Notebooks/Python_Basic/07_Functional_Programming.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Introduction to Python  \n",
    "\n",
    "## [Functional Programming](https://docs.python.org/3/howto/functional.html) with Python:\n",
    "\n",
    "+ #### _lambda_ functions  \n",
    "+ #### _zip_  \n",
    "+ #### _map_  \n",
    "+ #### _filter_  \n",
    "+ #### _reduce_  "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import time"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "***"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## lambda Functions\n",
    "\n",
    "When writing functional-style programs, you’ll often need little functions that act as predicates or that combine elements in some way. If there’s a Python built-in or a module function that’s suitable, you don’t need to define a new function at all, as in these examples:\n",
    "\n",
    "    stripped_lines = [line.strip() for line in lines]\n",
    "    existing_files = filter(os.path.exists, file_list)\n",
    "\n",
    "If the function you need doesn’t exist, you need to write it.  \n",
    "One way to write small functions is to use the _lambda_ expression. lambda takes a number of parameters and an expression combining these parameters, and creates an anonymous function that returns the value of the expression:\n",
    "\n",
    "The pattern is:  \n",
    "\n",
    "    lambda < variables > : operation(< variables >)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Examples"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def adder(x, y):\n",
    "    return x + y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "78.6 ns ± 1.42 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10000000 loops each)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%timeit\n",
    "\n",
    "adder(3,4)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "adder_lambda = lambda x, y: x+y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "82.7 ns ± 0.878 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10000000 loops each)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%timeit\n",
    "\n",
    "adder_lambda(3,4)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "general_adder = lambda *x : sum(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "14"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "general_adder(2,3,4,5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "square = lambda x: x**2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "square(2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def print_assign(name, value):\n",
    "    return name + '=' + str(value)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "print_assign = lambda name, value: name + '=' + str(value)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'year=2020'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print_assign('year',2020)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "even = lambda x:True if x%2==0 else False"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "False\n",
      "True\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(even(17))\n",
    "print(even(16))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Dictionary of functions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "power = {'square': lambda x:x**2, \n",
    "         'cube': lambda x:x**3,\n",
    "         'fourth': lambda x:x**4\n",
    "        }"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'square': <function __main__.<lambda>(x)>,\n",
       " 'cube': <function __main__.<lambda>(x)>,\n",
       " 'fourth': <function __main__.<lambda>(x)>}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "power"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "function"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(power[\"cube\"])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "729\n",
      "9\n",
      "2401\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(power['cube'](9))\n",
    "\n",
    "print(power['square'](3))\n",
    "\n",
    "print(power['fourth'](7))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[<function <lambda> at 0x7f46dc625560>, <function <lambda> at 0x7f46dc6258c0>]\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 4, 9, 0, 1, 2]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "funcs = [lambda x:x**2, lambda x:x-1]\n",
    "print(funcs)\n",
    "[func(x) for func in funcs for x in [1,2,3]]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "***"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Functional Tools: _zip_, _filter_, _map_ , _reduce_ "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## [_zip_](https://medium.com/techtofreedom/7-levels-of-using-the-zip-function-in-python-a4bd22ee8bcd)\n",
    "\n",
    "+ #### _zip_ function returns a _zip_ object (which is an iterator) that will aggregate elements from two or more iterables.  \n",
    "+ #### You can use the resulting iterator to solve common tasks, like creating dictionaries.  "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<zip object at 0x7f46a7483550>\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sq1 = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]\n",
    "sq2 = ['a','b','c','d','e','f']\n",
    "z = zip(sq1,sq2)\n",
    "print(z)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(1, 'a')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "next(z)\n",
    "#z.__next__()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "(1, 'a')\n",
      "(2, 'b')\n",
      "(3, 'c')\n",
      "(4, 'd')\n",
      "(5, 'e')\n",
      "(6, 'f')\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "z = zip(sq1,sq2)\n",
    "for t in z:\n",
    "    print(t)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[(1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'c'), (4, 'd'), (5, 'e'), (6, 'f')]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "z = zip(sq1,sq2)\n",
    "list(z)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'Leticia': 8, 'Ana': 9, 'Raquel': 10}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "names = ['Leticia', 'Ana', 'Raquel']\n",
    "grades = [8,9,10]\n",
    "dic_grades = dict(zip(names,grades))\n",
    "dic_grades"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Zip trims to the length of the smaller sequence"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "{'Diogo': 0, 'Rafael': 1, 'Gustavo': 2, 'Deborah': 3}\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "students = ['Diogo','Rafael','Gustavo','Deborah', 'Extra Student']\n",
    "grades = [0,1,2,3]\n",
    "new_dict_grades = dict(zip(students,grades))\n",
    "print(new_dict_grades)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]\n",
      "[1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29]\n",
      "[1, 6, 11, 16, 21, 26, 31, 36, 41, 46, 51, 56, 61, 66, 71, 76, 81, 86, 91, 96]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "list1 = list(range(11))\n",
    "list2 = list(range(1,30,2))\n",
    "list3 = list(range(1,100,5))\n",
    "print(list1)\n",
    "print(list2)\n",
    "print(list3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 83,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[(0, 1, 1), (1, 3, 6), (2, 5, 11), (3, 7, 16), (4, 9, 21), (5, 11, 26), (6, 13, 31), (7, 15, 36), (8, 17, 41), (9, 19, 46), (10, 21, 51)]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "zipped = list(zip(list1, list2, list3))\n",
    "print(zipped)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### For unequal length sequences we can use zip_logest from itertools"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from itertools import zip_longest\n",
    "\n",
    "id = [1, 2]\n",
    "leaders = ['Elon Mask', 'Tim Cook', 'Bill Gates', 'Yang Zhou']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[(1, 'Elon Mask'), (2, 'Tim Cook'), (None, 'Bill Gates'), (None, 'Yang Zhou')]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "long_record = zip_longest(id, leaders)\n",
    "print(list(long_record))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[(1, 'Elon Mask'), (2, 'Tim Cook'), ('Top', 'Bill Gates'), ('Top', 'Yang Zhou')]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "long_record_2 = zip_longest(id, leaders, fillvalue='Top')\n",
    "print(list(long_record_2))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### How to reverse a zip command?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 69,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "((1, 2), (3, 4), (4, 5))"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 69,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "t1 = ((1,2),(3,4),(4,5))\n",
    "print(t1)\n",
    "print(*t1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 82,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "(0, 1, 1) (1, 3, 6) (2, 5, 11) (3, 7, 16) (4, 9, 21) (5, 11, 26) (6, 13, 31) (7, 15, 36) (8, 17, 41) (9, 19, 46) (10, 21, 51)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(*zipped)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10),\n",
       " (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21),\n",
       " (1, 6, 11, 16, 21, 26, 31, 36, 41, 46, 51)]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 47,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "unzipped = (zip(*zipped))\n",
    "list(unzipped)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Using Zip with comprehensions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'A': 1, 'B': 2, 'C': 3, 'D': 4, 'E': 5, 'F': 6}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 50,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sq1 = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]\n",
    "sq2 = ['a','b','c','d','e','f']\n",
    "d3 = {x.upper():y for y,x in zip(sq1,sq2)}\n",
    "d3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']\n",
      "[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 4, 'e': 5, 'f': 6}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 51,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s1 = [x.lower() for x in d3.keys()]\n",
    "s2 = [x for x in d3.values()]\n",
    "print(s1)\n",
    "print(s2)\n",
    "d4 = {k:v for k,v in zip(s1,s2)}\n",
    "d4"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[(1, 'a', 'w'), (2, 'b', 'e'), (3, 'c', 'r'), (4, 'd', 'y')]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sq1 = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]\n",
    "sq2 = ['a','b','c','d','e','f']\n",
    "sq3 = ['w','e','r','y']\n",
    "z4 = zip(sq1,sq2,sq3)\n",
    "print(list(z4))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### Using zip tp transpose a matrix"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[[1, 1], [2, 2], [3, 3]]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "matrix = [[1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3]]\n",
    "matrix_T = [list(i) for i in zip(*matrix)]\n",
    "print(matrix_T)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "***"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## _map_\n",
    "\n",
    "+ #### _map_ function returns a map object (which is an iterator) of the results after applying the given function to each item of a given iterable (list, tuple etc.)  \n",
    "+ #### Maps are similar to [list comprehensions](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1247486/list-comprehension-vs-map) but they create generators instead of lists"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def my_function(x):\n",
    "    return x**10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1048576\n",
      "10000000000\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(my_function(4))\n",
    "print(my_function(10))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "seq6 = [3,7,9,1,5,7]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 85,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[59049, 282475249, 3486784401, 1, 9765625, 282475249]\n",
      "<class 'map'>\n",
      "CPU times: user 512 µs, sys: 0 ns, total: 512 µs\n",
      "Wall time: 270 µs\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%time\n",
    "\n",
    "results = map(my_function, seq6)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(list(results))\n",
    "print(type(results))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 86,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[59049, 282475249, 3486784401, 1, 9765625, 282475249]\n",
      "<class 'list'>\n",
      "CPU times: user 372 µs, sys: 0 ns, total: 372 µs\n",
      "Wall time: 216 µs\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%time\n",
    "\n",
    "results = [my_function(x) for x in seq6]\n",
    "\n",
    "print(results)\n",
    "print(type(results))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 87,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[59049, 282475249, 3486784401, 1, 9765625, 282475249]\n",
      "<class 'map'>\n",
      "CPU times: user 633 µs, sys: 0 ns, total: 633 µs\n",
      "Wall time: 402 µs\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%%time\n",
    "\n",
    "results = map(lambda x:x**10, seq6)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(list(results))\n",
    "print(type(results))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "***"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## _reduce_\n",
    "\n",
    "+ #### The reduce() function in Python takes in a function and a list as argument. The function is called with a lambda function and a list and a new reduced result is returned. This performs a repetitive operation over the pairs of the list. This is a part of functools module."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 88,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from functools import reduce"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 94,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3628800"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 94,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "seq9 = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]\n",
    "multiply = reduce(lambda x,y:x*y, seq9)\n",
    "multiply"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 90,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'ABCDEFg'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 90,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "seq10 = ['a','b','c','d','e','f','g']\n",
    "concatenate = reduce(lambda x,y:x.upper()+y, seq10)\n",
    "concatenate"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "list1 = list(range(11))\n",
    "list2 = list(range(1,30,2))\n",
    "list3 = list(range(1,100,5))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 95,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "385"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 95,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "soma = reduce(lambda x,y:x+y**2,list1)\n",
    "soma"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 96,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4495"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 96,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "soma2 = reduce(lambda x,y:x+y**2,list2)\n",
    "soma2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 97,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "63670"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 97,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "soma3 = reduce(lambda x,y:x+y**2,list3)\n",
    "soma3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 98,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[0.3164075131513564, 0.884567334784409, 0.9142504575092464, 0.6994761960912965, 0.0590453936212596, 0.45013360545153347, 0.5937569416081616, 0.3455401815537914, 0.5898892899783473, 0.8749676480882057]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import random\n",
    "seq = [random.random() for x in range(10)]\n",
    "print(seq)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 99,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0.9142504575092464"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 99,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "max(seq)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 100,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0.9142504575092464"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 100,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "compara = lambda x,y: x if x>=y else y\n",
    "reduce(compara,seq)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "***"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## _filter_\n",
    "\n",
    "+ #### The filter() method filters the given sequence with the help of a function that tests each element in the sequence to be true or not. This function must return a boolean value.  "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 101,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "my_string = 'aAbRmmmTTTBfgHHrTEB'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 102,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['a', 'b', 'm', 'm', 'm', 'f', 'g', 'r']\n",
      "<class 'filter'>\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "resp = filter(lambda x:x.islower(), my_string)\n",
    "print(list(resp))\n",
    "print(type(resp))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 103,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['A', 'R', 'T', 'T', 'T', 'B', 'H', 'H', 'T', 'E', 'B']\n",
      "<class 'filter'>\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "resp = filter(lambda x: not x.islower(), my_string)\n",
    "print(list(resp))\n",
    "print(type(resp))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 104,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['A', 'R', 'T', 'T', 'T', 'B', 'H', 'H', 'T', 'E', 'B']\n",
      "<class 'filter'>\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "resp = filter(lambda x:x.isupper(), my_string)\n",
    "print(list(resp))\n",
    "print(type(resp))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 114,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[0.4933665026342463,\n",
       " 0.5452572345679209,\n",
       " 0.9457092223731333,\n",
       " 0.9322593404797879,\n",
       " 0.9999951742442206]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 114,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "list1 = [random.random() for x in range(10)]\n",
    "bigger_than_dot4 = filter(lambda x:x>0.4,list1)\n",
    "list(bigger_than_dot4)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 115,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['In',\n",
       " 'the',\n",
       " 'beginning',\n",
       " 'God',\n",
       " 'created',\n",
       " 'the',\n",
       " 'heaven',\n",
       " 'and',\n",
       " 'the',\n",
       " 'earth.']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 115,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "simplified_genesis = '''\n",
    "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. \n",
    "And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness \n",
    "was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God \n",
    "moved upon the face of the waters. And God said, \n",
    "Let there be light: and there was light.'''\n",
    "\n",
    "simplified_genesis.split()[0:10]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 117,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "istitle = lambda x : x.istitle() "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 121,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['In', 'God', 'And', 'And', 'Spirit', 'God', 'And', 'God', 'Let']\n",
      "['In', 'God', 'And', 'And', 'Spirit', 'God', 'And', 'God', 'Let']\n",
      "['In', 'God', 'And', 'And', 'Spirit', 'God', 'And', 'God', 'Let']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(list(filter(istitle, simplified_genesis.split())))\n",
    "print(list(filter(lambda x: x.istitle(), simplified_genesis.split())))\n",
    "print(list(filter(str.istitle, simplified_genesis.split())))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "***"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "## Implementing the builtin generators as ordinary functions:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## _zip_:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 124,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def my_zip(*sequences):\n",
    "    smaller = min([len(sequence) for sequence in sequences])\n",
    "    for i in range(smaller):\n",
    "        yield(tuple([sequence[i] for sequence in sequences]))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 126,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'generator'>\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "zipped = my_zip([1,2,3,5],[5,6,7],[3,2,5])\n",
    "print(type(zipped))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 127,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[(1, 5, 3), (2, 6, 2), (3, 7, 5)]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(list(zipped))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## _map_:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 129,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "## option 1 - create a generator\n",
    "\n",
    "def my_map(func, sequence):\n",
    "    for element in (sequence):\n",
    "        yield(func(element))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 145,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "## option 2 - return a generator\n",
    "\n",
    "def my_map(func, sequence):\n",
    "    mapped = (func(item) for item in sequence)\n",
    "    return mapped"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 142,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "mapped = my_map(lambda x:x**2, [1,2,3,4,5])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 143,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "generator"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 143,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(mapped)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 144,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(list(mapped))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## _filter_:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 137,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "## option 1 - create a generator\n",
    "\n",
    "def my_filter(func_bool, sequence):\n",
    "    filtered = (item for item in sequence if func_bool(item))\n",
    "    for element in filtered:\n",
    "        yield(element)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "## option 2 - return a generator\n",
    "\n",
    "def my_filter(func_bool, sequence):\n",
    "    filtered = (item for item in sequence if func_bool(item))\n",
    "    return filtered"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 138,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "filtered = my_filter(lambda x:x%2==0, [1,2,3,4,5,6])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 139,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "generator"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 139,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(filtered)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 140,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[2, 4, 6]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(list(filtered))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## _range_:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 172,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def my_range(*args):\n",
    "    start = 0\n",
    "    step = 1\n",
    "    \n",
    "    if len(args) == 1:\n",
    "        end = args[0]\n",
    "    elif len(args) == 2:\n",
    "        start = args[0]\n",
    "        end = args[1]\n",
    "    elif len(args) == 3:\n",
    "        start = args[0]\n",
    "        end = args[1]\n",
    "        step = args[2]\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        print('Too few or too many arguments')\n",
    "        return\n",
    "    \n",
    "    while start < end:\n",
    "        yield start\n",
    "        start += step"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 147,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(list(my_range(10)))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 148,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[2, 4, 6, 8]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(list(my_range(2,10,2)))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## _reduce_:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 187,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def my_reduce(function, sequence):\n",
    "    result = sequence[0]\n",
    "    for i in range(len(sequence)-1):\n",
    "        result = function(result,sequence[i+1])\n",
    "    return result"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 188,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "28"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 188,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_reduce(lambda x,y:x+y, [1,2,3,4,5,6,7])"
   ]
  }
 ],
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    "name": "ipython",
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