit-bcd0d4))

- **http** imposes additional restrictions to **JSONP** requests for security reasons
  (see [details](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ng-services-$http) below):
  - The request URL now needs to be trusted as a resource URL.
  - You can no longer use the `JSON_CALLBACK` placeholder for specifying the query parameter for the
    callback.



- **jqLite** is more aligned to jQuery 3, which required the following changes
  (see [details](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ng-misc-jqLite) below):
  - Keys passed to `.data()` and `.css()` are now camelCased in the same way as the jQuery methods
    do.
  - Getting/setting boolean attributes no longer takes the corresponding properties into account.
  - Setting boolean attributes to empty string no longer removes the attribute.
  - Calling `.val()` on a multiple select will always return an array, even if no option is
    selected.



- **input[type=radio]** now uses strict comparison (`===`) to determine its "checked" status.
  ([Details](guide/migration#commit-5ac7da))

- The improved support for **input[type=range]** means that the behaviour of range inputs (when
  bound to `ngModel`) has changed. ([Details](guide/migration#commit-913016))

- **ngTransclude** now treats whitespace-only transclusion content as empty and uses the fallback
  content instead. ([Details](guide/migration#commit-32aa7e))

- **ngAria/ngModel** no longer overrides the default `$inEmpty()` method for custom
  `checkbox`-shaped controls. ([Details](guide/migration#commit-975a61))


<br />
Below is the full list of breaking changes:

- Core:
  - [Directives](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ng-directives)
    - [form](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ng-directives-form)
    - [input[number]](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ng-directives-input[number])
    - [input[radio]](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ng-directives-input[radio])
    - [input[range]](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ng-directives-input[range])
    - [ngBind](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ng-directives-ngBind)
    - [ngModel](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ng-directives-ngModel)
    - [ngModelOptions](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ng-directives-ngModelOptions)
    - [ngTransclude](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ng-directives-ngTransclude)
    - [select](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ng-directives-select)
  - [Services](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ng-services)
    - [$compile](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ng-services-$compile)
    - [$http](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ng-services-$http)
    - [$interpolate](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ng-services-$interpolate)
    - [$location](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ng-services-$location)
    - [$q](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ng-services-$q)
  - [Miscellaneous](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ng-misc)
    - [jqLite](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ng-misc-jqLite)
    - [decorator()](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ng-misc-decorator)
- Modules:
  - [ngAria](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ngAria)
    - [$aria](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ngAria-$aria)
    - [ngClick](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ngAria-ngClick)
    - [ngModel](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ngAria-ngModel)
  - [ngMock](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ngMock)
    - [$httpBackend](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ngMock-$httpBackend)
  - [ngResource](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ngResource)
    - [$resource](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ngResource-$resource)
  - [ngRoute](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ngRoute)
    - [$route](guide/migration#migrate1.5to1.6-ngRoute-$route)


<br />
<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ng-directives"></a>
### Core: _Directives_

<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ng-directives-form"></a>
#### **form**:

<minor />
**Due to [9e24e7](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/9e24e774a558143b3478536911a3a4c1714564ba)**,
`FormController` now defines its methods on its prototype, instead of on each instance. As a
consequence, `FormController` methods always need to be called in the correct context. For example
`$scope.$watch('something', myFormCtrl.$setDirty)` will no longer work, because the `$setDirty`
method is passed without any context. The code must now be changed to:

```js
$scope.$watch('something', function() {
  myFormCtrl.$setDirty();
})
```

or you can use `Function.prototype.bind` or `angular.bind`.


<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ng-directives-input[number]"></a>
#### **input[type=number]**:

<minor />
**Due to [e1da4be](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/e1da4bed8e291003d485a8ad346ab80bed8ae2e3)**,
number inputs that use `ngModel` and specify a `step` constraint (via `step`/`ngStep` attributes)
will now have a new validator (`step`), which will verify that the current value is valid under the
`step` constraint (according to the [spec](https://www.w3.org/TR/html5/forms.html#the-step-attribute)).
Previously, the `step` constraint was ignored by `ngModel`, treating values as valid even when there
was a step-mismatch.

If you want to restore the previous behavior (use the `step` attribute while disabling step
validation), you can overwrite the built-in `step` validator with a custom directive. For example:

```js
// For all `input` elements...
.directive('input', function() {
  return {
    restrict: 'E',
    require: '?ngModel',
    link: function (scope, elem, attrs, ngModelCtrl) {
      // ...that are of type "number" and have `ngModel`...
      if ((attrs.type === 'number') && ngModelCtrl) {
        // ...remove the `step` validator.
        delete ngModelCtrl.$validators.step;
      }
    }
  };
})
```


<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ng-directives-input[radio]"></a>
#### **input[type=radio]**:

<major />
<a name="commit-5ac7da"></a>
**Due to [5ac7da](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/5ac7daea72ec31cf337d1d21b13f0d17ff33994f)**,
the "checked" status of radio inputs is now determined by doing a strict comparison (`===`) between
the value of the input and the `ngModelController.$viewValue`. Previously, this was a non-strict
comparison (`==`).

This means in the following examples the radio is no longer checked:

```html
<!-- this.selected = 0 -->
<input type="radio" ng-model="$ctrl.selected" value="0" />

<!-- this.selected = 0; this.value = false; -->
<input type="radio" ng-model="$ctrl.selected" ng-value="$ctrl.value" />
```

If your code relied on the non-strict comparison, you need to convert the values so that they
continue to match with strict comparison.


<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ng-directives-input[range]"></a>
#### **input[type=range]**:

<major />
<a name="commit-913016"></a>
**Due to [913016](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/9130166767c4792c5d32d08a918fc7becf32c9a6)**
and the built-in support for range inputs, the behavior of such elements when bound to `ngModel`
will be different than before:

- Like `input[type=number]`, it requires the model to be a Number, and will set the model to a
  Number.
- It supports setting the min/max values only via the min/max attributes.
- It follows the browser behavior of never allowing an invalid value. That means, when the browser
  converts an invalid value (empty: `null`, `undefined`, `false` ..., out of bounds: greater than
  max, less than min) to a valid value, the input will in turn set the model to this new valid value
  via `$setViewValue`.
  - This means a range input will never have the required validation error and never have a
    non-Number model value, once the `ngModel` directive is initialized.
  - This behavior is supported when the model changes and when the min/max attributes change in a
    way that prompts the browser to update the input value.
- Browsers that do not support `input[type=range]` (IE9) handle the input like a number input (with
  validation etc).


<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ng-directives-ngBind"></a>
#### **ngBind**:

<minor />
**Due to [fa80a6](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/fa80a61a05a3b49a2c770d5544cb8480907a18d3)**,
`ngBind` now uses the same logic as `$interpolate` (i.e. `{{ myObject }}`) when binding, which means
values other than strings are now transformed as follows:
- `null`/`undefined` become the empty string.
- If an object is not Array, Number or Date and has a custom `toString()` function, use that.
- Otherwise use `JSON.stringify()`.

Previously, `ngBind` would always use `toString()`. The following examples show the difference:

```js
$scope.myPlainObject = {a: 1, b: 2};
$scope.myCustomObject = {a: 1, b: 2, toString: function() { return 'a+b'; }};
```

Plain Object:

```html
<!-- Before: -->
<span ng-bind="myPlainObject">[object Object]</span>

<!-- After: -->
<span ng-bind="myPlainObject">{'a':1,'b':2}</span>
```

Object with custom `toString()`:

```html
<!-- Before: -->
<span ng-bind="myCustomObject">[object Object]</span>

<!-- After: -->
<span ng-bind="myCustomObject">a+b</span>
```

If you want the output of `toString()`, you can call it manually on the value in `ngBind`:

```html
<span ng-bind="myObject.toString()">[object Object]</span>
```


<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ng-directives-ngModel"></a>
#### **ngModel**:

<minor />
**Due to [9e24e7](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/9e24e774a558143b3478536911a3a4c1714564ba)**,
`NgModelController` now defines its methods on its prototype, instead of on each instance. As a
consequence, `NgModelController` methods always need to be called in the correct context. For example
`$scope.$watch('something', myNgModelCtrl.$setDirty)` will no longer work, because the `$setDirty`
method is passed without any context. The code must now be changed to:

```js
$scope.$watch('something', function() {
  myNgModelCtrl.$setDirty();
})
```

<hr />
<minor />
**Due to [7bc71a](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/7bc71adc63bb6bb609b44dd2d3ea8fb0cd3f300b)**,
the values returned by synchronous validators are always treated as boolean. Previously, only a
literal `false` return value would cause the validation to fail. Now, _all_ falsy values will cause
the validation to fail, as one would naturally expect.

Specifically, the values `0`, `null`, `NaN` and `''` (the empty string) used to cause the validation
to pass and they will now cause it to fail. The value `undefined` was treated similarly to a pending
asynchronous validator, causing the validation to be pending. `undefined` is now also treated as
`false`.

If your synchronous validators are always returning boolean values (which should already be the case
for most applications anyway), then this change does not affect you. If not, make sure you always
return a boolean value (`true/false`) indicating whether the input is valid or not.


<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ng-directives-ngModelOptions"></a>
#### **ngModelOptions**:

<minor />
**Due to [296cfc](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/296cfce40c25e9438bfa46a0eb27240707a10ffa)**,
the programmatic API for `ngModelOptions` has changed. You must now read options via the
`ngModelController.$options.getOption(name)` method, rather than accessing the option directly as a
property of the `ngModelContoller.$options` object. One benefit of these changes, though, is that
the `ngModelControler.$options` property is now guaranteed to be defined so there is no need to
check before accessing.

This does not affect the usage in templates and only affects custom directives that might have been
reading options for their own purposes. If you were programmatically accessing the options, you need
to change your code as follows:

Before:

```js
var myOption = ngModelController.$options && ngModelController.$options['my-option'];
```

After:

```js
var myOption = ngModelController.$options.getOption('my-option');
```


<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ng-directives-ngTransclude"></a>
#### **ngTransclude**:

<major />
<a name="commit-32aa7e"></a>
**Due to [32aa7e](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/32aa7e7395527624119e3917c54ee43b4d219301)**,
if you only provide whitespace as the transclusion content, it will be assumed to be empty and the
fallback content will be used instead. Previously, whitespace only transclusion would be treated as
the transclusion being "not empty", which meant that fallback content was not used in that case.

If you actually want whitespace to appear as the transcluded content, then you can force it to be
used by adding an HTML comment to the whitespace:

```html
<my-component>
  <!-- Use this as transclusion content even if empty. -->
</my-component>
```


<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ng-directives-select"></a>
#### **select**:

<tests-only />
**Due to [f02b70](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/f02b707b5e4a5ffd1e1a20d910754cfabfc19622)**,
using `ngValue` on `<option>` elements inside a `<select ng-model>` will automatically set values on
them in hash form (used internally by `select` to map to the corresponding model value). I.e.
`<option ng-value="myString">` will become `<option ng-value="myString" value="string:myString">`.

This is necessary in order to support binding options with values of any type to selects and should
hardly affect any applications, as the values of options are usually not relevant to the
application logic. (Although, it may affect tests that check the `value` attribute of `<option>`
elements.)

<hr />
<tests-only />
**Due to [e8c2e1](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/e8c2e119758e58e18fe43932d09a8ff9f506aa9d)**,
`<option>` elements will no longer have their value attribute set from their text value when their
`<select>` element doesn't have `ngModel` associated with it. Setting the value is only needed for
the select directive to match model values and options. If `ngModel` is not present, the `select`
directive doesn't need it.

This should not affect many applications as the behavior was undocumented and not part of the public
API. It also has no effect on the usual HTML5 behavior that sets the select value to the option text
if the option does not provide a value attribute.


<br />
<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ng-services"></a>
### Core: _Services_

<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ng-services-$compile"></a>
#### **$compile**:

<major />
<a name="commit-bcd0d4"></a>
**Due to [bcd0d4](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/bcd0d4d896d0dfdd988ff4f849c1d40366125858)**,
pre-assigning bindings on component/directive controller instances is disabled by default, which
means that they will no longer be available inside the constructors. It is still possible to turn it
back on, which should help during the migration. Pre-assigning bindings has been deprecated and will
be removed in a future version, so we strongly recommend migrating your applications to not rely on
it as soon as possible.

Initialization logic that relies on bindings being present should be put in the controller's
`$onInit()` method, which is guaranteed to always be called _after_ the bindings have been assigned.

Before:

```js
.component('myComponent', {
  bindings: {value: '<'},
  controller: function() {
    // `this.value` might or might not be initialized,
    // based on whether `preAssignBindingsEnabled` is true or false.
    this.doubleValue = this.value * 2;
  }
})
```

After:

```js
.component('myComponent', {
  bindings: {value: '<'},
  controller: function() {
    this.$onInit = function() {
      // `this.value` will always be initialized,
      // regardless of the value of `preAssignBindingsEnabled`.
      this.doubleValue = this.value * 2;
    };
  }
})
```

If you need to, you can re-enabled this feature with the following configuration block:

```js
.config(function($compileProvider) {
  $compileProvider.preAssignBindingsEnabled(true);
})
```

**Note:**
This will re-enable the feature for the whole application, so only do it if you are in control of
the whole application. If you are writing a library, you need to change your code as shown above.
Furthermore, if your library also targets versions before 1.5 (which do not support the `$onInit()`
lifecycle hook), you may need to manually call `$onInit()` from your constructor:

```js
.directive('myComponent', function() {
  return {
    scope: {value: '<'},
    controller: function() {
      // Put initialization logic inside `$onInit()`
      // to make sure bindings have been initialized.
      this.$onInit = function() {
        this.doubleValue = this.value * 2;
      };

      // Prior to v1.5, we need to call `$onInit()` manually.
      // (Bindings will always be pre-assigned in these versions.)
      if (angular.version.major === 1 && angular.version.minor < 5) {
        this.$onInit();
      }
    }
  };
})
```

<hr />
<minor />
**Due to [04cad4](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/04cad41d26ebaf44b5ee0c29a152d61f235f3efa)**,
`link[href]` attributes are now protected via `$sce`, which prevents interpolated values that fail
the `RESOURCE_URL` context tests from being used in interpolation. For example if the application is
running at `https://docs.angularjs.org` then the following will fail:

```html
<link href="{{ 'http://mydomain.org/unsafe.css' }}" rel="stylesheet" />
```

By default, only URLs with the same domain and protocol as the application document are considered
safe in the `RESOURCE_URL` context. To use URLs from other domains and/or protocols, you may either
whitelist them or wrap them into a trusted value by calling `$sce.trustAsResourceUrl(url)`.

<hr />
<minor />
**Due to [97bbf8](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/97bbf86a1979d099802f0d631c17c54b87563b40)**,
whitespace in attributes is no longer trimmed automatically. This includes leading and trailing
whitespace, and attributes that are purely whitespace. To migrate, attributes that require trimming
must now be trimmed manually. A common case where stray whitespace can cause problems is when
attribute values are compared, for example in `$observe`.

Before:

```js
$attrs.$observe('myAttr', function(newVal) {
  if (newVal === 'some value') ...
});
```

After:

```js
$attrs.$observe('myAttr', function(newVal) {
  if (newVal.trim() === 'some value') ...
});
```

Note that `$parse` trims expressions automatically, so attributes with expressions (e.g. directive
bindings) should not be affected by this change.

<hr />
<minor />
**Due to [13c252](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/13c2522baf7c8f616b2efcaab4bffd54c8736591)**,
on **IE11 only**, consecutive text nodes will always get merged. Previously, they would not get
merged if they had no parent. The new behavior, which fixes an IE11 bug affecting interpolation
under certain circumstances, might in some edge-cases have unexpected side effects that you should
be aware of. Please, check the commit message for more details.

<hr />
<tests-only />
**Due to [b89c21](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/b89c2181a9a165e06c027390164e08635ec449f4)**,
using interpolation in any `on*` event attribute (e.g. `<button onclick="{{myVar}}">`) will now
throw the `nodomevents` error at compile time. Previously, the `nodomevents` was thrown at link
time. This change is not expected to affect any applications, as it is related to incorrect API use
that should not make it to production apps in the first place.


<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ng-services-$http"></a>
#### **$http**:

<major />
<a name="commit-fb6634"></a>
**Due to [fb6634](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/fb663418710736161a6b5da49c345e92edf58dcb)**,
you can no longer use the `JSON_CALLBACK` placeholder in your JSONP requests. Instead you must
provide the name of the query parameter that will pass the callback via the `jsonpCallbackParam`
property of the config object, or app-wide via the `$http.defaults.jsonpCallbackParam` property,
which is `"callback"` by default.

Before:

```js
$http.json('trusted/url?callback=JSON_CALLBACK');
$http.json('other/trusted/url', {params: {cb: 'JSON_CALLBACK'}});
```

After:

```js
$http.json('trusted/url');
$http.json('other/trusted/url', {jsonpCallbackParam: 'cb'});
```

<hr />
<minor />
<a name="commit-6476af"></a>
**Due to [6476af](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/6476af83cd0418c84e034a955b12a842794385c4)**,
all JSONP requests now require the URL to be trusted as a resource URL. There are two approaches to
trust a URL:

1. **Whitelisting with the `$sceDelegateProvider.resourceUrlWhitelist()` method.**
   You configure this list in a module configuration block:

    ```js
    appModule.config(['$sceDelegateProvider', function($sceDelegateProvider) {
      $sceDelegateProvider.resourceUrlWhitelist([
        // Allow same origin resource loads.
        'self',
        // Allow JSONP calls that match this pattern
        'https://some.dataserver.com/**.jsonp?**'
      ]);
    }]);
    ```

2. **Explicitly trusting the URL via the `$sce.trustAsResourceUrl(url)` method.**
   You can pass a trusted object instead of a string as a URL to the `$http` service:

    ```js
    var promise = $http.jsonp($sce.trustAsResourceUrl(url));
    ```

<hr />
<tests-only />
**Due to [4f6f2b](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/4f6f2bce4ac93b85320e42e5023c09d099779b7d)**,
HTTP requests now update the outstanding request count synchronously. Previously, the request count
would not have been updated until the request to the server was actually in flight. Now the request
count is updated before any async interceptor is called.

The new behavior will also allow end-2-end tests to more correctly detect when AngularJS is stable,
but there is a chance it may change the observed behaviour in cases where an async request
interceptor is being used.

<hr />
<minor />
**Due to [b54a39](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/b54a39e2029005e0572fbd2ac0e8f6a4e5d69014)**,
`$http`'s deprecated custom callback methods - `success()` and `error()` - have been removed. You
can use the standard `then()`/`catch()` promise methods instead, but note that the method signatures
and return values are different.

`success(fn)` can be replaced with `then(fn)`, and `error(fn)` can be replaced with either
`then(null, fn)` or `catch(fn)`.

Before:

```js
$http(...).
  success(function onSuccess(data, status, headers, config) {
    // Handle success
    ...
  }).
  error(function onError(data, status, headers, config) {
    // Handle error
    ...
  });
```

After:

```js
$http(...).
  then(function onSuccess(response) {
    // Handle success
    var data = response.data;
    var status = response.status;
    var statusText = response.statusText;
    var headers = response.headers;
    var config = response.config;
    ...
  }, function onError(response) {
    // Handle error
    var data = response.data;
    var status = response.status;
    var statusText = response.statusText;
    var headers = response.headers;
    var config = response.config;
    ...
  });

// or

$http(...).
  then(function onSuccess(response) {
    // Handle success
    var data = response.data;
    var status = response.status;
    var statusText = response.statusText;
    var headers = response.headers;
    var config = response.config;
    ...
  }).
  catch(function onError(response) {
    // Handle error
    var data = response.data;
    var status = response.status;
    var statusText = response.statusText;
    var headers = response.headers;
    var config = response.config;
    ...
  });
```

**Note:**
There is a subtle difference between the variations showed above. When using
`$http(...).success(onSuccess).error(onError)` or `$http(...).then(onSuccess, onError)`, the
`onError()` callback will only handle errors/rejections produced by the `$http()` call. If the
`onSuccess()` callback produces an error/rejection, it won't be handled by `onError()` and might go
unnoticed. In contrast, when using `$http(...).then(onSuccess).catch(onError)`, `onError()` will
handle errors/rejections produced by both `$http()` _and_ `onSuccess()`.


<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ng-services-$interpolate"></a>
#### **$interpolate**:

<minor />
**Due to [a5fd2e](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/a5fd2e4c0376676fa317e09a8d8be4966b82cbfe)**,
when converting values to strings, interpolation now uses a custom `toString()` function on objects
that are not Number, Array or Date (custom means that the `toString` function is not the same as
`Object.prototype.toString`). Otherwise, interpolation uses `JSON.stringify()` as usual. If an
object has a custom `toString()` function, but you still want the output of `JSON.stringify()`, you
will need to manually convert to JSON (as shown below).

Before:

```html
<span>{{ myObject }}</span>
```

After:

```html
<span>{{ myObject | json }}</span>
```


<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ng-services-$location"></a>
#### **$location**:

<major />
<a name="commit-aa077e8"></a>
**Due to [aa077e8](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/aa077e81129c740041438688dff2e8d20c3d7b52)**,
the default hash-prefix used for `$location` hash-bang URLs has changed from the empty string (`''`)
to the bang (`'!'`). If your application does not use HTML5 mode or is being run on browsers that do
not support HTML5 mode, and you have not specified your own hash-prefix then client side URLs will
now contain a `!` prefix. For example, rather than `mydomain.com/#/a/b/c` the URL will become
`mydomain.com/#!/a/b/c`.

If you actually want to have no hash-prefix, then you can restore the previous behavior by adding a
configuration block to you application:

```js
appModule.config(['$locationProvider', function($locationProvider) {
  $locationProvider.hashPrefix('');
}]);
```


<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ng-services-$q"></a>
#### **$q**:

<minor />
**Due to [e13eea](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/e13eeabd7e34a78becec06cfbe72c23f2dcb85f9)**,
an error thrown from a promise's `onFulfilled` or `onRejection` handlers is treated exactly the same
as a regular rejection. Previously, it would also be passed to the `$exceptionHandler()` (in
addition to rejecting the promise with the error as reason).

The new behavior applies to all services/controllers/filters etc that rely on `$q` (including
built-in services, such as `$http` and `$route`). For example, `$http`'s `transformRequest/Response`
functions or a route's `redirectTo` function as well as functions specified in a route's `resolve`
object, will no longer result in a call to `$exceptionHandler()` if they throw an error. Other than
that, everything will continue to behave in the same way; i.e. the promises will be rejected, route
transition will be cancelled, `$routeChangeError` events will be broadcasted etc.

<hr />
<minor />
**Due to [c9dffde](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c9dffde1cb167660120753181cb6d01dc1d1b3d0)**,
possibly unhandled rejected promises will be logged to the `$exceptionHandler`. Normally, that means
that an error will be logged to the console, but in tests `$exceptionHandler` will (by default)
re-throw any exceptions.
Tests that are affected by this change (e.g. tests that depend on specific order or number of
messages in `$exceptionHandler`) will need to handle rejected promises.


<br />
<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ng-misc"></a>
### Core: _Miscellaneous_

<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ng-misc-jqLite"></a>
#### **jqLite**:

<major />
**Due to [fc0c11](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/fc0c11db845d53061430b7f05e773dcb3fb5b860)**,
jqLite will camelCase the keys passed to the `.data()` method, in the same way as jQuery 3+ does;
i.e. single hyphens followed by a lowercase letter will be converted to an uppercase letter.
Previously, keys passed to `.data()` were left untouched.

For example, with this change, the keys `a-b` and `aB` will now represent the same data piece;
writing to one of them will also be reflected when reading the value of the other one.

To migrate, you need to update your code as shown in the following examples:

Before:

```js
/* 1 */
elem.data('my-key', 2);
elem.data('myKey', 3);

/* 2 */
elem.data('foo-bar', 42);
elem.data()['foo-bar']; // 42
elem.data()['fooBar']; // undefined

/* 3 */
elem.data()['foo-bar'] = 1;
elem.data()['fooBar'] = 2;
elem.data('foo-bar'); // 1
```

After:

```js
/* 1 */
// Rename one of the keys as they would now map to the same data slot.
elem.data('my-key', 2);
elem.data('my-key2', 3);

/* 2 */
elem.data('foo-bar', 42);
elem.data()['foo-bar']; // undefined
elem.data()['fooBar']; // 42

/* 3 */
elem.data()['foo-bar'] = 1;
elem.data()['fooBar'] = 2;
elem.data('foo-bar'); // 2
```

<hr />
<major />
**Due to [73050c](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/73050cdda04675bfa6705dc841ddbbb6919eb048)**,
the way jqLite camelCases keys passed to `.css()` is aligned with jQuery. Previously, when using
AngularJS without jQuery, `.css()` would camelCase keys more aggressively. Now, only a single hyphen
followed by a lowercase letter is getting transformed. This change also affects other APIs that rely
on the `.css()` method, such as `ngStyle`.

If you are using AngularJS with jQuery, your application is not affected by this change. If you are
not using jQuery, then you need to update your code as shown in the following examples:

Before:

```html
<!-- HTML -->

<!-- All five versions used to be equivalent. -->
<div ng-style={background_color: 'blue'}></div>
<div ng-style={'background:color': 'blue'}></div>
<div ng-style={'background-color': 'blue'}></div>
<div ng-style={'background--color': 'blue'}></div>
<div ng-style={backgroundColor: 'blue'}></div>
```
```js
// JS

// All five versions used to be equivalent.
elem.css('background_color', 'blue');
elem.css('background:color', 'blue');
elem.css('background-color', 'blue');
elem.css('background--color', 'blue');
elem.css('backgroundColor', 'blue');

// All five versions used to be equivalent.
var bgColor = elem.css('background_color');
var bgColor = elem.css('background:color');
var bgColor = elem.css('background-color');
var bgColor = elem.css('background--color');
var bgColor = elem.css('backgroundColor');
```

After:

```html
<!-- HTML -->

<!-- Only these two versions are still equivalent to the five shown above. -->
<div ng-style={'background-color': 'blue'}></div>
<div ng-style={backgroundColor: 'blue'}></div>
```
```js
// JS

// Only these two versions are still equivalent to the five shown above.
elem.css('background-color', 'blue');
elem.css('backgroundColor', 'blue');

// Only these two versions are still equivalent to the five shown above.
var bgColor = elem.css('background-color');
var bgColor = elem.css('backgroundColor');
```

<hr />
<major />
**Due to [7ceb5f](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/7ceb5f6fcc43d35d1b66c3151ce6a71c60309304)**,
getting/setting boolean attributes will no longer take the corresponding properties into account.
Previously, all boolean attributes were reflected into the corresponding property when calling a
setter and from the corresponding property when calling a getter, even on elements that don't treat
those attributes in a special way. Now AngularJS doesn't do it by itself, but relies on browsers to
know when to reflect the property. Note that this browser-level conversion differs between browsers;
if you need to dynamically change the state of an element, you should modify the property, not the
attribute. See https://jquery.com/upgrade-guide/1.9/#attr-versus-prop- for a more detailed
description about a related change in jQuery 1.9.

This change aligns jqLite with jQuery 3. To migrate the code follow the example below:

Before:

```css
/* CSS */

input[checked="checked"] { ... }
```
```js
// JS

elem1.attr('checked', 'checked');
elem2.attr('checked', false);
```

After:

```css
/* CSS */

input:checked { ... }
```
```js
// JS

elem1.prop('checked', true);
elem2.prop('checked', false);
```

<hr />
<major />
**Due to [3faf45](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/3faf4505732758165083c9d21de71fa9b6983f4a)**,
calling `.attr(attrName, '')` (with `attrName` being a boolean attribute) will no longer remove the
attribute, but set it to its lowercase name as happens for every non-empty string. Previously,
calling `.attr(attrName, '')` would remove the boolean attribute.

If you want to remove a boolean attribute now, you have to call `.attr()` with `false` or `null`.
E.g.: `.attr(attrName, false)`

<hr />
<minor />
**Due to [4e3624](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/4e3624552284d0e725bf6262b2e468cd2c7682fa)**,
calling `.attr(attrName, null)` will remove the attribute. Previously, it would set the
`attrName` attribute value to the string `'null'`. If you want to set the attribute value to the
string `'null'`, you have to explicitly call `.attr(attrName, 'null')`.

<hr />
<major />
**Due to [d882fd](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/d882fde2e532216e7cf424495db1ccb5be1789f8)**,
calling the `.val()` getter on a jqLite element representing a `<select multiple>` element with no
options chosen will return an empty array. Previously, it would return `null`. If you relied on the
returned value being `null` or falsy, you need to change your code to check for a length of 0
instead:

Before:

```html
<select multiple>...</select>
```
```js
var value = $element.val();
if (value) { /* do something */ }
```

After:

```html
<select multiple>...</select>
```
```js
var value = $element.val();
if (value.length > 0) { /* do something */ }
```


<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ng-misc-decorator"></a>
#### **decorator()**:

<minor />
**Due to [6a2ebd](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/6a2ebdba5df27e789e3cb10f11eedf90f7b9b97e)**,
`module.decorator` declarations are now processed as part of the `module.config` queue and may
result in providers being decorated in a different order if `module.config` blocks are also used to
decorate providers via `$provide.decorator`.

For example, consider the following declaration order in which `'theFactory'` is decorated by both a
`module.decorator` and a `$provide.decorator`:

```js
angular
  .module('theApp', [])
  .factory('theFactory', theFactoryFn)
  .config(function($provide) {
    $provide.decorator('theFactory', provideDecoratorFn);
  })
  .decorator('theFactory', moduleDecoratorFn);
```

Before this change, `'theFactory'` provider would be decorated in the following order:
1. `moduleDecoratorFn`
2. `provideDecoratorFn`

After this change, the order in which `'theFactory'` is decorated will be different, because now
`module.decorator` declarations are processed in the same order as `module.config` declarations:
1. `provideDecoratorFn`
2. `moduleDecoratorFn`


<br />
<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ngAria"></a>
### ngAria

<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ngAria-$aria"></a>
#### **$aria**:

<minor />
**Due to [ad41ba](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/ad41baa1fdc057db3fe529ff87735b173b164b4c)**,
if you were explicitly setting the value of the `bindKeypress` flag, you need to change your code to
use `bindKeydown` instead.

Before: `$ariaProvider.config({bindKeypress: xyz})`<br />
After: `$ariaProvider.config({bindKeydown: xyz})`


<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ngAria-ngClick"></a>
#### **ngClick**:

<minor />
**Due to [ad41ba](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/ad41baa1fdc057db3fe529ff87735b173b164b4c)**,
`ngClick` will respond to the `keydown` keyboard event, instead of the `keypress`. Also, if the
element already has any of the `ngKeydown`/`ngKeyup`/`ngKeypress` directives, `ngAria` will _not_
bind to the `keydown` event, since it assumes that the developer has already taken care of keyboard
interaction for that element. Although it is not expected to affect many applications, it might be
desirable to keep the previous behavior of binding to the `keypress` event instead of the `keydown`.
In that case, you need to manually use the `ngKeypress` directive (in addition to `ngClick`).

Before:

```html
<div ng-click="onClick()">
  I respond to `click` and `keypress` (not `keydown`)
</div>
```

After:

```html
<div ng-click="onClick()" ng-keypress="onClick()">
  I respond to `click` and `keypress` (not `keydown`)
</div>
<!-- OR -->
<div ng-click="onClick()">
  I respond to `click` and `keydown` (not `keypress`)
</div>
```

Finally, it is possible that this change affects your unit or end-to-end tests. If you are currently
expecting your custom buttons to automatically respond to the `keypress` event (due to `ngAria`),
you need to change the tests to trigger `keydown` events instead.


<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ngAria-ngModel"></a>
#### **ngModel**:

<major />
<a name="commit-975a61"></a>
**Due to [975a61](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/975a6170efceb2a5e6377c57329731c0636eb8c8)**,
custom `checkbox`-shaped controls (e.g. checkboxes, menuitemcheckboxes), no longer have a custom
`$isEmpty()` method on their `NgModelController` that checks for `value === false`. Unless
overwritten, the default `$isEmpty()` method will be used, which treats `undefined`, `null`, `NaN`
and `''` as "empty".

**Note:** The `$isEmpty()` method is used to determine if the checkbox is checked ("not empty" means
          "checked"). Thus it can indirectly affect other things, such as the control's validity
          with respect to the `required` validator (e.g. "empty" + "required" --> "invalid").

Before:

```js
var template = '<my-checkbox role="checkbox" ng-model="value"></my-checkbox>';
var customCheckbox = $compile(template)(scope);
var ctrl = customCheckbox.controller('ngModel');

scope.$apply('value = false');
console.log(ctrl.$isEmpty());   //--> true

scope.$apply('value = true');
console.log(ctrl.$isEmpty());   //--> false

scope.$apply('value = undefined'/* or null or NaN or '' */);
console.log(ctrl.$isEmpty());   //--> false
```

After:

```js
var template = '<my-checkbox role="checkbox" ng-model="value"></my-checkbox>';
var customCheckbox = $compile(template)(scope);
var ctrl = customCheckbox.controller('ngModel');

scope.$apply('value = false');
console.log(ctrl.$isEmpty());   //--> false

scope.$apply('value = true');
console.log(ctrl.$isEmpty());   //--> false

scope.$apply('value = undefined'/* or null or NaN or '' */);
console.log(ctrl.$isEmpty());   //--> true
```

If you want to have a custom `$isEmpty()` method, you need to overwrite the default. For example:

```js
.directive('myCheckbox', function myCheckboxDirective() {
  return {
    require: 'ngModel',
    link: function myCheckboxPostLink(scope, elem, attrs, ngModelCtrl) {
      ngModelCtrl.$isEmpty = function myCheckboxIsEmpty(value) {
        return !value;   // Any falsy value means "empty"

        // Or to restore the previous behavior:
        // return value === false;
      };
    }
  };
})
```

<hr />
<minor />
**Due to [9978de1](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/9978de11b7295fec1a2f4cb8fbeb9b62b54cb711)**,
the `role` attribute will no longer be added to native control elements (textarea, button, select,
summary, details, a, and input). Previously, `role` was not added to `input`, but all others in the
list.
This should not affect accessibility, because native inputs are accessible by default, but it might
affect applications that relied on the `role` attribute being present (e.g. for styling or as
directive attributes).


<br />
<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ngMock"></a>
### ngMock

<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ngMock-$httpBackend"></a>
#### **$httpBackend**:

<tests-only />
**Due to [267ee9](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/267ee9c892b0eb40908700ee2435793f8c6c1c84)**,
calling `$httpBackend.verifyNoOutstandingRequest()` will trigger a digest. This will ensure that
requests fired asynchronously will also be detected (without the need to manually trigger a digest).
This is not expected to affect the majority of test-suites. Most of the time, a digest is (directly
or indirectly) triggered anyway, before calling `verifyNoOutstandingRequest()`. In the unlikely case
that a test needs to verify the timing of a request with respect to the digest cycle, you should
rely on other means, such as mocking and/or spying.

<hr />
<tests-only />
**Due to [7551b8](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/7551b8975a91ee286cc2cf4af5e78f924533575e)**,
it is no longer valid to explicitly pass `undefined` as the `url` argument to any of the
`$httpBackend.when...()` and `$httpBackend.expect...()` methods. While this argument is optional, it
must have a defined value if provided. Previously passing an explicit `undefined` value was ignored,
but this lead to invalid tests passing unexpectedly.


<br />
<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ngResource"></a>
### ngResource

<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ngResource-$resource"></a>
#### **$resource**:

<minor />
**Due to [acb545](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/acb545ec3ebf099db68561033645941c900973b5)**,
all own properties of the `params` object that are not used to replace URL params, will be passed to
`$http` as `config.params` (to be used as query parameters in the URL). Previously, parameters where
omitted if `Object.prototype` had a property with the same name. E.g.:

Before:

```js
var Foo = $resource('/foo/:id');
Foo.get({id: 42, bar: 'baz', toString: 'hmm'});
    // URL: /foo/42?bar=baz
    // Note that `toString` is _not_ included in the query,
    // because `Object.prototype.toString` is defined :(
```

After:

```js
var Foo = $resource('/foo/:id');
Foo.get({id: 42, bar: 'baz', toString: 'hmm'});
    // URL: /foo/42?bar=baz&toString=hmm
    // Note that `toString` _is_ included in the query, as expected :)
```

<hr />
<tests-only />
**Due to [2456ab](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/2456ab63a613902d21c151445f9c697a76ab43b3)**,
semicolon has been added to the list of delimiters that are not encoded in URL params. Although it
shouldn't matter in practice (since both the encoded and the unencoded `;` character would be
interpreted identically by the server), this change could break some tests: For example, where
`$httpBackend` was set up to expect an encoded `;` character, but the request is made to the URL
with an unencoded `;` character.


<br />
<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ngRoute"></a>
### ngRoute

<a name="migrate1.5to1.6-ngRoute-$route"></a>
#### **$route**:

<tests-only />
**Due to [c13c66](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c13c666728c1a1485ef18e92d7cb35118ce39609)**,
`$route` (and its dependencies; e.g. `$location`) will - by default - be instantiated early on.
Previously, in cases where `ngView` was loaded asynchronously, `$route` (and its dependencies) might
also have been instantiated asynchronously.

Although this is not expected to have unwanted side-effects in normal application behavior, it may
affect your unit tests: When testing a module that (directly or indirectly) depends on `ngRoute`, a
request will be made for the default route's template. If not properly "trained", `$httpBackend`
will complain about this unexpected request. You can restore the previous behavior (and avoid
unexpected requests in tests), by using `$routeProvider.eagerInstantiationEnabled(false)`.

<hr />
<minor />
**Due to [e98656](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/e9865654b39c71be71034c38581a8c7bd16bc716)**,
if a `redirectTo` function throws an Error, a `$routeChangeError` event will be fired. Previously,
execution would be aborted without firing a `$routeChangeError` event.

<hr />
<minor />
**Due to [7f4b35](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/7f4b356c2bebb87f0c26b57a20415b004b20bcd1)**,
the `$route` service will no longer instantiate controllers nor call `resolve` or
`template`/`templateUrl` functions for routes that successfully `redirectTo` other routes.





## Migrating from 1.4 to 1.5

AngularJS 1.5 takes a big step towards preparing developers for a smoother transition to Angular in
the future. Architecting your applications using components, multi-slot transclusion, one-way
bindings in isolate scopes, using lifecycle hooks in directive controllers and relying on native ES6
features (such as classes and arrow functions) are now all possible with AngularJS 1.5.


This release includes numerous bug and security fixes, as well as performance improvements to core
services, directives, filters and helper functions. Existing applications can start enjoying the
benefits of such changes in `$compile`, `$parse`, `$animate`, `$animateCss`, `$sanitize`, `ngOptions`,
`currencyFilter`, `numberFilter`, `copy()` (to name but a few) without any change in code.

New features have been added to more than a dozen services, directives and filters across 8 modules.
Among them, a few stand out:

* `angular.component()`: Introducing "components", a special sort of directive that are easy to
  configure and promote best practices (plus can bring AngularJS applications closer to Angular's
  style of architecture).
* Multi-slot transclusion: Enabling the design of more powerful and complex UI elements with a much
  simpler configuration and reduced boilerplate.
* `$onInit` lifecycle hook: Introducing a new lifecycle hook for directive controllers, called after
  all required controllers have been constructed. This enables access to required controllers from
  a directive's controller, without having to rely on the linking function.
* `ngAnimateSwap`: A new directive in `ngAnimate`, making it super easy to create rotating
  banner-like components.
* Testing helpers: New helper functions in `ngMock`, simplifying testing for animations, component
  controllers and routing.

Also, notable is the improved support for ES6 features, such as classes and arrow functions. These
features are now more reliably detected and correctly handled within the core.


All this goodness doesn't come without a price, though. Below is a list of breaking changes (grouped
by module) that need to be taken into account while migrating from 1.4. Fortunately, the majority of
them should have a pretty low impact on most applications.


### Core

We tried to keep the breaking changes inside the core components to a bare minimum. Still, a few of
them were unavoidable.

#### Services (`$parse`)

Due to [0ea53503](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/0ea535035a3a1a992948490c3533bffb83235052),
a new special property, `$locals`, will be available for accessing the locals from an expression.
This is a breaking change, only if a `$locals` property does already exist (and needs to be
referenced) either on the `scope` or on the `locals` object. Your expressions should be changed to
access such existing properties as `this.$locals` and `$locals.$locals` respectively.


#### Directives (`ngOptions`)

A fair amount of work has been put into the `ngOptions` directive, fixing bugs and corner-cases and
neutralizing browser quirks. A couple of breaking changes were made in the process:

Due to [b71d7c3f](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/b71d7c3f3c04e65b02d88b33c22dd90ae3cdfc27),
falsy values (`''`, `0`, `false` and `null`) are properly recognized as option group identifiers for
options passed to `ngOptions`. Previously, all of these values were ignored and the option was not
assigned to any group. `undefined` is still interpreted as "no group".
If you have options with falsy group identifiers that should still not be assigned to any group,
then you must filter the values before passing them to `ngOptions`, converting falsy values to
`undefined`.

Due to [ded25187](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/ded2518756d4409fdfda0d4af243f2125bea01b5),
`ngOptions` now explicitly requires `ngModel` on the same element, thus an error will be thrown if
`ngModel` is not found. Previously, `ngOptions` would silently fail, which could lead to
hard-to-debug errors.
This is not expected to have any significant impact on applications, since `ngOptions` didn't work
without `ngModel` before either. The main difference is that now it will fail with a more
informative error message.


#### Filters (`orderBy`)

Due to [2a85a634](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/2a85a634f86c84f15b411ce009a3515fca7ba580),
passing a non-array-like value (other than `undefined` or `null`) through the `orderBy` filter will
throw an error. Previously, the input was returned unchanged, which could lead to hard-to-spot bugs
and was not consistent with other filters (e.g. `filter`).
Objects considered array-like include: arrays, array subclasses, strings, NodeLists,
jqLite/jQuery collections

#### Helper Functions:

The `angular.lowercase` and `angular.uppercase` functions have been **deprecated** and will be removed
in version 1.7.0. It is recommended to use [String.prototype.toLowerCase](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/toLowerCase) and [String.prototype.toUpperCase](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/toUpperCase) functions instead.


### ngAria

Due to [d06431e](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/d06431e5309bb0125588877451dc79b935808134),
the `ngAria`-enhanced directives (e.g. `ngModel`, `ngDisabled` etc) will not apply ARIA attributes
to native inputs, unless necessary. Previously, ARIA attributes were always applied to native
inputs, despite this being unnecessary in most cases.
In the context of `ngAria`, elements considered "native inputs" include:
`<a>`, `<button>`, `<details>`, `<input>`, `<select>`, `<summary>`, `<textarea>`

This change will not affect the accessibility of your applications (since native inputs are
accessible by default), but if you relied on ARIA attributes being present on native inputs (for
whatever reason), you'll have to add and update them manually.

Additionally, the `aria-multiline` attribute, which was previously added to elements with a `type`
or `role` of `textbox`, will not be added anymore, since there is no way `ngAria` can tell if the
textbox element is multiline or not.
If you relied on `aria-multiline="true"` being automatically added by `ngAria`, you need to apply it
yourself. E.g. change your code from `<div role="textbox" ng-model="..." ...>` to
`<div role="textbox" ng-model="..." ... aria-multiline="true">`.


### ngMessages (`ngMessage`)

Due to [4971ef12](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/4971ef12d4c2c268cb8d26f90385dc96eba19db8),
the `ngMessage` directive is now compiled with a priority of 1, which means directives on the same
element as `ngMessage` with a priority lower than 1 will be applied when `ngMessage` calls its
`$transclude` function. Previously, they were applied during the initial compile phase and were
passed the comment element created by the transclusion of `ngMessage`.
If you have custom directives that relied on the previous behavior, you need to give them a priority
of 1 or greater.


### ngResource (`$resource`)

The `$resource` service underwent a minor internal refactoring to finally solve a long-standing bug
preventing requests from being cancelled using promises. Due to the nature of `$resource`'s
configuration, it was not possible to follow the `$http` convention. A new `$cancelRequest()` method
was introduced instead.

Due to [98528be3](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/98528be311b48269ba0e15ba4e3e2ad9b89693a9),
using a promise as `timeout` in `$resource` is no longer supported and will log a warning. This is
hardly expected to affect the behavior of your application, since a promise as `timeout` didn't work
before either, but it will now warn you explicitly when trying to pass one.
If you need to be able to cancel pending requests, you can now use the new `$cancelRequest()` that
will be available on `$resource` instances.


### ngRoute (`ngView`)

Due to [983b0598](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/983b0598121a8c5a3a51a30120e114d7e3085d4d),
a new property will be available on the scope of the route, allowing easy access to the route's
resolved values from the view's template. The default name for this property is `$resolve`. This is
a breaking change, only if a `$resolve` property is already available on the scope, in which case
the existing property will be hidden or overwritten.
To fix this, you should choose a custom name for this property, that does not collide with other
properties on the scope, by specifying the `resolveAs` property on the route.


### ngSanitize (`$sanitize`, `linky`)

The HTML sanitizer has been re-implemented using inert documents, increasing security, fixing some
corner-cases that were difficult to handle and reducing its size by about 20% (in terms of loc). In
order to make it more secure by default, a couple of breaking changes have been introduced:

Due to [181fc567](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/181fc567d873df065f1e84af7225deb70a8d2eb9),
SVG support in `$sanitize` is now an opt-in feature (i.e. disabled by default), as it could make
an application vulnerable to click-hijacking attacks. If your application relies on it, you can
still turn it on with `$sanitizeProvider.enableSvg(true)`, but you extra precautions need to be
taken in order to keep your application secure. Read the documentation for more information about
the dangers and ways to mitigate them.

Due to [7a668cdd](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/7a668cdd7d08a7016883eb3c671cbcd586223ae8),
the `$sanitize` service will now remove instances of the `<use>` tag from the content passed to it.
This element is used to import external SVG resources, which is a security risk as the `$sanitize`
service does not have access to the resource in order to sanitize it.

Similarly, due to [234053fc](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/234053fc9ad90e0d05be7e8359c6af66be94c094),
the `$sanitize` service will now also remove instances of the `usemap` attribute from any elements
passed to it. This attribute is used to reference another element by `name` or `id`. Since the
`name` and `id` attributes are already blacklisted, a sanitized `usemap` attribute could only
reference unsanitized content, which is a security risk.

Due to [98c2db7f](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/98c2db7f9c2d078a408576e722407d518c7ee10a),
passing a non-string value (other than `undefined` or `null`) through the `linky` filter will throw
an error. This is not expected to have any significant impact on applications, since the input was
always assumed to be of type 'string', so passing non-string values never worked correctly anyway.
The main difference is that now it will fail faster and with a more informative error message.


### ngTouch (`ngClick`)

Due to [0dfc1dfe](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/0dfc1dfebf26af7f951f301c4e3848ac46f05d7f),
the `ngClick` override directive from the `ngTouch` module is **deprecated and disabled by default**.
This means that on touch-based devices, users might now experience a 300ms delay before a click
event is fired.

If you rely on this directive, you can still enable it using
`$touchProvider.ngClickOverrideEnabled()`:

```js
angular.module('myApp').config(function($touchProvider) {
  $touchProvider.ngClickOverrideEnabled(true);
});
```

Going forward, we recommend using [FastClick](https://github.com/ftlabs/fastclick) or perhaps one of
the [AngularJS 3rd party touch-related modules](http://ngmodules.org/tags/touch) that provide similar
functionality.

Also note that modern browsers already remove the 300ms delay under some circumstances:

- **Chrome and Firefox for Android** remove the 300ms delay when the well-known
  `<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">` is set.
- **Internet Explorer** removes the delay, when the `touch-action` css property is set to `none` or
  `manipulation`.
- Since **iOS 8, Safari** removes the delay on so-called "slow taps".

For more info on the topic, you can take a look at this
[article by Telerik](http://developer.telerik.com/featured/300-ms-click-delay-ios-8/).

<div class="alert alert-warning">
  **Note:** This change does **not** affect the `ngSwipe` directive.
</div>





## Migrating from 1.3 to 1.4

AngularJS 1.4 fixes major animation issues and introduces a new API for `ngCookies`. Further, there
are changes to `ngMessages`, `$compile`, `ngRepeat`, `ngOptions`, `ngPattern`, `pattern` and some fixes to core filters:
`limitTo` and `filter`.

The reason for the ngAnimate refactor was to fix timing issues and to expose new APIs to allow
for developers to construct more versatile animations.  We now have access to `$animateCss`
and the many timing-oriented bugs were fixed which results in smoother animations.
If animation is something of interest, then please read over the breaking changes below for animations when
`ngAnimate` is used.

`ngMessages` has been upgraded to allow for dynamic message resolution. This handy feature allows for developers
to render error messages with ngMessages that are listed with a directive such as ngRepeat. A great usecase for this
involves pulling error message data from a server and then displaying that data via the mechanics of ngMessages. Be
sure to read the breaking change involved with `ngMessagesInclude` to upgrade your template code.

Other changes, such as the ordering of elements with ngRepeat and ngOptions and the way ngPattern and pattern directives
validate the regex, may also affect the behavior of your application. And be sure to also read up on the changes to `$cookies`.
The migration jump from 1.3 to 1.4 should be relatively straightforward otherwise.




### Animation (`ngAnimate`)

Animations in 1.4 have been refactored internally, but the API has stayed much the same. There are, however,
some breaking changes that need to be addressed when upgrading to 1.4.

Due to [c8700f04](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c8700f04fb6fb5dc21ac24de8665c0476d6db5ef),
JavaScript and CSS animations can no longer be run in
parallel. With earlier versions of ngAnimate, both CSS and JS animations
would be run together when multiple animations were detected. This
feature has been removed, however, the same effect, with even more
possibilities, can be achieved by injecting `$animateCss` into a
JavaScript-defined animation and creating custom CSS-based animations
from there.

By using `$animateCss` inside of a JavaScript animation in AngularJS 1.4, we can trigger custom CSS-based animations
directly from our JavaScript code.

```js
ngModule.animation('.slide-animation', ['$animateCss', function($animateCss) {
  return {
    enter: function(element, doneFn) {
      // this will trigger a `.ng-enter` and `.ng-enter-active` CSS animation
      var animation = $animateCss(element, {
        event: 'enter'
        // any other CSS-related properties
        //   addClass: 'some-class',
        //   removeClass: 'some-other-class',
        //   from: {},
        //   to: {}
      });

      // make sure to read the ngAnimate docs to understand how this works
      animation.start().done(doneFn);
    }
  }
}]);
```

{@link ngAnimate.$animateCss Click here to learn how to use $animateCss in your animation code}

Due to [c8700f04](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c8700f04fb6fb5dc21ac24de8665c0476d6db5ef),
animation-related callbacks are now fired on `$animate.on` instead of directly being on the element.

```js
// < 1.4
element.on('$animate:before', function(e, data) {
  if (data.event === 'enter') { ... }
});
element.off('$animate:before', fn);

// 1.4+
$animate.on('enter', element, function(data) {
  //...
});
$animate.off('enter', element, fn);
```

Due to [c8700f04](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c8700f04fb6fb5dc21ac24de8665c0476d6db5ef),
the function params for `$animate.enabled()` when an element is used are now flipped. This fix allows
the function to act as a getter when a single element param is provided.

```js
// < 1.4
$animate.enabled(false, element);

// 1.4+
$animate.enabled(element, false);
```

Due to [c8700f04](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c8700f04fb6fb5dc21ac24de8665c0476d6db5ef),
in addition to disabling the children of the element, `$animate.enabled(element, false)` will now also
disable animations on the element itself.

Due to [c8700f04](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c8700f04fb6fb5dc21ac24de8665c0476d6db5ef),
there is no need to call `$scope.$apply` or `$scope.$digest` inside of a animation promise callback anymore
since the promise is resolved within a digest automatically. (Not to worry, any extra digests will not be
run unless the promise is used.)

```js
// < 1.4
$animate.enter(element).then(function() {
  $scope.$apply(function() {
    $scope.explode = true;
  });
});

// 1.4+
$animate.enter(element).then(function() {
  $scope.explode = true;
});
```

Due to [c8700f04](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c8700f04fb6fb5dc21ac24de8665c0476d6db5ef),
when an enter, leave or move animation is triggered then it will always end any pending or active parent
class based animations (animations triggered via ngClass) in order to ensure that any CSS styles are resolved in time.




### Forms (`ngMessages`, `ngOptions`, `select`, `ngPattern` and `pattern`, `form`)

#### ngMessages
The ngMessages module has also been subject to an internal refactor to allow it to be more flexible
and compatible with dynamic message data. The `ngMessage` directive now supports a new attribute
called `ng-message-exp` which will evaluate an expression and will keep track of that expression
as it changes in order to re-evaluate the listed messages.

[Click here to learn more about dynamic ng-messages](https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ngMessages#dynamic-messaging)

There is only one breaking change. Please consider the following when including remote
message templates via `ng-messages-include`:

Due to [c9a4421f](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c9a4421fc3c97448527eadef1f42eb2f487ec2e0),
the `ngMessagesInclude` attribute has now been removed and cannot be used in the same element containing
the `ngMessages` directive. Instead, `ngMessagesInclude` is to be used on its own element inline with
other inline messages situated as children within the `ngMessages` container directive.

```html
<!-- AngularJS 1.3.x -->
<div ng-messages="model.$error" ng-messages-include="remote.html">
  <div ng-message="required">Your message is required</div>
</div>

<!-- AngularJS 1.4.x -->
<div ng-messages="model.$error">
  <div ng-message="required">Your message is required</div>
  <div ng-messages-include="remote.html"></div>
</div>
```

Depending on where the `ngMessagesInclude` directive is placed it will be prioritized inline with the other messages
before and after it.

Also due to [c9a4421f](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c9a4421fc3c97448527eadef1f42eb2f487ec2e0),
it is no longer possible to use interpolation inside the `ngMessages` attribute expression. This technique
is generally not recommended, and can easily break when a directive implementation changes. In cases
where a simple expression is not possible, you can delegate accessing the object to a function:

```html
<div ng-messages="ctrl.form['field_{{$index}}'].$error">...</div>
```
would become
```html
<div ng-messages="ctrl.getMessages($index)">...</div>
```
where `ctrl.getMessages()`
```javascript
ctrl.getMessages = function($index) {
  return ctrl.form['field_' + $index].$error;
}
```

#### ngOptions

The `ngOptions` directive has also been refactored and as a result some long-standing bugs
have been fixed. The breaking changes are comparatively minor and should not affect most applications.

Due to [7fda214c](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/7fda214c4f65a6a06b25cf5d5aff013a364e9cef),
when `ngOptions` renders the option values within the DOM, the resulting HTML code is different.
Normally this should not affect your application at all, however, if your code relies on inspecting
the value property of `<option>` elements (that `ngOptions` generates) then be sure
to [read the details](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/7fda214c4f65a6a06b25cf5d5aff013a364e9cef).

Due to [7fda214c](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/7fda214c4f65a6a06b25cf5d5aff013a364e9cef),
when iterating over an object's properties using the `(key, value) in obj` syntax
the order of the elements used to be sorted alphabetically. This was an artificial
attempt to create a deterministic ordering since browsers don't guarantee the order.
But in practice this is not what people want and so this change iterates over properties
in the order they are returned by Object.keys(obj), which is almost always the order
in which the properties were defined.

Also due to [7fda214c](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/7fda214c4f65a6a06b25cf5d5aff013a364e9cef),
setting the ngOptions attribute expression after the element is compiled, will no longer trigger the ngOptions behavior.
This worked previously because the ngOptions logic was part of the select directive, while
it is now implemented in the ngOptions directive itself.

#### select

Due to [7fda214c](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/7fda214c4f65a6a06b25cf5d5aff013a364e9cef),
the `select` directive will now use strict comparison of the `ngModel` scope value against `option`
values to determine which option is selected. This means non-string scope values (such as `Number` or `Boolean`)
will not be matched against equivalent option strings (such as the strings `"123"`, `"true"` or `"false"`).

In AngularJS 1.3.x, setting `scope.x = 200` would select the option with the value 200 in the following `select`:

```
<select ng-model="x">
  <option value="100">100</option>
  <option value="200">200</option>
</select>
```

In AngularJS 1.4.x, the 'unknown option' will be selected.

To remedy this, you can initialize the model as a string: `scope.x = '200'`, or if you want to
keep the model as a `Number`, you can do the conversion via `$formatters` and `$parsers` on `ngModel`:

```js
ngModelCtrl.$parsers.push(function(value) {
  return parseInt(value, 10); // Convert option value to number
});

ngModelCtrl.$formatters.push(function(value) {
  return value.toString(); // Convert scope value to string
});
```

#### ngPattern and pattern

Due to [0e001084](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/0e001084ffff8674efad289d37cb16cc4e46b50a),
The `ngPattern` and `pattern` directives will validate the regex
against the `$viewValue` of `ngModel`, i.e. the value of the model
before the $parsers are applied. Previously, the `$modelValue`
(the result of the $parsers) was validated.

This fixes issues where `input[date]` and `input[number]` cannot
be validated because the `$viewValue` string is parsed into
`Date` and `Number` respectively (starting with AngularJS 1.3).
It also brings the directives in line with HTML5 constraint
validation, which validates against the input value.

This change is unlikely to cause applications to fail, because even
in AngularJS 1.2, the value that was validated by pattern could have
been manipulated by the $parsers, as all validation was done
inside this pipeline.

If you rely on the pattern being validated against the `$modelValue`,
you must create your own validator directive that overwrites
the built-in pattern validator:

```
.directive('patternModelOverwrite', function patternModelOverwriteDirective() {
  return {
    restrict: 'A',
    require: '?ngModel',
    priority: 1,
    compile: function() {
      var regexp, patternExp;

      return {
        pre: function(scope, elm, attr, ctrl) {
          if (!ctrl) return;

          attr.$observe('pattern', function(regex) {
            /**
             * The built-in directive will call our overwritten validator
             * (see below). We just need to update the regex.
             * The preLink fn guaranetees our observer is called first.
             */
            if (isString(regex) && regex.length > 0) {
              regex = new RegExp('^' + regex + '$');
            }

            if (regex && !regex.test) {
              //The built-in validator will throw at this point
              return;
            }

            regexp = regex || undefined;
          });

        },
        post: function(scope, elm, attr, ctrl) {
          if (!ctrl) return;

          regexp, patternExp = attr.ngPattern || attr.pattern;

          //The postLink fn guarantees we overwrite the built-in pattern validator
          ctrl.$validators.pattern = function(value) {
            return ctrl.$isEmpty(value) ||
              isUndefined(regexp) ||
              regexp.test(value);
          };
        }
      };
    }
  };
});
```


#### form

Due to [94533e57](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/94533e570673e6b2eb92073955541fa289aabe02),
the `name` attribute of `form` elements can now only contain characters that can be evaluated as part
of an AngularJS expression. This is because AngularJS uses the value of `name` as an assignable expression
to set the form on the `$scope`. For example, `name="myForm"` assigns the form to `$scope.myForm` and
`name="myObj.myForm"` assigns it to `$scope.myObj.myForm`.

Previously, it was possible to also use names such `name="my:name"`, because AngularJS used a special setter
function for the form name. Now the general, more robust `$parse` setter is used.

The easiest way to migrate your code is therefore to remove all special characters from the `name` attribute.

If you need to keep the special characters, you can use the following directive, which will replace
the `name` with a value that can be evaluated as an expression in the compile function, and then
re-set the original name in the postLink function. This ensures that (1), the form is published on
the scope, and (2), the form has the original name, which might be important if you are doing server-side
form submission.

```js
angular.module('myApp').directive('form', function() {
  return {
    restrict: 'E',
    priority: 1000,
    compile: function(element, attrs) {
      var unsupportedCharacter = ':'; // change accordingly
      var originalName = attrs.name;
      if (attrs.name && attrs.name.indexOf(unsupportedCharacter) > 0) {
        attrs.$set('name', 'this["' + originalName + '"]');
      }

      return postLinkFunction(scope, element) {
        // Don't trigger $observers
        element.setAttribute('name', originalName);
      }
    }
  };
});
```

### Templating (`ngRepeat`, `$compile`, `ngInclude`)

#### ngRepeat

Due to [c260e738](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c260e7386391877625eda086480de73e8a0ba921),
previously, the order of items when using ngRepeat to iterate over object properties was guaranteed to be consistent
by sorting the keys into alphabetic order.

Now, the order of the items is browser dependent based on the order returned
from iterating over the object using the `for key in obj` syntax.

It seems that browsers generally follow the strategy of providing
keys in the order in which they were defined, although there are exceptions
when keys are deleted and reinstated. See
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/delete#Cross-browser_issues

The best approach is to convert Objects into Arrays by a filter such as
https://github.com/petebacondarwin/angular-toArrayFilter
or some other mechanism, and then sort them manually in the order you need.


#### $compile

Due to [6a38dbfd](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/6a38dbfd3c34c8f9efff503d17eb3cbeb666d422),
previously, '&' expressions would always set up a function in the isolate scope. Now, if the binding
is marked as optional and the attribute is not specified, no function will be added to the isolate scope.

Due to [62d514b](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/62d514b06937cc7dd86e973ea11165c88343b42d),
returning an object from a controller constructor function will now override the scope. Views that use the
controllerAs method will no longer get the this reference, but the returned object.

#### ngInclude
Due to [3c6e8ce044446735eb2e70d0061db8c6db050289](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/3c6e8ce044446735eb2e70d0061db8c6db050289), the `src` attribute of ngInclude no longer accepts an
expression that returns the result of `$sce.trustAsResourceUrl`. This will now cause an infinite digest:

Before:
```html
<div ng-include="findTemplate('https://example.com/templates/myTemplate.html')"></div>
```

```js
$scope.findTemplate = function(templateName) {
  return $sce.trustAsResourceUrl(templateName);
};
```

To migrate, either cache the result of `trustAsResourceUrl()`, or put the template url in the resource
whitelist in the `config()` function:

After:

```js
var templateCache = {};
$scope.findTemplate = function(templateName) {
  if (!templateCache[templateName]) {
    templateCache[templateName] = $sce.trustAsResourceUrl(templateName);
  }

  return templateCache[templateName];
};

// Alternatively, use `$sceDelegateProvider.resourceUrlWhitelist()`, which means you don't
// have to use `$sce.trustAsResourceUrl()` at all:

angular.module('myApp', []).config(function($sceDelegateProvider) {
  $sceDelegateProvider.resourceUrlWhitelist(['self', 'https://example.com/templates/**'])
});
```


### Cookies (`ngCookies`)

Due to [38fbe3ee](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/38fbe3ee8370fc449b82d80df07b5c2ed2cd5fbe),
`$cookies` will no longer expose properties that represent the current browser cookie
values. `$cookies` no longer polls the browser for changes to the cookies and ***no longer copies
cookie values onto the `$cookies` object***.

This was changed because the polling is expensive and caused issues with the `$cookies` properties
not synchronizing correctly with the actual browser cookie values (The reason the polling
was originally added was to allow communication between different tabs,
but there are better ways to do this today, for example `localStorage`.)

The new API on `$cookies` is as follows:

 * `get`
 * `put`
 * `getObject`
 * `putObject`
 * `getAll`
 * `remove`

You must explicitly use the methods above in order to access cookie data. This also means that
you can no longer watch the properties on `$cookies` to detect changes
that occur on the browsers cookies.

This feature is generally only needed if a 3rd party library was programmatically
changing the cookies at runtime. If you rely on this then you must either write code that
can react to the 3rd party library making the changes to cookies or implement your own polling
mechanism.

**DEPRECATION NOTICE**

`$cookieStore` is now deprecated as all the useful logic
has been moved to `$cookies`, to which `$cookieStore` now simply
delegates calls.


### Server Requests (`$http`)

Due to [5da1256](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/5da1256fc2812d5b28fb0af0de81256054856369),
`transformRequest` functions can no longer modify request headers.

Before this commit `transformRequest` could modify request headers, ex.:

```javascript
function requestTransform(data, headers) {
    headers = angular.extend(headers(), {
      'X-MY_HEADER': 'abcd'
    });
  }
  return angular.toJson(data);
}
```

This behavior was unintended and undocumented, so the change should affect very few applications. If one
needs to dynamically add / remove headers it should be done in a header function, for example:

```javascript
$http.get(url, {
  headers: {
    'X-MY_HEADER': function(config) {
      return 'abcd'; //you've got access to a request config object to specify header value dynamically
    }
  }
})
```


### Filters (`filter`, `limitTo`)

#### `filter` filter
Due to [cea8e751](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/cea8e75144e6910b806b63a6ec2a6d118316fddd),
the `filter` filter will throw an error when used with a non-array. Beforehand it would silently
return an empty array.

If necessary, this can be worked around by converting an object to an array,
using a filter such as https://github.com/petebacondarwin/angular-toArrayFilter.

#### `limitTo` filter
Due to [a3c3bf33](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/a3c3bf3332e5685dc319c46faef882cb6ac246e1),
the limitTo filter has changed behavior when the provided limit value is invalid.
Now, instead of returning empty object/array, it returns unchanged input.




## Migrating from 1.2 to 1.3

### Controllers

Due to [3f2232b5](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/3f2232b5a181512fac23775b1df4a6ebda67d018),
`$controller` will no longer look for controllers on `window`.
The old behavior of looking on `window` for controllers was originally intended
for use in examples, demos, and toy apps. We found that allowing global controller
functions encouraged poor practices, so we resolved to disable this behavior by
default.

To migrate, register your controllers with modules rather than exposing them
as globals:

Before:

```javascript
function MyController() {
  // ...
}
```

After:

```javascript
angular.module('myApp', []).controller('MyController', [function() {
  // ...
}]);
```

Although it's not recommended, you can re-enable the old behavior like this:

```javascript
angular.module('myModule').config(['$controllerProvider', function($controllerProvider) {
  // this option might be handy for migrating old apps, but please don't use it
  // in new ones!
  $controllerProvider.allowGlobals();
}]);
```

### AngularJS Expression Parsing (`$parse` + `$interpolate`)

- due to [77ada4c8](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/77ada4c82d6b8fc6d977c26f3cdb48c2f5fbe5a5),

You can no longer invoke .bind, .call or .apply on a function in AngularJS expressions.
This is to disallow changing the behaviour of existing functions
in an unforeseen fashion.

  - due to [6081f207](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/6081f20769e64a800ee8075c168412b21f026d99),

The (deprecated) __proto__ property does not work inside AngularJS expressions
anymore.


- due to [48fa3aad](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/48fa3aadd546036c7e69f71046f659ab1de244c6),

This prevents the use of __{define,lookup}{Getter,Setter}__ inside AngularJS
expressions. If you really need them for some reason, please wrap/bind them to make them
less dangerous, then make them available through the scope object.


- due to [528be29d](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/528be29d1662122a34e204dd607e1c0bd9c16bbc),

This prevents the use of `Object` inside AngularJS expressions.
If you need Object.keys, make it accessible in the scope.


- due to [bdfc9c02](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/bdfc9c02d021e08babfbc966a007c71b4946d69d),
  values 'f', '0', 'false', 'no', 'n', '[]' are no longer
treated as falsy. Only JavaScript falsy values are now treated as falsy by the
expression parser; there are six of them: false, null, undefined, NaN, 0 and "".


- due to [fa6e411d](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/fa6e411da26824a5bae55f37ce7dbb859653276d),
  promise unwrapping has been removed. It has been deprecated since 1.2.0-rc.3.
  It can no longer be turned on.
  Two methods have been removed:
  * `$parseProvider.unwrapPromises`
  * `$parseProvider.logPromiseWarnings`


- **$interpolate:** due to [88c2193c](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/88c2193c71954b9e7e7e4bdf636a2b168d36300d),
  the function returned by `$interpolate`
  no longer has a `.parts` array set on it.

  Instead it has two arrays:
  * `.expressions`, an array of the expressions in the
    interpolated text. The expressions are parsed with
    `$parse`, with an extra layer converting them to strings
    when computed
  * `.separators`, an array of strings representing the
    separations between interpolations in the text.
    This array is **always** 1 item longer than the
    `.expressions` array for easy merging with it




### Miscellaneous AngularJS helpers

- **Angular.copy:** due to [b59b04f9](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/b59b04f98a0b59eead53f6a53391ce1bbcbe9b57),

This changes `angular.copy` so that it applies the prototype of the original
object to the copied object.  Previously, `angular.copy` would copy properties
of the original object's prototype chain directly onto the copied object.

This means that if you iterate over only the copied object's `hasOwnProperty`
properties, it will no longer contain the properties from the prototype.
This is actually much more reasonable behaviour and it is unlikely that
applications are actually relying on this.

If this behaviour is relied upon, in an app, then one should simply iterate
over all the properties on the object (and its inherited properties) and
not filter them with `hasOwnProperty`.

**Be aware that this change also uses a feature that is not compatible with
IE8.**  If you need this to work on IE8 then you would need to provide a polyfill
for `Object.create` and `Object.getPrototypeOf`.


- **forEach:** due to [55991e33](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/55991e33af6fece07ea347a059da061b76fc95f5),
  forEach will iterate only over the initial number of items in
the array. So if items are added to the array during the iteration, these won't
be iterated over during the initial forEach call.

This change also makes our forEach behave more like Array#forEach.


- **angular.toJson:** due to [c054288c](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c054288c9722875e3595e6e6162193e0fb67a251),
  `toJson()` will no longer strip properties starting with a single `$`. If you relied on
`toJson()`'s stripping these types of properties before, you will have to do it manually now.
It will still strip properties starting with `$$` though.




### jqLite / JQuery

- **jqLite:** due to [a196c8bc](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/a196c8bca82a28c08896d31f1863cf4ecd11401c),
  previously it was possible to set jqLite data on Text/Comment
nodes, but now that is allowed only on Element and Document nodes just like in
jQuery. We don't expect that app code actually depends on this accidental feature.


- **jqLite:** due to [d71dbb1a](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/d71dbb1ae50f174680533492ce4c7db3ff74df00),
  the jQuery `detach()` method does not trigger the `$destroy` event.
  If you want to destroy AngularJS data attached to the element, use `remove()`.





### AngularJS HTML Compiler (`$compile`)


- due to [2ee29c5d](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/2ee29c5da81ffacdc1cabb438f5d125d5e116cb9),

The isolated scope of a component directive no longer leaks into the template
that contains the instance of the directive.  This means that you can no longer
access the isolated scope from attributes on the element where the isolated
directive is defined.

See https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/10236 for an example.

- due to [2cde927e](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/2cde927e58c8d1588569d94a797e43cdfbcedaf9),


Requesting isolate scope and any other scope on a single element is an error.
Before this change, the compiler let two directives request a child scope
and an isolate scope if the compiler applied them in the order of non-isolate
scope directive followed by isolate scope directive.

Now the compiler will error regardless of the order.

If you find that your code is now throwing a `$compile:multidir` error,
check that you do not have directives on the same element that are trying
to request both an isolate and a non-isolate scope and fix your code.


- due to [eec6394a](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/eec6394a342fb92fba5270eee11c83f1d895e9fb), The `replace` flag for defining directives that
  replace the element that they are on will be removed in the next major AngularJS version.
  This feature has difficult semantics (e.g. how attributes are merged) and leads to more
  problems compared to what it solves. Also, with Web Components it is normal to have
  custom elements in the DOM.


- due to [299b220f](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/299b220f5e05e1d4e26bfd58d0b2fd7329ca76b1),
  calling `attr.$observe` no longer returns the observer function, but a
    deregistration function instead. To migrate the code follow the example below:

Before:

    directive('directiveName', function() {
      return {
        link: function(scope, elm, attr) {
          var observer = attr.$observe('someAttr', function(value) {
            console.log(value);
          });
        }
      };
    });

After:

    directive('directiveName', function() {
      return {
        link: function(scope, elm, attr) {
          var observer = function(value) {
            console.log(value);
          };

          attr.$observe('someAttr', observer);
        }
      };
    });

  - due to [531a8de7](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/531a8de72c439d8ddd064874bf364c00cedabb11),
`$observe` no longer registers on undefined attributes. For example, if you were using `$observe` on
an absent optional attribute to set a default value, the following would not work anymore:

```html
<my-dir></my-dir>
```

```js
// Link function for directive myDir
link: function(scope, element, attr) {
  attr.$observe('myAttr', function(newVal) {
    scope.myValue = newVal ? newVal : 'myDefaultValue';
  })
}
```

Instead, check if the attribute is set before registering the observer:

```js
link: function(scope, element, attr) {
  if (attr.myAttr) {
    // register the observer
  } else {
    // set the default
  }
}
```





### Forms, Inputs and ngModel

- due to [1be9bb9d](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/1be9bb9d3527e0758350c4f7417a4228d8571440),


If an expression is used on ng-pattern (such as `ng-pattern="exp"`) or on the
pattern attribute (something like on `pattern="{{ exp }}"`) and the expression
itself evaluates to a string then the validator will not parse the string as a
literal regular expression object (a value like `/abc/i`).  Instead, the entire
string will be created as the regular expression to test against. This means
that any expression flags will not be placed on the RegExp object. To get around
this limitation, use a regular expression object as the value for the expression.

    //before
    $scope.exp = '/abc/i';

    //after
    $scope.exp = /abc/i;


- **ngModelOptions:** due to [adfc322b](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/adfc322b04a58158fb9697e5b99aab9ca63c80bb),


This commit changes the API on `NgModelController`, both semantically and
in terms of adding and renaming methods.

* `$setViewValue(value)` -
This method still changes the `$viewValue` but does not immediately commit this
change through to the `$modelValue` as it did previously.
Now the value is committed only when a trigger specified in an associated
`ngModelOptions` directive occurs. If `ngModelOptions` also has a `debounce` delay
specified for the trigger then the change will also be debounced before being
committed.
In most cases this should not have a significant impact on how `NgModelController`
is used: If `updateOn` includes `default` then `$setViewValue` will trigger
a (potentially debounced) commit immediately.
* `$cancelUpdate()` - is renamed to `$rollbackViewValue()` and has the same meaning,
which is to revert the current `$viewValue` back to the `$lastCommittedViewValue`,
to cancel any pending debounced updates and to re-render the input.

To migrate code that used `$cancelUpdate()` follow the example below:

Before:

```js
$scope.resetWithCancel = function (e) {
  if (e.keyCode === 27) {
    $scope.myForm.myInput1.$cancelUpdate();
    $scope.myValue = '';
  }
};
```

After:

```js
$scope.resetWithCancel = function (e) {
  if (e.keyCode === 27) {
    $scope.myForm.myInput1.$rollbackViewValue();
    $scope.myValue = '';
  }
}
```

- types date, time, datetime-local, month, week now always
  require a `Date` object as model ([46bd6dc8](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/46bd6dc88de252886d75426efc2ce8107a5134e9),
   [#5864](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/5864))


- {@link input[checkbox] `input[checkbox]`} now supports constant expressions in `ngTrueValue` and
  `ngFalseValue`, making it now possible to e.g. use boolean and integer values. Previously, these attributes would
  always be treated as strings, whereas they are now parsed as expressions, and will throw if an expression
  is non-constant. To convert non-constant strings into constant expressions, simply wrap them in an
  extra pair of quotes, like so:

    `<input type="checkbox" ng-model="..." ng-true-value="'truthyValue'">`

  See [c90cefe1614](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c90cefe16142d973a123e945fc9058e8a874c357)


### Scopes and Digests (`$scope`)

- due to [8c6a8171](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/8c6a8171f9bdaa5cdabc0cc3f7d3ce10af7b434d),
  Scope#$id is now of type number rather than string. Since the
id is primarily being used for debugging purposes this change should not affect
anyone.


- due to [82f45aee](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/82f45aee5bd84d1cc53fb2e8f645d2263cdaacbc),
  [#7445](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/7445),
  [#7523](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/7523)
  `$broadcast` and `$emit` will now reset the `currentScope` property of the event to
  null once the event finished propagating. If any code depends on asynchronously accessing their
  `currentScope` property, it should be migrated to use `targetScope` instead. All of these cases
  should be considered programming bugs.





### Server Requests (`$http`, `$resource`)
- **$http:** due to [ad4336f9](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/ad4336f9359a073e272930f8f9bcd36587a8648f),


Previously, it was possible to register a response interceptor like so:

```js
// register the interceptor as a service
$provide.factory('myHttpInterceptor', function($q, dependency1, dependency2) {
  return function(promise) {
    return promise.then(function(response) {
      // do something on success
      return response;
    }, function(response) {
      // do something on error
      if (canRecover(response)) {
        return responseOrNewPromise
      }
      return $q.reject(response);
    });
  }
});

$httpProvider.responseInterceptors.push('myHttpInterceptor');
```

Now, one must use the newer API introduced in v1.1.4 (4ae46814), like so:

```js
$provide.factory('myHttpInterceptor', function($q) {
  return {
    response: function(response) {
      // do something on success
      return response;
    },
    responseError: function(response) {
      // do something on error
      if (canRecover(response)) {
        return responseOrNewPromise
      }
      return $q.reject(response);
    }
  };
});

$httpProvider.interceptors.push('myHttpInterceptor');
```

More details on the new interceptors API (which has been around as of v1.1.4) can be found at
{@link $http#interceptors interceptors}



- **$httpBackend:** due to [6680b7b9](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/6680b7b97c0326a80bdccaf0a35031e4af641e0e), the JSONP behavior for erroneous and empty responses changed:
    Previously, a JSONP response was regarded as erroneous if it was empty. Now AngularJS is listening to the
    correct events to detect errors, i.e. even empty responses can be successful.


- **$resource:** due to [d3c50c84](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/d3c50c845671f0f8bcc3f7842df9e2fb1d1b1c40),

  If you expected `$resource` to strip these types of properties before,
  you will have to manually do this yourself now.





### Modules and Injector (`$inject`)

- due to [c0b4e2db](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c0b4e2db9cbc8bc3164cedc4646145d3ab72536e),

Previously, config blocks would be able to control behaviour of provider registration, due to being
invoked prior to provider registration. Now, provider registration always occurs prior to configuration
for a given module, and therefore config blocks are not able to have any control over a providers
registration.

**Example**:

Previously, the following:

```js
angular.module('foo', [])
  .provider('$rootProvider', function() {
    this.$get = function() { ... }
  })
  .config(function($rootProvider) {
    $rootProvider.dependentMode = "B";
  })
  .provider('$dependentProvider', function($rootProvider) {
     if ($rootProvider.dependentMode === "A") {
       this.$get = function() {
        // Special mode!
       }
     } else {
       this.$get = function() {
         // something else
       }
    }
  });
```

would have "worked", meaning behaviour of the config block between the registration of "$rootProvider"
and "$dependentProvider" would have actually accomplished something and changed the behaviour of the
app. This is no longer possible within a single module.


### Filters (`orderBy`)

- due to [a097aa95](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/a097aa95b7c78beab6d1b7d521c25f7d9d7843d9),
  `orderBy` now treats `null` values (which in JavaScript have type `object`) as having a string
  representation of `'null'`.


### Animation (`ngAnimate`)


- due to [1cb8584e](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/1cb8584e8490ecdb1b410a8846c4478c6c2c0e53),
`$animate` will no longer default the after parameter to the last element of the parent
container. Instead, when after is not specified, the new element will be inserted as the
first child of the parent container.

To update existing code, change all instances of `$animate.enter()` or `$animate.move()` from:

`$animate.enter(element, parent);`

to:

`$animate.enter(element, parent, angular.element(parent[0].lastChild));`



- due to [1bebe36a](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/1bebe36aa938890d61188762ed618b1b5e193634),

  Any class-based animation code that makes use of transitions
and uses the setup CSS classes (such as class-add and class-remove) must now
provide an empty transition value to ensure that its styling is applied right
away. In other words if your animation code is expecting any styling to be
applied that is defined in the setup class then it will not be applied
"instantly" unless a `transition:0s none` value is present in the styling
for that CSS class. This situation is only the case if a transition is already
present on the base CSS class once the animation kicks off.

Before:

    .animated.my-class-add {
      opacity:0;
      transition:0.5s linear all;
    }
    .animated.my-class-add.my-class-add-active {
      opacity:1;
    }

After:

    .animated.my-class-add {
      transition:0s linear all;
      opacity:0;
    }
    .animated.my-class-add.my-class-add-active {
      transition:0.5s linear all;
      opacity:1;
    }

Please view the documentation for ngAnimate for more info.


### Testing

- due to [85880a64](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/85880a64900fa22a61feb926bf52de0965332ca5), some deprecated features of
Protractor tests no longer work.

`by.binding(descriptor)` no longer allows using the surrounding interpolation
markers in the descriptor (the default interpolation markers are `{{}}`).
Previously, these were optional.

Before:

    var el = element(by.binding('{{foo}}'));

After:

    var el = element(by.binding('foo'));

Prefixes `ng_` and `x-ng-` are no longer allowed for models. Use `ng-model`.

`by.repeater` cannot find elements by row and column which are not children of
the row. For example, if your template is

    <div ng-repeat="foo in foos">{{foo.name}}</div>

Before:

    var el = element(by.repeater('foo in foos').row(2).column('foo.name'))

After:

You may either enclose `{{foo.name}}` in a child element

    <div ng-repeat="foo in foos"><span>{{foo.name}}</span></div>

or simply use:

    var el = element(by.repeater('foo in foos').row(2))


### Internet Explorer 8

- due to [eaa1d00b](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/eaa1d00b24008f590b95ad099241b4003688cdda),
  As communicated before, IE8 is no longer supported.





## Migrating from 1.0 to 1.2


<div class="alert alert-warning">
<p>**Note:** AngularJS versions 1.1.x are considered "experimental" with breaking changes between minor releases.
Version 1.2 is the result of several versions on the 1.1 branch, and has a stable API.</p>

<p>If you have an application on 1.1 and want to migrate it to 1.2, everything in the guide
below should still apply, but you may want to consult the
[changelog](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md) as well.</p>
</div>

<ul class="nav nav-list">
  <li class="nav-header">Summary of Breaking Changes</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#ngroute-has-been-moved-into-its-own-module ngRoute has been moved into its own module}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#templates-no-longer-automatically-unwrap-promises Templates no longer automatically unwrap promises}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#syntax-for-named-wildcard-parameters-changed-in-route- Syntax for named wildcard parameters changed in <code>$route</code>}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#you-can-only-bind-one-expression-to-src-ng-src-or-action- You can only bind one expression to <code>*[src]</code>, <code>*[ng-src]</code> or <code>action</code>}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#interpolations-inside-dom-event-handlers-are-now-disallowed Interpolations inside DOM event handlers are now disallowed}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#directives-cannot-end-with-start-or-end Directives cannot end with -start or -end}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#in-q-promise-always-has-been-renamed-promise-finally In $q, promise.always has been renamed promise.finally}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#ngmobile-is-now-ngtouch ngMobile is now ngTouch}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#resource-then-has-been-removed resource.$then has been removed}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#resource-methods-return-the-promise Resource methods return the promise}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#resource-promises-are-resolved-with-the-resource-instance Resource promises are resolved with the resource instance}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#-location-search-supports-multiple-keys $location.search supports multiple keys}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#ngbindhtmlunsafe-has-been-removed-and-replaced-by-ngbindhtml ngBindHtmlUnsafe has been removed and replaced by ngBindHtml}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#form-names-that-are-expressions-are-evaluated Form names that are expressions are evaluated}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#hasownproperty-disallowed-as-an-input-name hasOwnProperty disallowed as an input name}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#directives-order-of-postlink-functions-reversed Directives: Order of postLink functions reversed}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#directive-priority Directive priority}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#ngscenario ngScenario}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#nginclude-and-ngview-replace-its-entire-element-on-update ngInclude and ngView replace its entire element on update}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#urls-are-now-sanitized-against-a-whitelist URLs are now sanitized against a whitelist}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#isolate-scope-only-exposed-to-directives-with-scope-property Isolate scope only exposed to directives with <code>scope</code> property}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#change-to-interpolation-priority Change to interpolation priority}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#underscore-prefixed-suffixed-properties-are-non-bindable Underscore-prefixed/suffixed properties are non-bindable}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#you-cannot-bind-to-select-multiple- You cannot bind to select[multiple]}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#uncommon-region-specific-local-files-were-removed-from-i18n Uncommon region-specific local files were removed from i18n}</li>
  <li>{@link guide/migration#services-can-now-return-functions Services can now return functions}</li>
</ul>


### ngRoute has been moved into its own module

Just like `ngResource`, `ngRoute` is now its own module.

Applications that use `$route`, `ngView`, and/or `$routeParams` will now need to load an
`angular-route.js` file and have their application's module dependency on the `ngRoute` module.

Before:

```html
<script src="angular.js"></script>
```

```javascript
var myApp = angular.module('myApp', ['someOtherModule']);
```

After:

```html
<script src="angular.js"></script>
<script src="angular-route.js"></script>
```

```javascript
var myApp = angular.module('myApp', ['ngRoute', 'someOtherModule']);
```

See [5599b55b](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/5599b55b04788c2e327d7551a4a699d75516dd21).


### Templates no longer automatically unwrap promises

`$parse` and templates in general will no longer automatically unwrap promises.

Before:

```javascript
$scope.foo = $http({method: 'GET', url: '/someUrl'});
```

```html
<p>{{foo}}</p>
```

After:

```javascript
$http({method: 'GET', url: '/someUrl'})
  .success(function(data) {
    $scope.foo = data;
  });
```

```html
<p>{{foo}}</p>
```

This feature has been deprecated. If absolutely needed, it can be reenabled for now via the
`$parseProvider.unwrapPromises(true)` API.

See [5dc35b52](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/5dc35b527b3c99f6544b8cb52e93c6510d3ac577),
[b6a37d11](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/b6a37d112b3e1478f4d14a5f82faabf700443748).


### Syntax for named wildcard parameters changed in `$route`

To migrate the code, follow the example below. Here, `*highlight` becomes `:highlight*`

Before:

```javascript
$routeProvider.when('/Book1/:book/Chapter/:chapter/*highlight/edit',
          {controller: noop, templateUrl: 'Chapter.html'});
```

After:

```javascript
$routeProvider.when('/Book1/:book/Chapter/:chapter/:highlight*/edit',
        {controller: noop, templateUrl: 'Chapter.html'});
```

See [04cebcc1](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/04cebcc133c8b433a3ac5f72ed19f3631778142b).


### You can only bind one expression to `*[src]`, `*[ng-src]` or `action`

With the exception of `<a>` and `<img>` elements, you cannot bind more than one expression to the
`src` or `action` attribute of elements.

This is one of several improvements to security introduces by AngularJS 1.2.

Concatenating expressions makes it hard to understand whether some combination of concatenated
values are unsafe to use and potentially subject to XSS vulnerabilities. To simplify the task of
auditing for XSS issues, we now require that a single expression be used for `*[src/ng-src]`
bindings such as bindings for `iframe[src]`, `object[src]`, etc. In addition, this requirement is
enforced for `form` tags with `action` attributes.

<table class="table table-bordered code-table">
<thead>
<tr>
  <th>Examples</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
  <td><code>&lt;img src="{{a}}/{{b}}"&gt;</code></td>
  <td class="success">ok</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>&lt;iframe src="{{a}}/{{b}}"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</code></td>
  <td class="error">bad</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td><code>&lt;iframe src="{{a}}"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</code></td>
  <td class="success">ok</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>


To migrate your code, you can combine multiple expressions using a method attached to your scope.

Before:

```javascript
scope.baseUrl = 'page';
scope.a = 1;
scope.b = 2;
```

```html
<!-- Are a and b properly escaped here? Is baseUrl controlled by user? -->
<iframe src="{{baseUrl}}?a={{a}&b={{b}}">
```

After:

```javascript
var baseUrl = "page";
scope.getIframeSrc = function() {

  // One should think about their particular case and sanitize accordingly
  var qs = ["a", "b"].map(function(value, name) {
      return encodeURIComponent(name) + "=" +
             encodeURIComponent(value);
    }).join("&");

  // `baseUrl` isn't exposed to a user's control, so we don't have to worry about escaping it.
  return baseUrl + "?" + qs;
};
```

```html
<iframe src="{{getIframeSrc()}}">
```

See [38deedd6](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/38deedd6e3d806eb8262bb43f26d47245f6c2739).


### Interpolations inside DOM event handlers are now disallowed

DOM event handlers execute arbitrary JavaScript code. Using an interpolation for such handlers
means that the interpolated value is a JS string that is evaluated. Storing or generating such
strings is error prone and leads to XSS vulnerabilities. On the other hand, `ngClick` and other
AngularJS specific event handlers evaluate AngularJS expressions in non-window (Scope) context which
makes them much safer.

To migrate the code follow the example below:

Before:

```
JS:   scope.foo = 'alert(1)';
HTML: <div onclick="{{foo}}">
```

After:

```
JS:   scope.foo = function() { alert(1); }
HTML: <div ng-click="foo()">
```

See [39841f2e](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/39841f2ec9b17b3b2920fd1eb548d444251f4f56).


### Directives cannot end with -start or -end

This change was necessary to enable multi-element directives. The best fix is to rename existing
directives so that they don't end with these suffixes.

See [e46100f7](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/e46100f7097d9a8f174bdb9e15d4c6098395c3f2).


### In $q, promise.always has been renamed promise.finally

The reason for this change is to align `$q` with the [Q promise
library](https://github.com/kriskowal/q), despite the fact that this makes it a bit more difficult
to use with non-ES5 browsers, like IE8.

`finally` also goes well together with the `catch` API that was added to `$q` recently and is part
of the [DOM promises standard](http://dom.spec.whatwg.org/).

To migrate the code follow the example below.

Before:

```javascript
$http.get('/foo').always(doSomething);
```

After:

```javascript
$http.get('/foo').finally(doSomething);
```

Or for IE8-compatible code:

```javascript
$http.get('/foo')['finally'](doSomething);
```

See [f078762d](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/f078762d48d0d5d9796dcdf2cb0241198677582c).


### ngMobile is now ngTouch

Many touch-enabled devices are not mobile devices, so we decided to rename this module to better
reflect its concerns.

To migrate, replace all references to `ngMobile` with `ngTouch` and `angular-mobile.js` with
`angular-touch.js`.

See [94ec84e7](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/94ec84e7b9c89358dc00e4039009af9e287bbd05).


### resource.$then has been removed

Resource instances do not have a `$then` function anymore. Use the `$promise.then` instead.

Before:

```javascript
Resource.query().$then(callback);
```

After:

```javascript
Resource.query().$promise.then(callback);
```

See [05772e15](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/05772e15fbecfdc63d4977e2e8839d8b95d6a92d).


### Resource methods return the promise

Methods of a resource instance return the promise rather than the instance itself.

Before:

```javascript
resource.$save().chaining = true;
```

After:

```javascript
resource.$save();
resource.chaining = true;
```

See [05772e15](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/05772e15fbecfdc63d4977e2e8839d8b95d6a92d).


### Resource promises are resolved with the resource instance

On success, the resource promise is resolved with the resource instance rather than HTTP response object.

Use interceptor API to access the HTTP response object.

Before:

```javascript
Resource.query().$then(function(response) {...});
```

After:

```javascript
var Resource = $resource('/url', {}, {
  get: {
    method: 'get',
    interceptor: {
      response: function(response) {
        // expose response
        return response;
      }
    }
  }
});
```

See [05772e15](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/05772e15fbecfdc63d4977e2e8839d8b95d6a92d).


### $location.search supports multiple keys

{@link ng.$location#search `$location.search`} now supports multiple keys with the
same value provided that the values are stored in an array.

Before this change:

* `parseKeyValue` only took the last key overwriting all the previous keys.
* `toKeyValue` joined the keys together in a comma delimited string.

This was deemed buggy behavior. If your server relied on this behavior then either the server
should be fixed, or a simple serialization of the array should be done on the client before
passing it to `$location`.

See [80739409](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/807394095b991357225a03d5fed81fea5c9a1abe).


### ngBindHtmlUnsafe has been removed and replaced by ngBindHtml

`ngBindHtml` provides `ngBindHtmlUnsafe` like
behavior (evaluate an expression and innerHTML the result into the DOM) when bound to the result
of `$sce.trustAsHtml(string)`. When bound to a plain string, the string is sanitized via
`$sanitize` before being innerHTML'd. If the `$sanitize` service isn't available (`ngSanitize`
module is not loaded) and the bound expression evaluates to a value that is not trusted an
exception is thrown.

When using this directive you can either include `ngSanitize` in your module's dependencies (See the
example at the {@link ngBindHtml} reference) or use the {@link $sce} service to set the value as
trusted.

See [dae69473](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/dae694739b9581bea5dbc53522ec00d87b26ae55).


### Form names that are expressions are evaluated

If you have form names that will evaluate as an expression:

```
<form name="ctrl.form">
```

And if you are accessing the form from your controller:

Before:

```javascript
function($scope) {
  $scope['ctrl.form'] // form controller instance
}
```

After:

```javascript
function($scope) {
  $scope.ctrl.form // form controller instance
}
```

This makes it possible to access a form from a controller using the new "controller as" syntax.
Supporting the previous behavior offers no benefit.

See [8ea802a1](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/8ea802a1d23ad8ecacab892a3a451a308d9c39d7).


### hasOwnProperty disallowed as an input name

Inputs with name equal to `hasOwnProperty` are not allowed inside form or ngForm directives.

Before, inputs whose name was "hasOwnProperty" were quietly ignored and not added to the scope.
Now a badname exception is thrown. Using "hasOwnProperty" for an input name would be very unusual
and bad practice. To migrate, change your input name.

See [7a586e5c](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/7a586e5c19f3d1ecc3fefef084ce992072ee7f60).


### Directives: Order of postLink functions reversed

The order of postLink fn is now mirror opposite of the order in which corresponding preLinking and compile functions execute.

Previously the compile/link fns executed in order, sorted by priority:

<table class="table table-bordered table-striped code-table">
<thead>
<tr>
  <th>#</th>
  <th>Step</th>
  <th align="center">Old Sort Order</th>
  <th align="center">New Sort Order</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
  <td>1</td>
  <td>Compile Fns</td>
  <td align="center" colspan="2">High → Low</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>2</td>
  <td colspan="3">Compile child nodes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>3</td>
  <td>PreLink Fns</td>
  <td align="center" colspan="2">High → Low</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>4</td>
  <td colspan="3">Link child nodes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
  <td>5</td>
  <td>PostLink Fns</td>
  <td align="center">High → Low</td>
  <td align="center">**Low → High**</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

<small>"High → Low" here refers to the `priority` option of a directive.</small>

Very few directives in practice rely on the order of postLinking functions (unlike on the order
of compile functions), so in the rare case of this change affecting an existing directive, it might
be necessary to convert it to a preLinking function or give it negative priority.

You can look at [the diff of this
commit](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/31f190d4d53921d32253ba80d9ebe57d6c1de82b) to see how an internal
attribute interpolation directive was adjusted.

See [31f190d4](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/31f190d4d53921d32253ba80d9ebe57d6c1de82b).


### Directive priority

the priority of ngRepeat, ngSwitchWhen, ngIf, ngInclude and ngView has changed. This could affect directives that explicitly specify their priority.

In order to make ngRepeat, ngSwitchWhen, ngIf, ngInclude and ngView work together in all common scenarios their directives are being adjusted to achieve the following precedence:


Directive        | Old Priority | New Priority
-----------------|--------------|-------------
ngRepeat         | 1000         | 1000
ngSwitchWhen     | 500          | 800
ngIf             | 1000         | 600
ngInclude        | 1000         | 400
ngView           | 1000         | 400

See [b7af76b4](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/b7af76b4c5aa77648cc1bfd49935b48583419023).


### ngScenario

browserTrigger now uses an eventData object instead of direct parameters for mouse events.
To migrate, place the `keys`,`x` and `y` parameters inside of an object and place that as the
third parameter for the browserTrigger function.

See [28f56a38](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/28f56a383e9d1ff378e3568a3039e941c7ffb1d8).


### ngInclude and ngView replace its entire element on update

Previously `ngInclude` and `ngView` only updated its element's content. Now these directives will
recreate the element every time a new content is included.

This ensures that a single rootElement for all the included contents always exists, which makes
definition of css styles for animations much easier.

See [7d69d52a](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/7d69d52acff8578e0f7d6fe57a6c45561a05b182),
[aa2133ad](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/aa2133ad818d2e5c27cbd3933061797096356c8a).


### URLs are now sanitized against a whitelist

A whitelist configured via `$compileProvider` can be used to configure what URLs are considered safe.
By default all common protocol prefixes are whitelisted including `data:` URIs with mime types `image/*`.
This change shouldn't impact apps that don't contain malicious image links.

See [1adf29af](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/1adf29af13890d61286840177607edd552a9df97),
[3e39ac7e](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/3e39ac7e1b10d4812a44dad2f959a93361cd823b).


### Isolate scope only exposed to directives with `scope` property

If you declare a scope option on a directive, that directive will have an
[isolate scope](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/wiki/Understanding-Scopes). In AngularJS 1.0, if a
directive with an isolate scope is used on an element, all directives on that same element have access
to the same isolate scope. For example, say we have the following directives:

```
// This directive declares an isolate scope.
.directive('isolateScope', function() {
  return {
    scope: {},
    link: function($scope) {
      console.log('one = ' + $scope.$id);
    }
  };
})

// This directive does not.
.directive('nonIsolateScope', function() {
  return {
    link: function($scope) {
      console.log('two = ' + $scope.$id);
    }
  };
});
```

Now what happens if we use both directives on the same element?

```
<div isolate-scope non-isolate-scope></div>
```

In AngularJS 1.0, the nonIsolateScope directive will have access to the isolateScope directive’s scope. The
log statements will print the same id, because the scope is the same. But in AngularJS 1.2, the nonIsolateScope
will not use the same scope as isolateScope. Instead, it will inherit the parent scope. The log statements
will print different id’s.

If your code depends on the AngularJS 1.0 behavior (non-isolate directive needs to access state
from within the isolate scope), change the isolate directive to use scope locals to pass these explicitly:

**Before**

```
<input ng-model="$parent.value" ng-isolate>

.directive('ngIsolate', function() {
  return {
    scope: {},
    template: '{{value}}'
  };
});
```

**After**

```
<input ng-model="value" ng-isolate>

.directive('ngIsolate', function() {
  return {
    scope: {value: '=ngModel'},
    template: '{{value}}
  };
});
```

See [909cabd3](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/909cabd36d779598763cc358979ecd85bb40d4d7),
[#1924](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/1924) and
[#2500](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/2500).


### Change to interpolation priority

Previously, the interpolation priority was `-100` in 1.2.0-rc.2, and `100` before 1.2.0-rc.2.
Before this change the binding was setup in the post-linking phase.

Now the attribute interpolation (binding) executes as a directive with priority 100 and the
binding is set up in the pre-linking phase.

See [79223eae](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/79223eae5022838893342c42dacad5eca83fabe8),
[#4525](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/4525),
[#4528](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/4528), and
[#4649](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/issues/4649)

### Underscore-prefixed/suffixed properties are non-bindable

<div class="alert alert-info">
<p>**Reverted**: This breaking change has been reverted in 1.2.1, and so can be ignored if you're using **version 1.2.1 or higher**</p>
</div>

This change introduces the notion of "private" properties (properties
whose names begin and/or end with an underscore) on the scope chain.
These properties will not be available to AngularJS expressions (i.e. {{
}} interpolation in templates and strings passed to `$parse`)  They are
freely available to JavaScript code (as before).

**Motivation**

AngularJS expressions execute in a limited context. They do not have
direct access to the global scope, `window`, `document` or the Function
constructor. However, they have direct access to names/properties on
the scope chain. It has been a long standing best practice to keep
sensitive APIs outside of the scope chain (in a closure or your
controller.) That's easier said than done for two reasons:

1. JavaScript does not have a notion of private properties so if you need
someone on the scope chain for JavaScript use, you also expose it to
AngularJS expressions
2. The new `controller as` syntax that's now in increased usage exposes the
entire controller on the scope chain greatly increasing the exposed surface.

Though AngularJS expressions are written and controlled by the developer, they:

1. Typically deal with user input
2. Don't get the kind of test coverage that JavaScript code would

This commit provides a way, via a naming convention, to allow restricting properties from
controllers/scopes. This means AngularJS expressions can access only those properties that
are actually needed by the expressions.

See [3d6a89e8](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/3d6a89e8888b14ae5cb5640464e12b7811853c7e).


### You cannot bind to select[multiple]

Switching between `select[single]` and `select[multiple]` has always been odd due to browser quirks.
This feature never worked with two-way data-binding so it's not expected that anyone is using it.

If you are interested in properly adding this feature, please submit a pull request on Github.

See [d87fa004](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/d87fa0042375b025b98c40bff05e5f42c00af114).


### Uncommon region-specific local files were removed from i18n

AngularJS uses the Google Closure library's locale files. The following locales were removed from
Closure, so AngularJS is not able to continue to support them:

`chr`, `cy`, `el-polyton`, `en-zz`, `fr-rw`, `fr-sn`, `fr-td`, `fr-tg`, `haw`, `it-ch`, `ln-cg`,
`mo`, `ms-bn`, `nl-aw`, `nl-be`, `pt-ao`, `pt-gw`, `pt-mz`, `pt-st`, `ro-md`, `ru-md`, `ru-ua`,
`sr-cyrl-ba`, `sr-cyrl-me`, `sr-cyrl`, `sr-latn-ba`, `sr-latn-me`, `sr-latn`, `sr-rs`, `sv-fi`,
`sw-ke`, `ta-lk`, `tl-ph`, `ur-in`, `zh-hans-hk`, `zh-hans-mo`, `zh-hans-sg`, `zh-hans`,
`zh-hant-hk`, `zh-hant-mo`, `zh-hant-tw`, `zh-hant`

Although these locales were removed from the official AngularJS repository, you can continue to
load and use your copy of the locale file provided that you maintain it yourself.

See [6382e21f](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/6382e21fb28541a2484ac1a241d41cf9fbbe9d2c).

### Services can now return functions

Previously, the service constructor only returned objects regardless of whether a function was returned.

Now, `$injector.instantiate` (and thus `$provide.service`) behaves the same as the native
`new` operator and allows functions to be returned as a service.

If using a JavaScript preprocessor it's quite possible when upgrading that services could start behaving incorrectly.
Make sure your services return the correct type wanted.

**Coffeescript example**

```
myApp.service 'applicationSrvc', ->
  @something = "value"
  @someFunct = ->
    "something else"
```

pre 1.2 this service would return the whole object as the service.

post 1.2 this service returns `someFunct` as the value of the service

you would need to change this services to

```
myApp.service 'applicationSrvc', ->
  @something = "value"
  @someFunct = ->
    "something else"
  return
```

to continue to return the complete instance.

See [c22adbf1](https://github.com/angular/angular.js/commit/c22adbf160f32c1839fbb35382b7a8c6bcec2927).